Principles Of Quantum Mechanics Research Articles

Securing IoT devices: A novel approach using blockchain and quantum cryptography

This paper delves into the crucial challenge of safeguarding data sensitivity and preventing security breaches, which can result in substantial losses, including significant financial costs and potential loss of lives. Notably, the United States faces the highest financial burden, with data breaches costing approximately USD 5.09 million. With the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, enormous volumes of data are collected from diverse sources. However, the inherent limitations in computational power and memory of IoT devices render them susceptible targets for malicious attacks. This study focuses on fortifying the security of multimedia data, encompassing audio, video, and images, obtained from IoT devices. Cutting-edge technologies such as blockchain and quantum cryptography are explored as promising avenues to bolster multimedia security and preserve privacy. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) emerges as an alternative to classical encryption and key distribution methods, offering heightened data security. Simultaneously, blockchain leverages hash functions to augment the overall security posture. By harnessing the principles of quantum mechanics, QKD facilitates secure key exchange between involved parties for data encryption and decryption. Additionally, the paper introduces innovative methodologies to enhance the security, privacy, and anonymity of IoT devices.

Privacy-Preserving Range Query Quantum Scheme With Single Photons in Edge-Based Internet of Things

Range query in cloud-based outsourcing applications is an important data search service, but it can suffer from privacy disclosure. In this paper, we generalize and redefine privacy-preserving range query in edge-based Internet of Things (IoT). Furthermore, to enhance security and privacy of sensitive data, we introduce quantum cryptographic technologies and present a novel quantum approach to solve the problem. First, we present a feasible protocol for Quantum Secret Permutating (QSP) with single photons, which will be later utilized in the final scheme as a basic block. Second, we generalize traditional privacy-preserving range query to a secure one-sided two-party computation, i.e., specific dot product. Third, we present a synchronously grouping strategy based on Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) to reduce the complexity and improve the efficiency of solving this two-party computation, so that it can easily get the desired result by repeatedly using feasible quantum privacy query group by group. Finally, adopting our previously proposed quantum protocols, we design privacy-preserving range query quantum scheme in edge-based IoT. Compared with the classical related schemes, our proposed quantum scheme has higher security, because the security of our proposed protocols is based on the basic physical principles of quantum mechanics, instead of unproven computational difficulty assumptions.

On Weak Values and Feynman's Blind Alley

Feynman famously recommended accepting the basic principles of quantum mechanics without trying to guess the machinery behind the law. One of the corollaries of the Uncertainty Principle is that the knowledge of probability amplitudes does not allow one to make meaningful statements about the past of an unobserved quantum system. A particular type of reasoning, based on weak values, appears to do just that. Has Feynman been proven wrong by the more recent developments? Most likely not.Quanta 2023; 12: 180–189.

The chaotic behavior of black holes: Investigating a topological retraction in anti-de Sitter spaces

In some topological universe models, a special type of curved space called the anti-de Sitter (AdS) of black hole space appears. Due to general relativity, this space has negative curvature. Here we present a novel variant of AdS space, known as chaotic AdS black hole space. We investigate the correlation between the folding of chaotic AdS black hole space and its chaotic deformation retract. In order to better understand how objects move in space, we can also use Lagrangian equations to determine the geodesics of the chaotic AdS space, and explore the properties and behavior of this new type of space. This would enable us to focus our attention and efforts better on black hole thermodynamics and quantum gravity. Finally, various types of chaotic quantum retractions in this space are identified, as well as the final limits on chaotic AdS spaces and their extensions to astrophysics. Exploring these ideas has consequently increased our understanding of the complex dynamics of the universe and the potential for developing a theory of quantum gravity that combines the principles of general relativity and quantum mechanics.

Seven governing principles in biology

In physical science such as physics and chemistry, there are governing principles that are universal and applicable to all relevant systems, including energy conservation, entropy increase, uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics, and chemical equilibrium. However, what are governing principles in biology that are unique to all living systems? After collecting opinions and thoughts from diverse scientists and engineers all over the world, I summarize seven governing principles or laws in biology: central dogma, evolution, biological robustness, regeneration, reproduction, development, and causality. Some of these are not necessarily unique in biological systems from a reductionist’s point of view (e.g., causality), and others are applicable predominantly to eukaryotes (e.g., reproduction and development). Notably, many engineering systems have mimicked biological systems to enhance their performance. In this perspective article, I discuss these principles to better understand the rules of life and help construct improved engineering systems that we can use and control in an ethical, safe, and rational way.

Timelike geodesic congruence in the simplest solutions of general relativity with quantum-improved metric tensor

A recent quantum-geometrical approach for the possible reconciliation of the principles of general relativity and quantum mechanics extends the fundamental tensor to the relativistic (quantum) scales, in which additional geometric structures and curvatures, i.e., additional sources of gravitation, are emerged. This paper introduces some characteristics of the emerged curvatures and their consequences on regulating the space and initial singularities. We analyze the timelike geodesic congruence in the simplest solutions of the Einstein field equations; the homogeneous, isotropic, and spherically symmetric Schwarzschild, de Sitter–Schwarzschild, and Friedmann–Lemaitre–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) metrics. From the expansion of the trajectory congruence that follows the change in the shape of the volume which keeps the same set of geodesics in the bundle along the flow lines which are generated by the velocity fields, we conclude that the analytical and numerical analyses give an unambiguous signature that the space and initial singularities are attenuated or even regulated, especially in the relativistic (quantum) regime. This means that the regulation of the singularity in Einstein’s general relativity (GR) would not be possible until quantum-mechanical ingredients are properly imposed on it.

The Quantum-Medical Nexus: Understanding the Impact of Quantum Technologies on Healthcare.

In a world characterized by rapid technological evolution, the integration of quantum technologies into the realm of healthcare has emerged as a transformative force. This narrative review explores the journey of quantum innovations in medicine, delving into the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics that underpin quantum computing, sensing, and communication. From the birth of quantum theory to the advent of practical quantum applications, we journey through historical milestones that have paved the way for a quantum-powered future in healthcare. The narrative unfolds to reveal the profound implications of quantum technologies in healthcare, ranging from accelerated drug discovery and genomic analysis to secure data transmission and telemedicine. Real-world case studies illuminate successful applications, while the review addresses the ethical, societal, and regulatory considerations that accompany this quantum revolution. As we peer into the future, we contemplate the challenges that lie ahead and offer recommendations for researchers and policymakers to forge a harmonious and equitable synergy between quantum and medicine. In a world where innovation outpaces the tick of the clock, this narrative review serves as a timely guide for those poised to shape the quantum healthcare landscape, where precision and compassion converge and the possibilities are limitless.

Post-Quantum Security: Opportunities and Challenges

Cryptography is very essential in our daily life, not only for confidentiality of information, but also for information integrity verification, non-repudiation, authentication, and other aspects. In modern society, cryptography is widely used; everything from personal life to national security is inseparable from it. With the emergence of quantum computing, traditional encryption methods are at risk of being cracked. People are beginning to explore methods for defending against quantum computer attacks. Among the methods currently developed, quantum key distribution is a technology that uses the principles of quantum mechanics to distribute keys. Post-quantum encryption algorithms are encryption methods that rely on mathematical challenges that quantum computers cannot solve quickly to ensure security. In this study, an integrated review of post-quantum encryption algorithms is conducted from the perspective of traditional cryptography. First, the concept and development background of post-quantum encryption are introduced. Then, the post-quantum encryption algorithm Kyber is studied. Finally, the achievements, difficulties and outstanding problems in this emerging field are summarized, and some predictions for the future are made.

A research on quantum digital signatures

This paper provides an overview of the basic principles, types, recent works, and applications of quantum digital signatures. The security of traditional digital signature schemes is compromised by the rise of quantum computing, leading to a need for post-quantum cryptography. Quantum digital signatures, which rely on the principles of quantum mechanics, offer a potential solution to this problem. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of quantum digital signatures and post-quantum digital signatures. The paper introduces the basic principles of quantum mechanics, then explains key distribution in quantum digital signatures. The paper then provides a detailed description of both quantum and post-quantum digital signatures, including their differences and applications. Finally, the paper summarizes the main findings in the field, highlights potential future directions, and discusses challenges that humans must address. In addition, the paper examines the widespread applications of quantum digital signatures and post-quantum digital signatures in various fields such as Bitcoin, smart city blockchain, and finance. Finally, the paper summarizes the key findings in the field, highlighting potential future directions and discussing challenges that humans must address. Overall, this paper aims to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of quantum digital signatures and post-quantum digital signatures and their applications in various domains.

Machine Learning-Enhanced Advancements in Quantum Cryptography: A Comprehensive Review and Future Prospects

Quantum cryptography has emerged as a promising paradigm for secure communication, leveraging the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics to guarantee information confidentiality and integrity. In recent years, the field of quantum cryptography has witnessed remarkable advancements, and the integration of machine learning techniques has further accelerated its progress. This research paper presents a comprehensive review of the latest developments in quantum cryptography, with a specific focus on the utilization of machine learning algorithms to enhance its capabilities. The paper begins by providing an overview of the principles underlying quantum cryptography, such as quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum secure direct communication (QSDC). Subsequently, it highlights the limitations of traditional quantum cryptographic schemes and introduces how machine learning approaches address these challenges, leading to improved performance and security. To illustrate the synergy between quantum cryptography and machine learning, several case studies are presented, showcasing successful applications of machine learning in optimizing key aspects of quantum cryptographic protocols. These applicatiocns encompass various tasks, including error correction, key rate optimization, protocol efficiency enhancement, and adaptive protocol selection. Furthermore, the paper delves into the potential risks and vulnerabilities introduced by integrating machine learning with quantum cryptography. The discussion revolves around adversarial attacks, model vulnerabilities, and potential countermeasures to bolster the robustness of machine learning-based quantum cryptographic systems. The future prospects of this combined field are also examined, highlighting potential avenues for further research and development. These include exploring novel machine learning architectures tailored for quantum cryptographic applications, investigating the interplay between quantum computing and machine learning in cryptographic protocols, and devising hybrid approaches that synergistically harness the strengths of both fields. In conclusion, this research paper emphasizes the significance of machine learning-enhanced advancements in quantum cryptography as a transformative force in securing future communication systems. The paper serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers interested in understanding the state-of-the-art in this multidisciplinary domain and charting the course for its future advancements.

EQNAS: Evolutionary Quantum Neural Architecture Search for Image Classification

Quantum neural network (QNN) is a neural network model based on the principles of quantum mechanics. The advantages of faster computing speed, higher memory capacity, smaller network size and elimination of catastrophic amnesia make it a new idea to solve the problem of training massive data that is difficult for classical neural networks. However, the quantum circuit of QNN are artificially designed with high circuit complexity and low precision in classification tasks. In this paper, a neural architecture search method EQNAS is proposed to improve QNN. First, initializing the quantum population after image quantum encoding. The next step is observing the quantum population and evaluating the fitness. The last is updating the quantum population. Quantum rotation gate update, quantum circuit construction and entirety interference crossover are specific operations. The last two steps need to be carried out iteratively until a satisfactory fitness is achieved. After a lot of experiments on the searched quantum neural networks, the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm proposed in this paper are proved, and the searched QNN is obviously better than the original algorithm. The classification accuracy on the mnist dataset and the warship dataset not only increased by 5.31% and 4.52%, respectively, but also reduced the parameters by 21.88% and 31.25% respectively. Code will be available at https://gitee.com/Pcyslist/models/tree/master/research/cv/EQNAS, and https://github.com/Pcyslist/EQNAS.

Application of quantum key distribution in intelligent security operation and maintenance of power communication networks

With the continuous development of power communication network and the improvement of intelligent degree, network security and operation and maintenance become more and more important. Therefore, this paper proposes a solution for intelligent security operation and maintenance of power communication network based on Quantum key distribution (QKD). QKD is an encryption technology based on the principle of quantum mechanics, which can realize secure Key exchange and resist attacks of traditional encryption algorithms. We use QKD technology to generate and distribute security keys for protecting communication and data transmission in power communication networks. The results show that the efficiency and accuracy of communication data acquisition, transmission, analysis and processing of the Artificial Intelligence for IT Operations system of the power communication network using the power Internet of Things technology are far higher than that of the traditional operation and maintenance technology, which improves the operation and maintenance accuracy of the power communication network by about 25%. The intelligent operation and maintenance system of the power communication network designed by the author, it effectively improves the communication data processing capability and the reliability of operation and maintenance results, and can meet the current practical engineering application requirements. This study provides an innovative solution for the secure operation and maintenance of power communication networks, which is of great significance for protecting the security and stable operation of power communication networks.

A Wheeler–DeWitt Non-Commutative Quantum Approach to the Branch-Cut Gravity

In this contribution, motivated by the quest to understand cosmic acceleration, based on the theory of Hořava–Lifshitz and on the branch-cut gravitation, we investigate the effects of non-commutativity of a mini-superspace of variables obeying the Poisson algebra on the structure of the branch-cut scale factor and on the acceleration of the Universe. We follow the guiding lines of a previous approach, which we complement to allow a symmetrical treatment of the Poisson algebraic variables and eliminate ambiguities in the ordering of quantum operators. On this line of investigation, we propose a phase-space transformation that generates a super-Hamiltonian, expressed in terms of new variables, which describes the behavior of a Wheeler–DeWitt wave function of the Universe within a non-commutative algebraic quantum gravity formulation. The formal structure of the super-Hamiltonian allows us to identify one of the new variables with a modified branch-cut quantum scale factor, which incorporates, as a result of the imposed variable transformations, in an underlying way, elements of the non-commutative algebra. Due to its structural character, this algebraic structure allows the identification of the other variable as the dual quantum counterpart of the modified branch-cut scale factor, with both quantities scanning reciprocal spaces. Using the iterative Range–Kutta–Fehlberg numerical analysis for solving differential equations, without resorting to computational approximations, we obtained numerical solutions, with the boundary conditions of the wave function of the Universe based on the Bekenstein criterion, which provides an upper limit for entropy. Our results indicate the acceleration of the early Universe in the context of the non-commutative branch-cut gravity formulation. These results have implications when confronted with information theory; so to accommodate gravitational effects close to the Planck scale, a formulation à la Heisenberg’s Generalized Uncertainty Principle in Quantum Mechanics involving the energy and entropy of the primordial Universe is proposed.

Research progress in quantum key distribution

Abstract uantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a sophisticated method for securing information by leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics. Its objective is to establish a confidential key between authorized partners who are connected via both a quantum channel and a classical authentication channel. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of QKD protocols, chip-based QKD systems, quantum light sources, quantum detectors, fiber-based QKD networks, space-based QKD systems, as well as the applications and future prospects of QKD technology.

Introducing a Research Programme for Quantum Humanities: Theoretical Implications

AbstractQuantum computing is a form of computing based on the principles of quantum mechanics. Quantum computing promises to revolutionise society through technological solutions to previously unsolvable problems or by enhancing the capacities of current computational technologies. Additionally, quantum computing has the potential to revolutionise the humanities and social sciences. We denote the study of these changes as “quantum humanities”, whose study focuses on the potential of quantum computing. This paper proposes a research programme for quantum humanities, which includes the application of quantum algorithms to humanities research, reflection on the methods and techniques of quantum computing and evaluation of its potential societal implications. Moreover, we argue that, foundationally, quantum mechanics has serious implications for the ways in which data and information are used to produce seemingly objective technologies. Thus, quantum computing is a nexus for the study of knowledge itself. This research programme aims to define the field of quantum humanities and to establish it as a meaningful part of the humanities and social sciences.

Cloud-assisted quantum primitive protocols and applications

Abstract Security and privacy have always been key concerns for individuals in various cloud-assisted services. In order to enhance security, we focus on quantum cryptography in novel cloud-based applications. First, we present two quantum primitive protocols to compute XOR of two private bits and AND of two private bits with the assistance of a quantum cloud, respectively. Then, we generalize two-party protocols to the corresponding multi-party cases. These quantum primitive protocols can ensure information-theoretical security and provide long-term security, which are guaranteed by the principles of quantum mechanics. Furthermore, we present a grouping strategy to improve the communication efficiency of multiparty quantum protocols. In addition, we investigate privacy-preserving applications of these quantum primitive protocols in cloud-based environments, e.g., cloud-based Anonymous Voting and Multiparty Private Set Intersection. Finally, simulated experiments show our proposed quantum protocols are correct and feasible with the present quantum technology.

Experimental Verification of Quantum Entanglement: Insights from EPR Paradox and Bell Tests

Quantum entanglement is an essential principle in quantum mechanics, illustrating the relationship between two or more spatially separated particles.This correlation has been experimentally proven through various techniques, including the entangled photon experiment. Furthermore, the breach of Bell's inequality has confirmed that entanglement represents a genuine physical occurrence, which cannot be accounted for by local hidden variables, thus highlighting the peculiar characteristics of quantum mechanics. This article aims to introduce quantum entanglement and Bell's inequality, and to discuss the experiments conducted by Alain Aspect, John Clauser, and Anton Zeilinger, which paved the way for the development of quantum information science. Additionally, this paper will explore the potential applications of quantum technology in communication, cryptography, and computing, which rely on the exceptional properties of entanglement.

Quantum Computing in Telecommunication—A Survey

Quantum computing, an emerging paradigm based on the principles of quantum mechanics, has the potential to revolutionise various industries, including Telecommunications. This paper explores the transformative impact of quantum computing on the telecommunication market, focusing on its applications in solving computationally intensive problems. By leveraging the inherent properties of quantum systems, such as superposition and entanglement, quantum computers offer the promise of exponential computational speedup and enhanced problem-solving capabilities. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the current state of quantum computing in telecommunication, examining key algorithms and approaches, discussing potential use cases, and highlighting the challenges and future prospects of this disruptive technology.

Quantum Limits on the Capacity of Multispan Links With Phase-Sensitive Amplification

Long-distance fiber communication stands as a cornerstone of modern technology. One of the underlying principles, preventing signal levels from diminishing below the detectability threshold, is optical amplification. In particular, phase-sensitive amplifiers offer a promising solution as ideally they do not introduce any excess additive noise. Since such devices in principle operate at the quantum noise level, a natural question is whether one can further improve the capacity of amplified links using principles of quantum mechanics as it offers a much broader scope of signal modulations and detection schemes. We derive ultimate limits determined by the laws of quantum mechanics on the capacity of multispan links with phase sensitive amplification. We show that the quantum advantage over the standard approach based on optical quadrature detection is small and vanishes for long links.

A Dynamic-Routing Algorithm Based on a Virtual Quantum Key Distribution Network

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is an encrypted communication technique based on the principles of quantum mechanics that ensures communication security by exploiting the properties of quantum states. Currently, the transmission efficiency of the QKD system is low. Trusted relay technology is used to solve this problem and achieve long-distance transmission. However, trusted relaying alone cannot decrypt the issues of poor link stability and the low utilization of key resources. To further optimize the system performance, we propose a dynamic routing algorithm. One of the improvement schemes includes the following: firstly, an adjustable-size quantum key pool (QKP) is designed, which can dynamically adjust the size of the refreshing pool according to the actual demand. Secondly, the utilization of key resources is improved by using the residual quantum key model to dynamically obtain the remaining key amount in the QKP and set the key amount threshold. We calculate the link-blocking probability and track the blocking intensity and blocking entry by combining the Poisson process, thus realizing the evaluation of the link stability. Finally, the number of remaining keys in the QKP and the link-blocking probability combine with the random wandering model as the basis of the route selection for the QKD dynamic routing algorithm to achieve efficient key path selection. We validated the algorithm by comparing it with other algorithms on the Mininet simulation platform, and the algorithm proved to have a better performance in terms of congestion avoidance, delay reduction, and improved QKD efficiency. This scheme provides a novel and efficient way to solve the problems in existing QKD systems. It effectively improves the transmission efficiency and strengthens the system’s security by dynamically obtaining the critical volume, accurately evaluating the link state, and selecting the optimal critical path.