Principles Of Rational Nutrition Research Articles

HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF VITAMIN CONSUMPTION BY STUDENTS UNDER STRESS

To preserve and strengthen the health of young people, one of the tasks of the state in the field of healthy nutrition is the development of the production of functional food products enriched with essential water- and fat-soluble vitamins; development of additives of biologically active substances and orientation of higher education to improve the level of education of students of the valeological direction, and the introduction of relevant topics, subjects in the educational process of higher educational institutions. The article is devoted to the problem of monitoring vitamins in the nutrition of student youth in modern conditions. With the help of a questionnaire and a method for determining the content of water- and fat-soluble vitamins in the daily diet, non-compliance with the principles of rational nutrition by full-time students was revealed, which negatively affects their health. For all full-time students, there is a deficiency in the intake of vitamins D 70%, C 62.5%, B9 60% and biotin 74%. The average content of vitamin C in diets for girls is 1.03 times lower than the norm, for boys it is 1.27 times lower than the norm. The intake of vitamins B2, B6, B12 and B5 with diets exceeds the recommended values. The study of the quality of diets of junior students showed that the majority of students have a polydeficient diet, unbalanced in terms of water- and fat-soluble vitamins, as well as a lack of a conscious attitude to nutrition. A low level of skills and abilities of students in organizing their own meals was revealed. An insufficient level of knowledge about proper nutrition is a potential factor in the deterioration of health, the emergence of primary and secondary alimentary diseases, and a decrease in mental performance. The ways of increasing the level of knowledge in practical nutrition of students of higher education and ways of solving the problem of balanced nutrition of students as an effective condition for improving their health as an effective condition for improving their health are proposed. It has been established that one of the priority tasks of our time is to increase the level of education of student youth on healthy nutrition.

WAYS OF ENRICHING STUDENTS' FOOD DIETS WITH BIOGENIC ELEMENTS

To preserve and strengthen the health of young people, one of the tasks of the state in the field of healthy nutrition is the development of the production of functional food products enriched with the necessary macro- and microelements; development of supplements of biologically active substances and orientation of higher education to increase the level of valeology students, and introduction of relevant topics and subjects into the educational process of higher educational institutions. The article is devoted to the problem of monitoring chemicals in the nutrition of student youth in modern conditions. With the help of a questionnaire and the method of determining the content of micro- and macroelements in the daily diet, non-compliance with the principles of rational nutrition by full-time students was revealed, which negatively affects their health. For all full-time students, there is a deficit of iodine consumption, a deficit of 50.2% of phosphorus, 64.7% of zinc, and 56.2% of chromium. The average content of calcium in daily rations was less than recommended by approximately 1.7 times for girls and 1 .95 times for young men, and calcium deficiency was found in 97.9% of students, and magnesium deficiency in 82.4%. The intake of Ferrum, Manganese, Selenium and Copper with food rations exceeds the recommended values. The study of the quality of the diets of junior year students showed that the majority of students have a polydeficient, unbalanced diet in terms of micro- and macroelements, as well as a lack of a conscious attitude to nutrition. A low level of students' abilities and skills in organizing their own food was revealed. An insufficient level of knowledge about proper nutrition is a potential factor in the deterioration of health, the occurrence of primary and secondary alimentary diseases, and a decrease in mental capacity. Ways to increase the level of knowledge of practical nutrition of higher school students and ways to solve the problem of balanced nutrition of students as an effective condition for improving their health as an effective condition for improving their health It was established that one of the priority tasks today is to increase the level of education of student youth on healthy nutrition.

Introduction of preventive nutrition based on local raw foodproducts for rotational employees in the Arctic region: a review

OBJECTIVES: To identify the nutritional characteristics of fly-in fly-out workers in the Arctic on the basis of literature sources analysis and the results of our own research, and to judgethe use of food products of local origins.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data extraction and synthesis from the scientific electronic library Elibrary.ru, RSCI and CyberLeninka, on the study of daily diets for rational employees working in the Arctic are analyzed.RESULTS: The actual nutrition of rational employees during the shift in the Arctic does not fully meet the principles of full value, balance and variety. The quantitative side of the daily diet provides an energy balance, but the qualitative component of the food consumed requires correction. Thus, the need for proteins is provided mainly by meat dishes and lack of fish and seafood. The ratio between animal and vegetable fats is disturbed in favor of animal fats. A deficiency of calcium and vitamins, especially vitamin C, was found in daily ration in the spring season. Vegetables, fruit drinks, and fruits are hardly ever present in daily ration. To improve the quality of rational employees’ nutrition, it is necessary to use widely the products of the local raw material base, such as venison, fish and berries. Venison has an amino acid score close to an ideal protein, and reindeer fat increases the body’s resistance to the cold factor. Fish is an important source of complete protein, as well as a carrier of essential fatty acids of the omega 3, which reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and vascular accidents. Northern berries contain minor bio-active substances that are involved in the regulation of metabolic processes, have antisclerotic, anti-inflammatory effects, as well as reduce the likelihood of thrombosis and strengthen capillaries.CONCLUSION: The diet of shift workers in the Arctic, which does not fully meet all the principles of rational nutrition, should include products of the local raw material base, such as venison, fish and northern berries, which will improve the quality side of nutrition.

Cluster approach to assessing nutritional-related health risks of the working-age population

Compliance with the principles of rational nutrition by the able-bodied population ensures the processes of biotransformation of harmful factors of the working environment, reduces the level of alimentary-dependent morbidity, occupational morbidity, industrial injuries, and contributes to an increase in labor productivity. The aim is to assess the nutritional-related health risks of the working-age population based on the cluster analysis of actual nutrition in order to develop preventive programs. The study involved 1624 people aged 18 to 65, 745 men and 879 women (workers in industrial enterprises, health care institutions, education, agriculture, and the private sector of the economy). The actual nutrition of the able-bodied population was carried out according to the questionnaire-survey method using the «Nutriprof» software complex, anthropometric indicators, hemodynamic parameters, indicators of carbohydrate, lipid metabolism, and vitamin provision were studied. Assessment of the dependence of alimentary-related risk factors with the nature of eating behavior was carried out using logistic regression analysis. Logistic regression analysis of food clusters made it possible to identify groups of the working-age population with the maximum risk of load due to the nutritional factor. The greatest number of risks was identified in cluster 2 with a high adherence to a «high-calorie» diet (excessive consumption of bakery products, fat and oil, sausages, confectionery and sugary carbonated drinks). Cluster analysis of the actual nutrition of the working-age population can be used to study the influence of risk factors associated with nutrition on health, as well as to develop and implement programs in the field of healthy nutrition in the context of the prevention of food-dependent diseases.

Lifestyle, sleep quality, and overall mental health of nursing students

AbstractIntroduction:Lifestyle is often a decisive factor influencing both, somatic health and mental health. The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of life, sleep quality and general mental health of nursing students.Material and method:The study used the diagnostic survey method. The study was cross-sectional. A questionnaire was used, which was made available to the respondents via the Internet. The survey included the demographic questionnaire, the Fantastic Life Inventory, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire (PSQI) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30). A total number of 165 nursing students (151 female and 14 male), aged from 19 to 53, participated in the study. All calculations were made using version 24 of the SPSS statistical package.Results:The general mental health of students, as measured by the GHQ-30 scale, was quite good – the mean score on the GHQ30 scale – M = 9.21 (SD = 7.80). The average lifestyle quality index in the Fantastic Life Inventory Scale (M = 34.99; SD = 6.19) indicated a high quality of lifestyle.As many as 81% (N = 134) of the respondents followed the principles of rational nutrition and consumed a balanced diet, 92% (N = 152) did not abuse alcohol, 86% (N = 142) did not smoke, 93% (N = 154) had never used other psychoactive substances. However, 57% (N = 94) of respondents did not undertake physical activity or undertook it on an insufficient level. Most of the subjects experienced sleep disturbances, the most common being difficulty falling asleep – 78.8% (N = 130), and waking up during the night or early in the morning – 70.3% (N = 116).Conclusions:The quality of lifestyle and general mental health of the respondents was good. A significant influence of the quality of life on the occurrence of mental health disorders has been demonstrated.

Risk factors for developing diseases in locomotive crew workers

Railway transport performs an essential economic and social role. Moreover, railway transport is steadily developing in terms of engineering technologies, strategically and economically, ensuring the development of remote and hard-to-reach regions of the Russian Federation. Factors that negatively affect the health of railway transport workers, primarily locomotive crews, researchers divided into several groups: physical production factors (noise, vibration, electromagnetic influences, workplace microclimate); factors related to the peculiarities of the production process organization (shift work schedule, irregular working hours, processing); behavioral risk factors (compliance by employees of locomotive crews with the principles of rational nutrition, recommendations for physical activity, the presence or absence of bad habits). Combining these risk factors affects railway transport workers and can lead to the potentiation of their combined effect. Each group of persons involved in railway traffic has its risk factors and their combinations in one way or another. The review provides a detailed description of the principal risk factors affecting the health of railway transport workers.

Risk factors for developing diseases in locomotive crew workers

Railway transport performs an essential economic and social role. Moreover, railway transport is steadily developing in terms of engineering technologies, strategically and economically, ensuring the development of remote and hard-to-reach regions of the Russian Federation. Factors that negatively affect the health of railway transport workers, primarily locomotive crews, researchers divided into several groups: physical production factors (noise, vibration, electromagnetic influences, workplace microclimate); factors related to the peculiarities of the production process organization (shift work schedule, irregular working hours, processing); behavioral risk factors (compliance by employees of locomotive crews with the principles of rational nutrition, recommendations for physical activity, the presence or absence of bad habits). Combining these risk factors affects railway transport workers and can lead to the potentiation of their combined effect. Each group of persons involved in railway traffic has its risk factors and their combinations in one way or another. The review provides a detailed description of the principal risk factors affecting the health of railway transport workers.

Analiza sadržaja vlakana i šećera u namirnicama zastupljenim u ishrani stanovništva u Republici Srbiji

A healthy diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle, which is considered a prerequisite for good health of both an individual and the population. To be considered healthy, food must first meet certain principles of rational nutrition, i.e., it should ensure the consumption of optimal quantities of macronutrients, micronutrients and biologically active compounds to promote health. According to diet recommendations, 45-60% of all energy consumption should come from carbohydrates. Foods rich in complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), especially dietary fibres, which have been confirmed to play a role in the prevention of diabetes mellitus type 2, cardiovascular disease and obesity by numerous scientific studies should be the sources of carbohydrates. In this study, enzymatic-gravimetric method (AOAC 985.29) was used to determine total dietary fibre, while sucrose, D-glucose and D-fructose were quantified using an enzymatic-spectrophotometric method. Total fibre and total sugar content were determined in fifty-eight samples (fruits and vegetables, fruit and vegetable products, baked goods, fine bakery wares and snacks, and cocoa-based products). The highest total sugar content was found in dried apricots (53.6 g/100 g) and the lowest in chopped mushrooms (0.2 g/100 g), which also had the lowest total carbohydrate content (2.8 g/100 g). The highest carbohydrate content was observed in shelf-stable sweet pastries (68.5 g/100 g), while the highest percentage of the recommended daily allowance per serving for dietary fibre was found in raspberries (40.0%) and in boiled legumes (26.7-36.4%). Relevant data for dietary fibre and sugar is of interest as it is important for maintaining good health and preventing certain diseases, and for formulating diet recommendations for both the population at risk and the general population.

The Role Transition of Dietary Species Richness in Modulating the Gut Microbial Assembly and Postweaning Performance of a Generalist Herbivore.

ABSTRACTWhen facing a food shortage, generalist herbivores can respond by expanding their dietary species richness (DSR) to maximize energy collection, regardless of whether forages are preferred or not. Higher DSR usually indicates higher nutrient adequacy and better health. However, the high-DSR diet containing a large proportion of preferred species or a large proportion of less-preferred species means different things to an animal. It is still unknown how different shift patterns in DSR would affect distinctly the performance of animals via altering gut microbiota. We examined the gut microbial composition, diversity, community assembly processes, and performance of a generalist herbivore, Lasiopodomys brandtii, in a feeding experiment with increased levels of simulated DSR shifting from preferred plant species to less preferred ones. We found the survival rate and body growth of Brandt’s voles showed a dome-shaped association with DSR: species performance increased initially with the increase of preferred plant species but declined with the increase of less-preferred food items. Several microbial taxa and functions closely related to the metabolism of amino acids and short-chain fatty acids also showed a dome-shaped association with DSR, which is consistent with the observation of performance change. However, the alpha diversities of gut microbiota increased linearly with DSR. The null model and phylogenetic analysis suggested that stochastic processes dominate at low DSR diets, whereas deterministic processes prevail at high DSR diets. These results suggest that the role of DSR in regulating animal performance by gut microbiota depends on the number of preferred forage items.IMPORTANCE The plant species diversity varies greatly under the influence of both climate change and human disturbance, which may negatively affect the productivity as well as the variability of organisms (e.g., small herbivores) at the next trophic level. It is still unknown how gut microbiota of small herbivores respond to such changes in dietary species richness. Our manipulative food experiment revealed that dietary species richness can affect the composition, functions, and community assembly of gut microbiota of Brandt’s vole in a nonlinear way. Given the fast-growing interest in therapeutic diets to treat dysbiosis and to improve health conditions, our study highlights the need to consider not just the variety of consumed food but also the principles of rational nutrition.

Pregnancy planning in women with diabetes mellitus type 2

BACKGROUND: The increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus worldwide and the improvement in the quality of diabetic and obstetric care lead to an increase in the number of pregnant women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The incidence of obstetric and perinatal adverse outcomes in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus is often higher than in women with type 1 diabetes. In the world literature, there are few works on the effect of pregnancy planning on the course and outcome of pregnancy in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
 AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of pregnancy planning in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in improvement of pregnancy and birth outcomes.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retro- and prospectively analyzed the course and outcome of pregnancy in 124 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who were observed in the Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy Center of the Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott for the period from 2010 to 2019. The study included 34 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus at the stage of pregnancy planning and 90 women during pregnancy. All patients underwent a general clinical examination, carbohydrate metabolism correction, training at the School of Diabetes Mellitus in the principles of rational nutrition, self-control of glycemia and insulin therapy. Diabetes compensation was assessed by the level of glycated hemoglobin, determined using a method certified in accordance with the National Glycogemoglobin Standartization Program and standardized in accordance with the reference values adopted in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, as well as by the level of glycemia (self-control at least four times a day). We also assessed the severity of vascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus before and during pregnancy, and identified and treated comorbidities. To assess the degree of obesity, the criteria of the World Health Organization and the pregravid body mass index calculated by the Quetelet formula were used. The severity of preeclampsia was assessed in accordance with federal clinical guidelines. Ultrasound examination of the fetus with Doppler blood flow in the vessels of the fetoplacental complex was performed using a Voluson E6 ultrasound system (GE Healthcare, USA). For the timely diagnosis of diabetic fetopathy and fetal cardiomyopathy, dynamic fetometry and echocardiography were conducted. In addition, cardiotocography was performed for antenatal assessment of the fetus from the 30th week of pregnancy. After delivery, a neonatologist assessed the condition of the newborn using the Apgar scale at the first and fifth minutes of life, and then the assessment was carried out in the early neonatal period.
 RESULTS: In the group of women who received pregravid training, the course and outcomes of pregnancy were significantly better: the frequency of preeclampsia was lower (14.7%) compared to the group of women with an unplanned pregnancy (40.0%); there was no severe preeclampsia compared to the same women (13.3%). The number of preterm births was significantly lower (14.7%) in the group of women with planned pregnancy compared to the group of women without pregravid preparation (37.8%). In addition, in the group of women planning pregnancy, there were no fetal congenital malformations, neonatal hypoglycemic conditions, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; in the group of women with an unplanned pregnancy, these parameters being found to amount to 6.7%, 24.4% and 6.7%, respectively. There was no perinatal mortality in the group of women with a planned pregnancy; however, this parameter was shown to be 3.3% in the group of women with an unplanned pregnancy.
 CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy planning in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus can significantly improve the course of pregnancy and childbirth outcomes.

Social and hygienic assessment of the spread of thyroid diseases

Introduction. Iodine deficiency diseases (IDD) are currently one of the most common pathologies of the endocrine system. The development of these diseases in the Primorsky region depends on the sufficient intake of iodine and various factors of exogenous and endogenous nature. The identification and establishment of the contribution of social and hygienic nature factors in the comprehensive impact to the occurrence and development of thyroid diseases, including IDD, is an important area of research. The aim of the study is to obtain information about the social and hygienic factors that influence the occurrence and development of thyroid pathology, including iodine deficiency diseases. Material and methods. Based on statistical data the dynamics in the population prevalence of diseases of the endocrine system in the Primorsky region was analyzed. To identify social and hygienic factors, a survey of 222 patients of the Center of Endocrinology Regional Clinical Hospital No. 2 (Vladivostok) was performed. Statistical processing of the results of the sociological survey was carried out using the Terentyev correlation pleiades method. Results. The development of thyroid pathology, including IDD, is influenced by unfavorable environmental conditions, physical inactivity and stressful situations in the workplace, unfavorable occupational factors including an exposure to noise, dust, radiation from a personal computer, lifestyle factors due to low physical activity, non-compliance with the waking and sleeping regime. More often, thyroid diseases develop in women and people over 50 years of age. The development of IDD is influenced by the observance of the principles of rational nutrition and the presence of certain foods in the diet. The contribution of these factors in the conditions of their combined impact on the human body is established. Conclusion. The identified complex of social and hygienic factors that are important for the occurrence and development of thyroid diseases can be further used to create targeted programs for the prevention of these diseases in the population of the Primorsky region.

Assessment of motor activity of knowledge workers (on the example of employees of social service centers)

Introduction. The work of many employees in the service sector is associated with a constant stay in a forced working position sitting at the computer for up to 60-80% of the time of the entire work shift, which leads to fatigue. The rate of fatigue depends on the specifics of work: it is much more likely to occur when working with monotony, muscle tension. An important role in the appearance of fatigue is also played by the attitude of a person to the work performed. The aim of study is to study the motor activity of knowledge workers in social service centers for the development of preventive measures aimed at reducing hypokinesia and hypodynamia during the work shift. Materials and methods. The following methods were used in the study: questionnaire and working day timing, calculation methods to determine whether the actual body weight corresponds to the ideal one using the Broka’s index and the Ketle’s index. The study involved employees of the integrated social service center "Raduga" in Bugulma. Results. An assessment of the motor activity of employees of the social service center of the population was made, and it was concluded that the problem of hypokinesia and hypodynamia is relevant and significant for employees of social service centers of the population both in their daily activities and during the work shift. Most of the employees showed an increase in actual body weight compared to the ideal one, which is to some extent due to hypokinesia and hypodynamia both during the working day and at home. Conclusions. Preventive measures aimed at compliance with the principles of rational nutrition and a healthy lifestyle, work and rest regimes, high-quality preliminary and periodic medical examinations are proposed.

Study of compliance to rational nutrition in various professional groups living in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan

Objective to study the adherence to the principles of rational nutrition by representatives of various professional groups living in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan.
 Material and methods.The study was conducted using a questionnaire-survey method among 543 mental workers of the Samara region and 158 students of the Avicenna Tajik State Medical University (Republic of Tajikistan), followed by statistical processing of the data.
 Results.Violations of the principles of rational nutrition are commonin various professional groups of the working-age population, including among students of a medical university. According to anthropometric studies, 61% of the surveyed workers were overweight and obese; in the group of students this indicator was only 8%, 29% of students were underweight. Violations of nutrition regimen were found among 31.1% of employees and 38% of students. Factor analysis of the actual nutrition of workers revealed 5 types of nutrition models characterized by a stereotype of eating behavior due to the consumption of certain foods and beverage. The regression analysis confirmed the relationship between the risk of obesity and adherence to types 2, 4 and 5 of nutritional models; an individual's adherence to nutritional model type 3 reduced this risk. In the group of the surveyed, the deterioration of the diet quality was revealed due to the excessive consumption of high-calorie foods, "fast food", sweet carbonated drinks, as well as insufficient consumption of vegetables, fruits, fish. The correlation analysis established the relationship between the body mass index and complaints presented by the survey participants concerning the cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine and musculoskeletal systems. The study identified the most common alimentary-dependent pathologies among students such as gastritis, chronic pancreatitis, and chronic cholecystitis.
 Conclusion.The revealed violations of the principles of rational nutrition, the nutritional status, form the risks of development of the gastrointestinal tract diseases, metabolic disorders and cardiovascular pathology. The results obtained indicate the need of preventive measures in relation to the adherence to the principles of rational nutrition, creating awareness in various professional groups of the population, including students of medical universities in different states.

«Противораковая диета», или принципы рационального питания онкогинекологических больных в период реабилитации

«Противораковая диета», или принципы рационального питания онкогинекологических больных в период реабилитации

Wpływ żywienia na występowanie nowotworów

Many studies conducted in recent years have shown that the incidence of cancer is still on the rise. According to the World Health Orgnization (WHO), most of these cases are a consequence of poor diet and lifestyle. Excess dietary carbohydrates, low-glycaemic index carbohydrates in particular, and low intake of fibre promote carcinogenesis. Many studies led to a conclusion that high body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) contribute to the risk of cancer. High blood glucose levels are one of the main factors predisposing to cancer. High postprandial blood glucose, which is most commonly observed in patients with type 2 diabetes, is also one of the factors that disturb metabolic transformations, which may promote carcinogenesis. It is worth following the principles of rational nutrition as part of cancer prevention. Manufacturers meet consumers' demands by developing improved food products, such as jams made from vegetables, which are higher in fibre and lower in sugar compared to fruit jams.

Hygienic features of the diet of foreign medical students considering their national cultures

During studying, foreign students undergo many stages of adaptation to new habitats, including adaptations to climatic, social and nutritional features in Ukraine. Foreign students experience difficulties in shaping their diet, following national traditions. They do not always have the right to pick analogues of the usual food products, to cook, and are increasingly fed in fast food. The aim of the study is to offer corrective measures on the diet of foreign medical students, taking into account the characteristics of national cultures, which depend on the geographical location of the country of residence of students. To achieve the goal, the following objectives were set: to assess the peculiarities of the diet of students who came from Africa and South Asia from gender perspective; to identify factors that prevent foreign medical students from following the principles of rational nutrition; to develop proposals for correction of eating behavior of students. Methods of research - sociological (questioning and interviewing), analytical, medical-statistical, nonparametric methods of mathematical statistics. The paper presents data on the quantitative and qualitative composition of food products that respondents used during the day and the diet of foreign medical students who came to study from the countries of Africa and South Asia. It has been established that nutrition of students is not balanced in structure, mode, protein, fat, carbohydrate ratio in both groups. The author shows the main barriers that, according to students, impede them to eat rationally. Obtaining data allowed to make recommendations for the correction of eating behavior by foreign students, which consists in conducting information companies among foreign students for the promotion of healthy eating, taking into account the data of a permanent residence; informing the students about WHO recommendations for healthy eating; conducting constant monitoring of eating behavior of students using the proposed questionnaire.

Zmiana zawartości składników odżywczych, cholesterolu i błonnika w dietach eliminujących produkty pochodzenia zwierzęcego. Część I – makroskładniki

ABSTRAKTWstęp: Wykluczenie produktów pochodzenia zwierzęcego z codziennego jadłospisu związane jest z wieloma aspektami, m.in. ekonomicznymi, społecznymi, psychologicznymi i zdrowotnymi.Materiały i metody: Zgodnie z zasadami racjonalnego żywienia ułożono 25 jadłospisów o kaloryczności ±2000 kcal. Każdy z jadłospisów zmodyfikowano, tworząc 5 rodzajów diet eliminujących produkty pochodzenia zwierzęcego: dietę semiwegetariańską, laktoowowegetariańską, wegańską, dietę eliminującą mięso i nabiał oraz dietę wykluczającą tylko produkty mleczne. Otrzymane średnie zawartości składników odżywczych w dietach przeanalizowano przy użyciu programu Statistica 12.0.Wyniki: W analizowanych dietach podaż wielonienasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych wzrastała wraz z eliminacją mięsa i nabiału, a długołańcuchowych wielonienasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych wraz ze spożyciem ryb, mięsa i jaj. Udział białka roślinnego, węglowodanów i błonnika wzrastał istotnie w diecie wegańskiej, eliminującej nabiał oraz wykluczającej nabiał i mięso. Zaobserwowano także istotne zmiany w średniej zawartości poszczególnych aminokwasów. Zawartość histydyny spadała istotnie wraz z eliminacją mięsa w diecie. Nadto eliminacja mięsa i ryb wiązała się z istotnym obniżeniem zawartości waliny, treoniny, fenyloalaniny, metioniny, lizyny oraz izoleucyny. Dodatkowo w diecie wegańskiej odnotowano obniżenie zawartości aminokwasów endogennych – alaniny i cystyny.Wnioski: Niezależnie od rodzaju stosowanej diety eliminującej produkty pochodzenia zwierzęcego należy zadbać o jej odpowiednie zbilansowanie, aby zapobiec powstawaniu groźnych dla funkcjonowania organizmu niedoborów. Biorąc pod uwagę spożycie składników odżywczych, szczególnie w diecie wegańskiej, należy uwzględnić suplementację kwasami eikozapentaenowym i dokozaheksaenowym. Natomiast niskie spożycie tryptofanu wraz z ograniczeniem produktów mięsnych oraz pochodzenia zwierzęcego może być przeciwwskazaniem stosowania takich diet u sportowców, a także w stanach zaburzenia wytwarzania serotoniny, melatoniny i rodopsyny, obniżonej odporności, zaburzeniach poziomu neuroprzekaźników prowadzących do stanów lękowych i depresyjnych.

Assessment of nutritional status and dietary habits of children attending the nursery in Sanok

Abstract Introduction. The state of human health largely depends on environmental factors. Nutrition as one of them is important in the earliest stages of child development. By following the principles of rational nutrition, we provide the child the necessary components that determine its growth and development. By analyzing the relationship between nutrition and health three elements should be taken into account: selection of food, compliance with dietary guidelines and an assessment of the effects of nutrition. Aim. The research aimed at the assessment of nutritional status and dietary habits of children attending the nursery. Material and methods. The study was conducted among 92 healthy children aged 10-55 months attending two nurseries in the town of Sanok. In all the children, body mass and height were measured and the values obtained were related to the percentile charts. There was also an original questionnaire survey performed addressed to mothers of the children. It provided information on the diets of infants and introducing new complementary products to the diet of children in the first year of life. The results were compared with the nutritional standards for children fed both naturally and artificially. Results and conclusions. While assessing the nutritional status of children, it was found that incorrect body mass concerned often overweight and obesity. Mothers too early stopped breast-feeding and introduced formulas to the diet of children. The main food product that caused allergic symptoms of children was cow’s milk and its products. Most mothers preparing meals for the children used the prepared food products for infants. On the basis of the obtained results it can be concluded that the introduction of complementary food into the diet of infants in the majority did not meet current dietary recommendations in 2007. There is a need to take preventive measures carried out by medical personnel addressed to parents/carers on the proper nutrition of their children in the first years of life.

Selected dietary habits of academic youth – students of Sanok high school

Introduction. Nutrition and diet are significant elements of health behaviour determining health status. Dietary habits result from social and economical conditions, which are responsible for specific health behaviour and the choice of a particular dietary model. Normal health status is determined by 24-hour meal plan as well as quality and quantity of nutritional components. The Committee on Human Nutrition of Polish Academy of Science, the Institute of Food and Nutrition, and Polish Society of Nutritional Sciences elaborated dietary recommendations for general population in Poland. When acting according to these guidelines, the organism is provided with all necessary nutritional components and the most frequent dietary mistakes of young Poles can be avoided. Aim. Assessment of selected dietary habits of Grodek State Vocational High School in Sanok. Material and methods. The study included 194 students of Higher State Vocational School. The participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous. A survey questionnaire, developed by the author, assessed 24-hour plan of meals and their quality as well as students’ compliance with the principles of rational nutrition. Outcomes were analysed statistically using the chi-square test of independence. Conclusions. The majority of respondents had at least three or four meals a day. More than half of the study group declared they had breakfast every day, and for most students it was the most important meal in their daily menu. Every second student living in the city or country had a two-course dinner whereas significantly smaller number of rural inhabitants participating in the study declared so. The most frequent dietary mistakes included consuming sweets between meals, frequent drinking of coffee, excessive consumption of meat, especially by men, and a rare consumption of fish. Results. The determination of dietary mistakes among students allows correcting them by adequate preventive actions.