Principles Of Historicism Research Articles

Tandem of philosophical anthropology and philosophy of education as a soil for the formation of professional identity

Introduction. The problem of professional identity in modern socio-cultural conditions continues to be relevant and requires a non-surface, non-structural methodological and anthropological rethinking. The purpose of the article is to determine the role of the tandem of philosophical anthropology and philosophy of education in creating the ground for the formation of professional identity.Materials and Methods. The methodological principle of historicism is fundamental. The research methodology includes hermeneutical and systemic methods. The analysis and generalization of scientific research works on the philosophy of education and philosophical anthropology were also used.Results. A person from different metaphysical positions thinks about the issues of his own identity, his career aspirations and professional orientation. Modern society creates an environment for the development of an “informed person”, who is immersed in fundamentally different spheres of life. Philosophical anthropology in modern conditions acts as a practice of self-knowledge, the result of which should be contact with oneself, understanding one's goals and aspirations. The philosophy of education comprehends the trends of modern education, calls for a critical attitude to the newly created concepts of man, culture, and education. Professional identity gives an understanding and a sense of one's own "I" in professional development. Therefore, the task of the philosophy of education and philosophical anthropology is to harmonize the process of self-identification as much as possible. The tandem of the philosophy of education and philosophical anthropology reconciles the individual with the fundamental incompleteness of his being, looking for ways of harmonious development in the conditions of constant choice, constant search for his identity.Discussion and Conclusions. The task of both philosophers and educators is to create all the necessary conditions for the younger generation to cope with the challenge of the new era. Modern man needs not just to accumulate information about the world; he needs to know life itself: he wants to ask questions about its meaning, to see the boundaries of his own self, to talk about freedom and necessity, love and fidelity, understanding and loneliness. The relevance of philosophical anthropology lies in the fact that it acts as an arbiter between andragogy and pedagogy in a dialogue with the philosophy of education, since it asserts the main subject of a Person regardless of his social circumstances.

Legal principles of ensuring social security in the conditions of digitalization of Ukraine

The transformation of society is due to the development of the information society and the gradual transition to the knowledge society, the impact of digitization on all spheres of life of society and citizens. Recently, the issue of the transformation of social security in the context of the development of digitalization of all spheres of the life of the state and society has been brought up to date. The purpose of the article is to analyze the legal framework for ensuring social security in the context of digitalization in Ukraine with a view to developing the ways to improve the policy in this area. The methodology of the article is based on a complex, interdisciplinary approach, the principle of historicism for conducting a legal analysis of normative legal acts in the field of social security of Ukraine for 1990-2022 in the conditions of digitalization. The results demonstrate the dynamism of technology development and digitalization of society with slow legislative changes in the field of social security. Since the beginning of 2007, legislative provisions in the researched field and conceptual principles of digitalization of the socio-economic system have been implemented in Ukraine. Complex digitization is aimed at comprehensive and deep transformation of existing analogues of economic and social systems and spheres into new value and quality to ensure social security of the state, society and citizen. Therefore, the authors note the importance of introducing key legislative acts regarding the effective implementation of digital technologies in the further development of social security in accordance with the strategic goals of the state and modern technological trends.

Women in Ancient Egypt: determination of legal status and peculiarities of marriage and family relations

The main factors that influenced the formation of the worldview of the ancient Egyptian woman have been investigated. The influence of religion on her understanding of the family, her place and purpose in society has been shown. The main criteria of social differentiation of women have been identified. The primary sources, in particular legal monuments, on the basis of which the legal status of women in Ancient Egypt is shown, have been analysed. The features of marriage and family relations have been characterised. The research is based on the principle of historicism. Historical and comparative as well as historical and genetic methods were used to study the peculiarities of marriage and family relations, normative and comparative and hermeneutical methods were used when working with primary sources. The gender approach has led to a comprehensive study of religious, political, legal norms and social institutions, such as the family, family, culture, and more.
 Generalisations and conclusions have been made, stating that it was in the religion of Ancient Egypt that the united cults of the divine couple with a son-infant appeared, which became a model for the Egyptians in creating their own family. They were the first among the ancient civilisations to consider the family as the basis of society, which gives us grounds to assert that the family in our modern sense emerged in Ancient Egypt. The social status of women was different. The highest were the ruler’s wives and priestesses, and the lowest were maids and slaves. They had no legal rights and were considered property. However, slaves had the right to personal belongings and to have a family. They faced punishment for ill-treatment. Under certain conditions, slaves could become free and receive the rights of an Egyptian woman. It has been noted that free ancient Egyptian women had almost equal legal rights with men, which distinguishes them from women of other ancient civilisations.
 It has been emphasized that the study of the status of women and the peculiarities of marriage and family relations in Ancient Egypt allows us to see the historical origins of gender inequality, to understand such basic human values as love, mutual respect, responsibility, tolerance, devotion, etc. which should become the basis for addressing modern gender issues.

Республика Бурятия в панораме 100-летия: исторические вехи и достижения

Goals. The article aims to consider some key historical milestones and achievements in Buryatia’s nation-state building for over 100 years. The paper analyzes the conditions for the emergence of Buryat-Mongolian autonomy, and the factors that prompted reorganizations of the Republic’s political structure in the context of changes witnessed in the nationwide political agenda. Special attention is paid to the contribution of the Republic to the Great Victory, certain analytical emphases be laid on present-day challenges, achievements and development prospects. Materials and methods. The work examines unpublished documents stored at the State Archive of the Russian Federation, Russian State Archive of Sociopolitical History, and State Archive of Buryatia. The principles of historicism and consistency prove instrumental enough in reconstructing the process of nation-state building in Buryatia, identifying specific features, and tracing general trends of state development in the Republic’s political life. Results. On 30 May 1923, the Presidium of the All-Russia Central Executive Committee decided to unite Siberian and Far Eastern autonomous domains (oblasts) of Buryat-Mongols into one autonomous socialist Soviet republic centered around the city of Verkhneudinsk. It is then and there that the statehood of Buryat-Mongols — consolidated by a single territory, economic integrity, and historical ties of all resident peoples — was proclaimed. The shaping and rapid development of industries in the Republic, transformations in agriculture, education and health care converted the territory of Buryatia into a strong supporting point that would render every possible assistance to the nation during the Great Patriotic War. The post-war years up to the 1960s and early 1970s became a period of progressive development in all spheres of life. At the all-Union level, merits of the Republic were distinguished with the Order of Lenin (1958), Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972), and Order of the October Revolution (1973). Events of the late 1980s and the subsequent collapse of the USSR served as a test of state viability to the Republic. The economic depression led to an unprecedented deterioration of the social situation which could actually result in a severest interethnic conflict. However, the accumulated experiences of cross-cultural interaction, flexible administrative and managerial systems, high educational and scientific levels of the population, and a unified language environment proved instrumental in neutralizing negative trends and strengthening constructive ones — as part of interethnic dialogue within the new statehood of Russia. Despite the complicated processes of the 1980s–1990s, Buryatia confirmed its loyalty to the principles of federalism and integrity of Russia. Another important milestone was the 1994 adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Buryatia. Over the past hundred years, the Republic has developed as a major political/legal entity of the Russian Federation — in cultural, economic, and other aspects. Nowadays, the peoples of Buryatia — regardless of faith and ethnic identity — join efforts to develop public economy and culture, shape a common destiny of the Republic and the country on the basis of friendship, harmony, and mutual understanding.

«Серебряный путь» из Европы в Азию: роль Кяхтинского отделения Русско-Китайского банка в экспорте драгоценных металлов в Цинскую империю

Introduction. The article deals with exports and imports of precious metals between Russia and the Qing Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Special attention is paid to activities of the Russo-Chinese Bank that established its offices across Russia-Mongolia frontiers for the latter to arrange silver trade with China. Goals. The paper aims to reveal actual causes, conditions and mechanisms of silver transit from Europe to China — and identify the role played by the Russo-Chinese Bank therein. Materials and methods. The study examines statutes and regulations, reports of the Russo-Chinese Bank, and previously unpublished records management and statistical documents stored at the State Archive of Buryatia (Collection of Kyakhta Customs Station and that of Kyakhta-based first-guild merchant M. Nemchinov, respectively). The work employs a number of historical research methods, special emphasis be laid on the principle of historicism and the comprehensive analysis method that have proved instrumental in interrelating the mid-to-late nineteenth and early twentieth century geopolitical events across Asia-Pacific — to the intensification of Russia-China precious metals trade. Results. The paper virtually reconstructs the mechanism developed by the Russo-Chinese Bank in Russia-Mongolia frontier territories to export precious metals from Western Europe to the Qing Empire. Conclusions. The late nineteenth-century weakening of the Qing Empire and subsequent changes in the balance of power across Inner Asia significantly modified the region’s geopolitical agenda. The altered vectors of external policies towards Asia Pacific enabled the Russian Empire to successfully expand its economic presence in China at the turn of the 20th century. The Tsarist government did succeed in holding strong positions in China’s market of precious metals via a specially created ‘tool’ — the Russo-Chinese Bank. The efficient combination of Russia’s smart trade strategies and special customs preferences yielded a highly profitable business of precious metals transit from Europe to China. And it was Kyakhta Office of the Russo-Chinese Bank that played a key role in securing uninterrupted supply of precious metals.

The Russian imperial education system in the decolonial perspective

Introduction. Nowadays we are witnessing a movement from values imposed on the whole world by Western civilization to values that correlate with the values of local communities. In this regard, it makes important to consider education policy, which had a great impact on the culture of colonized peoples, in accordance with the principle of historicism, as a fundamental way of understanding past events, taking into account the historical particularities of the past.Purpose setting. Using the history of colonial education in Russia as an example, author examines its impact on the colonized peoples.Methodology and methods of the study. The methods and methodology of the study are represented by the decolonial approach developed by W. Mignolo. The object of this study is the philosophy of education. The subject of the research is the coloniality in the Russian educational system.Results. Based on the theory of decolonization, author examines coloniality and its origins in the Russian educational system, referring to the history of development and formation of colonial education in Russia. Author emphasizes the Russian Empire's policy towards «gentiles», which focused on education as a method of colonization, and believes that public education in the Soviet Union is a continuation of this policy.Conclusion. Author concludes that the time for educational paradigms with colonial objectives has passed, and that it is now necessary to enable the development of new educational systems whose origins we can see using the decolonial approach. Author argues that a decolonial approach will open up new ways of learning, as opposed to the Western system of learning which has been broadcast around the world as the only true system.

OUN in the national patriotic education of youth in 1944-53: legal experience and lessons

Purpose. The purpose of the study is to determine the influence of historical and legal factors on the development of the legal ideology of Ukrainians in the 19th century. The main emphasis is placed on the characteristics of the key directions of legal ideology that were developing, and the level of their practical implementation in the socio-legal conditions of the 19th - early 20th centuries is also determined. One of the tasks of the study was to establish the importance of the influence of historicisms on the process of formation and development of legal ideology, which is also important in today's conditions, because of the full-scale invasion of Russia. It is one of the key factors that determine the need to abandon Soviet ideological stereotypes, including legal ones. Methods. The methodological basis of the research was a complex of general scientific, special scientific and philosophical methods, as well as the principles of historicism. Results. Five approaches are followed in the works of Ukrainian scientists. The first, philosophical-legal, is characterized by a complete juxtaposition of legal ideology and national ideology. The second direction is exclusively historical and legal. Within the limits of the third direction, it is proposed to consider legal ideology as an element of the legal policy of the state, in particular, the sphere of ensuring human rights. There is also a popular opinion that the ideas of legal ideology are value orientations that actively influence the lawful behavior of a person and the process of law-making. As a result, legal ideology can be considered an element of legal culture or even legal mentality. At the same time, within the latter, legal ideology is the most dynamic category, because it depends on public opinion, group and individual legal awareness. It was established that historical conditions have a decisive influence on the process of formation of legal ideology, as they not only impose on it the specifics of the era, social attitudes, the general level of cultural development, spirituality, but also turn a specific legal ideology into an element of culture that takes root in the legal consciousness of the population, becomes a component of his legal mentality. It was in the 19th century. three main types of legal ideology of Ukrainians were formed: liberal, Christian-conservative and socialist (social-democratic). Originality. The internal and external historicisms that in the 19th century are characterized. contributed to the development of three types of legal ideology – liberal, conservative and socialist. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in further historical and legal studies, preparation of scientific projects, special courses, in the process of implementation of the state and regional policy of patriotic education of youth.

Ukrajinska enciklopedistika u vrijeme rata (na temelju Enciklopedije suvremene Ukrajine)

The aim of this article is to present the Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine (Ukrainian: Entsyklopediia Suchasnoi Ukrainy) as one of the priority Ukrainian academic scholarly publications in the context of the ongoing Russian war against Ukraine, and to outline the editorial team’s priorities in responding to the new challenges of the time. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and consistency. General scholarly methods were used, including analysis, synthesis, description, and generalisation. The authors report on the peculiarities of preparing the paper volumes of the Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine, emphasise the importance and necessity of producing a complete set of EMU volumes for the cultural development of the state and building the state’s information ecosystem. At the same time, they draw attention to the fact that paper encyclopedia publishing needs more funding than it currently has (in recent years, the shortage of funding has been compensated by reducing the quality of printing and the circulation of edition volumes). The article also covers the encyclopedia’s digital counterpart (EMU website as an online encyclopedia). In particular, it was found that the indicators of the online encyclopedia visits and pageviews are increasing every year. Moreover, in a turbulent 2022 of full-scale war, the website traffic was the highest ever. The language specificity of the online encyclopedia’s visitors is in the focus of the authors as well. The authors state that the war negatively impacts various spheres of life in Ukraine including academic encyclopedistics and suggest that the editorial and publishing process relating to the Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine should be revised. It is concluded that it is economically expedient to focus on the EMU’s online version during the war. Along with this, there is a possibility of a complete blackout of Ukraine, which could be caused by Russian airstrikes on the country’s critical infrastructure. In such a situation, the editorial team’s planned direction for the next year(s) of activity regarding online encyclopedia development unfortunately seems problematic as well.

Functionality and mentality of the leaders of soviet production in the upper Volga regions (1960-80s): the potential of sources and key characteristics

The article analyzes the range of sources, functional features and mentality of regional production managers in the USSR in the 1960-1980s. The body of sources was based on oral history evidence obtained through focused interviews. Interviewing representatives of regional authorities in the 1960s-1980s. conducted personally by the author in 2016-2019. The source base of the study includes memoirs, unpublished archival material from the Center for Documentation of Contemporary History of the Yaroslavl Region. The theoretical basis of the publication is connected with the principle of historicism, the value and institutional approach to historical research, the use of oral history methods, source analysis, and content analysis. The article raises the question of the debatability of terms denoting the leaders of the Soviet economy. It is concluded that the direct management of production at the regional party level was carried out by the second secretary of the regional committee of the CPSU, branch secretaries, heads of departments. The opinion of the interviewed representative of the authorities is recorded that the management of production was under the joint control of 4 power structures: the management of the enterprise, the party committee, the trade union, the Komsomol. It is noted that the life values of the leading cadres of the regional level of power were closely connected with the communist ideology and official guidelines. Discipline, collectivism, responsibility were significant components of self-identification of representatives of the regional authorities. It is emphasized that informal connections were an important segment in the mentality of regional leaders of Soviet production

Battle Themes in Ukrainian Etching of the First Half of the Twentieth Century

The article examines Ukrainian etching of the first half of the 20th century through the prism of the battle genre. The specified period is characterized by active socio-political and socio-cultural changes. Ukrainian etching is considered in the context of the styles and directions of art of the specified period, as well as the influence of European masters. The theoretical basis for the research was the works of domestic art critics and cultural experts. The subject of the research is etching and the peculiarities of its existence during the period of socio-cultural changes. The main emphasis of the study of the battle theme in Ukrainian etching is focused on its connotation with the European school. An analysis of the main points of interaction between Ukrainian and European engraving was carried out. It is established that the main points of intersection of the two cultures are education and exhibition activity, borrowing and imitation. Two groups of artists were formed according to their relation to the war. It was found that artists who are directly related to the war receive high-quality and more reliable preparatory materials for creating an artistic work. The main features of European art, which became the forerunner of Ukrainian etching, have been established. An analysis of art tasks was carried out separately. It was determined that the main task of an engraver working within the battle genre isto preserve the aesthetic component of the work. At the same time, the artist must convey to the viewer all the fury and horror, realism and authenticity of war. The methodological foundations of the research are based on the principle of historicism and a systemic approach, which provide an objective and theoretical approach to research.

The Evolution of Feminism in Japan: Issues of Gender and the Perception of Japanese Women

The history and specifics of the feminist movement in Japan have been a topic of interest in the research world for many years. Asian and Western scholars also acknowledge that feminism has a long history in Japan. Although Japan has spent more than 150 years trying to address social issues, the problem of gender inequality remains unresolved. Therefore, this study primarily illustrates the evolution of the feminist movement in Japan, comparing two “waves” of the feminist movement. Furthermore, this paper examines the development of female and male roles as well as gender bias in modern patriarchal society. It provides examples of the most common ideologies, Japanese femininity and masculinity, and the system Fu-you. It also illustrates and explains how traditional roles, Japanese patriarchal ideology, and modern trends coexist in contemporary Japan. Moreover, this study proved that for a significant number of women (65%) in 2021, the so-called "escape route" (i.e., successful marriage) remains a solution to their financial stability. In this study, the following research methods were applied. A thorough historical context analysis (qualitative approach) was required to comprehend the dynamics and specifics of feminism and examine social issues. The principle of historicism (qualitative method) helped to illuminate and compare the impact of the feminist movement and analyze how feminism developed after the Second World War, in the 70-s, in the 90-s, and in contemporary Japan, investigating each period separately or comparing it. Finally, the data analysis and data interpretation research method helped to organize or categorize data.

PROBLEMS OF THE FEDERALIZATION OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA IN JANUARY – AUGUST 1968

The article is devoted to studying the preparatory stage of the constitutional reform aimed at the transition of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (CSR) from a unitary to a federal state system. The lower chronological limit of the article (January 1968) is dictated by the coming to power in Czechoslovakia of communist reformers who, in the context of the democratization of social and political life, began to search for ways to solve the Slovak question in Czechoslovakia. The upper chronological limit (August 1968) is determined by the beginning of the invasion of the troops of the Warsaw Pact Organization member states into Czechoslovakia intending to suppress the "Prague Spring". The methodological basis of the proposed article is the principles of historicism and objectivity. The author also used a set of special methods of historical knowledge. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the systematic analysis of the influence of the Slovak question on the events of the «Prague Spring» of 1968. During the «Prague Spring» of 1968, the communist government and society finally realized that the asymmetric model of the Czechoslovak state had exhausted itself and was not subject to rehabilitation. Under such circumstances, one of the primary tasks of the «Prague Spring» of 1968 was the reformation of Czech-Slovak relations and the state system of the Czechoslovak SSR according to the principle of «equal to equal.» The aspiration of the Slovaks to introduce a symmetrical model of a common state by making appropriate amendments to the Constitution of the Czechoslovak SSR was reflected in the demand for the federalization of the Czechoslovak SSR. The federalization process in the spring of 1968 was complicated by existing differences between the Czech and Slovak sides in their views on the future federation. However, this did not prevent them from reaching an agreement at the beginning of August 1968 and formulating a project to create a federal Czechoslovakia as part of two equal national states - the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic. Unfortunately, the further process of federalization of the Czechoslovak SSR was stopped by the military intervention of the troops of the member states of the Soviet Union.

Establishment and development of diplomatic relations of the hetmanate of P. Scoropadsky with the Entant states

The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of the large-scale local history activities of the outstanding Ukrainian scientist V.B. Antonovych, which took place during the period of cultural and national revival, on the formation of his views on the state-building processes in Ukraine. The methodological basis of the article is a set of principles and methods of knowledge, the choice of which was determined by interdisciplinary approaches to the disclosure of the topic, the tasks set and the specificity of the sources. The principles of historicism and objectivity were used through the use of comparative-historical, analytical-synthetic, retrospective andhistorical-chronological research methods. Scientific novely. The article presents an analysis of the scientific and organizational activities of the prominent Ukrainian scientist and public figure V.B. Antonovych in the field of historical local history. The local history activity of the scientist in the field of Ukrainian science is highlighted, and it is shown that combining the work of a scientist with the collection of national antiquities, the protection, storage and study of monuments of Ukrainian culture, V.Antonovych passionately and consistently defended his life principles - the collection of ancient objects enriches Ukrainian science and history and directly affects the cultural and national revival of Ukrainian statehood. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of sources and domestic historiography, it has been proven that V.B. Antonovych, as a collector and collector of Ukrainian antiquities and historical monuments, was one of the first historians-local historians in Ukraine, an organizer of museum work, a museum theorist, ethnographer, and archaeologist. The works of V. B. Antonovych can be considered as comprehensive studies of a local history nature, since his field of vision included issues of historical and geographical local history, local genealogy, spragistics, heraldry, protection of historical and cultural monuments, and others. The scientist’s scientific interests in the field of local history went beyond regional studies, although the emphasis was on the study of Right Bank Ukraine, which ultimately influenced his statist views.

Historical stages of the establishment of extreme tourism

The purpose of the study is to determine the features of extreme tourism as an actual form of recreational activity, emphasizing the historical principles of its formation in the past and the uniqueness of its development in modern societyIn order to achieve the set goal, it is planned to solve the following tasks: 1) to define the essence of extreme tourism; 2) to investigate the process of historical formation and development of extreme tourism; 3) define and analyze modern types of extreme tourism: water, land, mountain, air, exotic; 4) to identify and characterize risk factors in extreme tourism according to their nature; 5) highlight the conditions for the development of extreme tourism; 6) state the prospects for the development of extreme tourism. Research methods and methodology. The methodological basis of the work: observation, comparison, analysis and synthesis, the method of theoretical research.System-structural, structural-geographic and landscape-dynamic methodological approaches were used in the process of researching the possibilities of extreme tourism developmentThe methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematicity and scientificity. Scientific novelty. The scientific study emphasizes the role of extreme tourism in society as a form of recreational activity, analyzes 112Вісник КНЛУ. Серія Історія, економіка, філософія. Випуск 28. 2023its varieties according to directions: water, land, mountain, air, exotic. Attention is focused on the historical uniqueness of the emergence and formation of extreme tourism. Research results. The study emphasizes the peculiarity and perspective of the development of extreme tourism, as one of the most dangerous types of tourism. All types of dangers in extreme tourism are classified according to the nature of the phenomenon and the role of tourists in the occurrence of a dangerous situation. Risk factors in extreme tourism are classified by their nature. The areas of improvement and conditions for the development of extreme tourism in Europe in accordance with the use of tourist and recreational resources are proposed in the study.

The influence of regional studies on V. B. Antonovych's views on statesmanship

The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of the large-scale local history activities of the outstanding Ukrainian scientist V.B. Antonovych, which took place during the period of cultural and national revival, on the formation of his views on the state-building processes in Ukraine. The methodological basis of the article is a set of principles and methods of knowledge, the choice of which was determined by interdisciplinary approaches to the disclosure of the topic, the tasks set and the specificity of the sources. The principles of historicism and objectivity were used through the use of comparative-historical, analytical-synthetic, retrospective andhistorical-chronological research methods. Scientific novely. The article presents an analysis of the scientific and organizational activities of the prominent Ukrainian scientist and public figure V.B. Antonovych in the field of historical local history. The local history activity of the scientist in the field of Ukrainian science is highlighted, and it is shown that combining the work of a scientist with the collection of national antiquities, the protection, storage and study of monuments of Ukrainian culture, V.Antonovych passionately and consistently defended his life principles - the collection of ancient objects enriches Ukrainian science and history and directly affects the cultural and national revival of Ukrainian statehood. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of sources and domestic historiography, it has been proven that V.B. Antonovych, as a collector and collector of Ukrainian antiquities and historical monuments, was one of the first historians-local historians in Ukraine, an organizer of museum work, a museum theorist, ethnographer, and archaeologist. The works of V. B. Antonovych can be considered as comprehensive studies of a local history nature, since his field of vision included issues of historical and geographical local history, local genealogy, spragistics, heraldry, protection of historical and cultural monuments, and others. The scientist’s scientific interests in the field of local history went beyond regional studies, although the emphasis was on the study of Right Bank Ukraine, which ultimately influenced his statist views.

Activities of the Red Cross Society in Ukraine during the First World war

The purpose of the study is to reveal the main areas of activity of the Red Cross Society in Ukraine during the First World War (1914–1918). The author made an attempt, based on both published and unpublished sources, to characterize the multifaceted work of the Society directly in the theater of operations (the South-Western Front), as well as to highlight the main areas of activity of the Red Cross beyond the front lines. Methodology. In the research process, the path of dominance of the following principles was chosen: the principle of historicism, the principle of objectivity, comprehensiveness and integrity of the source. As part of the study of the history of the Society, general scientific research methods were used, such as induction and deduction. Scientific novelty. The article presents an analysis of the main areas of work of the Red Cross society, namely: evacuation of the wounded and sick from advanced positions; their further treatment in rear medical facilities; rehabilitation of the wounded, sick and disabled; assistance to prisoners of war; providing assistance to the civilian population; international activity of the Society. An assessment of the effectiveness of the society’s social and humanitarian activities in helping victims of famine, epidemic diseases, natural disasters and preparing the population for the protection of the state and its cooperation with military societies is given. Research results. Researched: the process of evolution of the organizational structure of the Society in 1914–1918, sources of funding for the activities of the Red Cross; the main directions of his activity both in advanced positions and beyond. It is emphasized that the insufficient effectiveness of state structures in the organization of medical and sanitary economy led to the fact that the Society partially intercepts these functions, turning out in many cases to be competitors and even monopolists in some fields of medical and not only medical care.

Suppression of the uprising led by S.T. Razin in Tambov and Shatsky counties in autumn-winter 1670

The object of the study is the government's actions to suppress the uprising of Stepan Timofeevich Razin in Tambov and Shatsky counties. The subject of the study is the actions of government troops against the rebels in these regions. The author examines in detail such aspects as: the activities of the voivodes (Y. T. Khitrovo, I. V. Buturlina, E. Pashkov, S. Khrushchev, A. Eropkin and B. E. Myshetsky) and a detailed description of the clashes of the military men of the Russian state with the rebels. Special attention is paid to the successes of the rebels, the number of forces, the number of trophies received after the battles, the interaction between cities, the problems faced by the voivodes, the composition of the troops, including the regional aspect of the serving people, the change in the leadership of the Y. T. Khitrovo regiments to B. E. Myshetsky and the relationship of the voivodes with Moscow. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. The methods used are logical and historical-genetic. The novelty of this study lies in a detailed analysis of the actions of government troops in Tambov and Shatsky counties. This is especially relevant in connection with the analysis of the situation in neighboring regions, where by the end of 1670 it was possible to localize the Razin movement. A special contribution of the author is a detailed analysis of the source database, which helped in achieving the research goal. The main conclusions of the study are: the situation in these regions that has developed negatively for government troops is due to the large number of military personnel living in Shatsky and Tambov counties who actively joined the ranks of the rebels; the presence of a large number of problems in the regiments and the incompetence of the commanders. Also, as a conclusion, we can note the rather prompt response of the government to such an urgent and rapidly changing situation in the regions.

Cooperation Between Russia and Norway: Strengthening Dialogue in the Arctic

This study analyzes the degree of influence of international tension due to anti-Russian sanctions on relations between Russia and Norway at the governmental and regional levels, including political, economic, environmental, cultural, and other spheres. The authors begin by discussing how Norway’s accession to anti-Russian sanctions and active involvement in NATO have affected bilateral relations, especially in the economic and political spheres. The presented work is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. The methodological framework for writing the article is the model of neoliberal institutionalism and constructivism. The source base of the study, in addition to publications in periodicals, consists of official documents regulating the foreign policy activities of Russia and Norway. The article attempts to structure the relations of the two Arctic neighbouring countries under new international conditions by highlighting two levels of interaction – governmental and regional – as well as critical elements, including issues of economic cooperation, mutual sanctions, cooperation in the field of environmental protection and fisheries, cooperation between the two countries in Spitsbergen, cooperation in science, culture, and education; and regional cooperation between Russia and Norway in the North and the Arctic. The article discusses to what extent security issues affect the development of the Russian-Norwegian dialogue in using the NSR as a transport route and problematic issues around Spitsbergen. Finally, the authors consider what practical measures are being taken by Russia and Norway to mitigate the general international tension in the bilateral dialogue using public diplomacy in the framework of strengthening and expanding contacts through the Barents Cooperation and interaction at the level of municipalities as well as universities in Russia and Norway. The authors conclude that notwithstanding geopolitical tensions, regional cooperation due to common borders, cultural and historical heritage, and the geo-economic relationship could be the primary drivers for the revival of ties between the two countries. Authors’ contribution. Jawahar Vishnu Bhagwat developed the concept of the study and worked out its theoretical and methodological foundations. I.V. Rogachev analyzed the policies of Russia and Norway in various areas of bilateral cooperation and formulated the final conclusions.

Традиционные институты публичной власти на монгольских землях имперского и республиканского Китая на сломе эпох (первая четверть ХХ в.): пространственная локализация и визуализация

Introduction. The territorial organization of Inner Asian polities underwent significant transformations in the first quarter of the 20th century, which resulted in a need for its visualization. Goals. The article attempts to reconstruct the system of key public governance institutions in Mongol-inhabited lands of China in the mentioned period, and to describe tools of their visualization supposed to spot the former across present-day geographical points of the region. So, the study aims to examine some basic institutions of princely power and khoshun administration, religious and aimag/league-level authorities, impacts of the Chinese colonization on Mongol-inhabited territories, investigate sources, tools and methods instrumental in spatial localization and visualization of territorial /governance structures across the lands. Materials and methods. The work focuses on two groups of sources, namely: unpublished materials from P. Dudin’s doctoral thesis (manuscript) (Statehood of Inner Mongolia: Late 19th to Mid-20th Centuries) discussing public governance structures of Mongolian banners (counties); and unique maps of 1914/1925 mentioning khoshuns, aimags and leagues of almost all Mongol-inhabited domains. The research methodology rests on an interdisciplinary approach, methods of historical science to comprise the ideographic (descriptive-narrative) and retrospective ones, a narrative approach, and principles of historicism; knowledge of political science yields an opportunity to employ functional and behavioral approaches. The geographical methods involved rest on the scheme of analysis proposed in works of O. Medushevskaya (1957) and L. Goldenberg (1958), as well as on some analysis of the data generalization degree. Results. The work has reconstructed the early 20th-century system of key Mongolian public governance institutions, outlines how the system of princely power functioned, how khoshun-level administrative bodies took shape and worked, identifies the governance role of religious institutions, while insights into different levels of the administrative/territorial organization facilitates further understanding as to actual scopes of power attributed thereto, and makes it possible to visualize the investigated space with the aid of contemporary tools and techniques. Conclusions. The paper points to the efficiency of the then management system where it was the khoshun that had served — and remained — a key structural element. The latter’s detailed illustrations on V. Surin’s maps make it possible to restore the ancient territorial organization of Mongolia using the GIS system, free access be provided for researchers of the region.

The disarmament of anarchists in the provinces of the Central Chernozem region in the spring of 1918 (based on the materials of the Orel and Voronezh provinces).

The article examines the confrontation of the armed anarchist detachments of the "Black Guard" with the Bolsheviks in the spring of 1918. The causes and features of the emergence of anarchist detachments, the position of anarchists in the political arena of the country in 1917 - early 1918 are illustrated. The author gives an assessment of some early Soviet studies on "anarchist uprisings" in the provinces of the Central Chernozem region. After the February and October revolutions of 1917, anarchism in Russia embarked on a new path of development, which was characterized by attempts to unite and create a single combat force to protect the "revolutionary gains" from the interventionists and White Guard forces. The object of the study is the history of the anarchist movement in the Central Chernozem region during the establishment of Soviet power. The subject of the study is the armed actions of anarchists against the authorities in Orel and Voronezh in March-April 1918. The methodological basis is the consideration of historical phenomena and their interrelations in the context of the studied time (the principle of historicism). A comparative historical method was used to establish the similarities and distinctive features of the armed actions of anarchists in Orel and Voronezh. The article attempts to comprehensively study the history of the anarchist movement in the Central Black Earth region. The author analyzes only a small fragment of this topic. The spring of 1918 was a period of the defeat of anarchist detachments and organizations throughout Russia, these processes took place on the territory of the Central Chernozem region. Based on the works of his predecessors and memoir sources, the features of the defeat of the anarchist detachments in Orel and Voronezh are analyzed. During the analysis, it was possible to demonstrate that the anarchists were only part of the rebel forces, consisting of detachments arriving from the Ukrainian front, dissatisfied with the supply. Some Soviet authors often saw in these speeches a "Socialist-Revolutionary" conspiracy" or assigned the anarchists a leading role, making them the main instigators of uprisings. Which, according to the author, is an erroneous position.