Authentic Principles Research Articles

SEMANTIC FEATURES OF TRANSLATION OF GERMAN FRAZEOLOGISMSIN HISTORICAL TRAGEDY OF RUDOLF VON GOTTSHALL “MAZEPA” IN Y. FEDKOVICH’S INTERPRETATION

The article deals with the most famous of German-speaking Mazepa-works of the nineteenth century – the historical tragedy of R. Gottschal’s "Mazepa" and its Ukrainian translation by Yu. Fedkovich. An overview of the critical reception of the German-speaking Mazepa-works proves that the work has received the greatest resonance in Ukrainian literary criticism. In addition, the historical tragedy is the only German-language work on Hetman translated into Ukrainian by Yurij Fedkovich. Among the most important factors of Y. Fedkovych's appeal to work on the historical tragedy is the Ukrainian theme from the past of our people.
 The analysis of the Ukrainian language version is based on the following criteria for the adequacy of the translation: the translation of realities, in particular, military terminology and ranks of the Cossack army; idioms; reproduction of author syntax and style; observance of the equilibrium of the original work. The article is based on the identification of priorities in the use of expressive means. 
 As a result of comparison of realities, it was discovered that most of the time Y. Fedkovych made a contextual translation or found a situational collocation that was understandable to the people. Military ranks and attributes of the Cossack army were translated with the help of hyperonymic renaming, which testifies to the priority of the principle of historical authenticity in Y. Fedkovych's approach as a bearer of language.
 It was made possible to describe the features of the creative manner and the individual author’s style of Y. Fedkovych’s translation, embodied in his interpretation of German tragedy.
 The role of the historical tragedy of R. von Gottschal in promoting the German-speaking Mazepa-works is decisive. Y. Fedkovich's translation remains the only Ukrainian-language version among a number of numerous German-language works devoted to Ivan Mazepa.

Principles of differentiated teaching English for occupational purposes to pre-service IT-specialists

The subject of the study in this article is the principles of differentiated teaching English for Occupational Purposes (EOP) to university students majoring in IT. The analysis of recent reserach studies and publications shows that most classifications of teaching principles are common in differentiating them into those that are universal, that can be used to teach different disciplines, and specific ones that cover specific methodological features of language teaching. A significant role belongs to methodological principles which reflect theoretical and practical features of the suggested teaching methodology. The specific principles of differentiated teaching by many researchers are aimed at defining the regularities of the educational process with a focus on various individual and typological characteristics of students. Based on the experience of different researchers, the methodological and didactical principles of differentiated teaching EOP to IT-students are chosen, selected, added and analysed by the author of this article. The methodological principles include general methodological and special methodological principles. The group of general methodological principles of differentiated teaching covers 1) the principle of communication; 2) the principle of interrelated teaching all language skills; 3) the principle of the dominant role of exercises; 4) the principle of blending individual, group and collective forms of work; 5) the principle of authenticity. The group of special methodological principles of differentiated teaching comprises 1) the principle of maximal consideration of the individual educational trajectories of students; 2) the principle of group flexibility and coordinating group interaction; 3) the principle of constant evaluation and reflection; 4) the principle of quasi-professional modelling and interdisciplinarity; 5) the principle of teaching techniques variation; 6) the principle of strategies diversification. The chosen didactical principles include 1) the principle of consciousness; 2) the principle of communicative activites; 3) the principle of humanity. The selected principles of differentiated teaching EOP to university students majoring in IT make the basis of the educational process, reflect its regularities and ensure its effectiveness.

Актуальность использования аудиовизуальных средств обучения на занятиях по русскому языку для иностранных студентов инженерно-технического профиля

The article is devoted to one of the most actual problem of modern linguodidactics namely finding ways to optimize the process of teaching Russian as a Foreign Language in the context of job-oriented training. In the order to justify the relevance of using audio-visual aids at the lessons of Russian as a Foreign Language for engineering and technical profile students the author analyzes the methodological potential of audio-visual aids and describes some teaching techniques to facilitate listening comprehension of authentic audio-visual texts, for example effective listening strategies and textmapping. The concept of authenticity of audio-visual aids as a very important criterion for educational purposes is substantiated in the article. Taking into account the modern teachers experience the author emphasizes the importance of the cross-cultural value of audio-visual training materials for building cross-cultural competence as one of the most important characteristic of successful engineers and technicians. The article concluded that using modern authentic and original audio-visual aids in the process of studying Russian as a foreign language based on the principle of clarity, the principle of interconnected learning to types of speech activity, the principle of authenticity, the principle of interactivity, communicative and professional competence, is an effective way to constitute communicative and professional competence of foreign engineering and technical profile students.

Тематика та проблематика політичної публіцистики Віталія Портникова (на прикладі матеріалів інтернет-видання «Радіо Свобода»)

The article deals with the topics and themes of materials of V. Portnikov, the well-known political journalist in Ukraine and abroad. The urgency of scientific research is to study and expand the scientific discourse on political journalism, its topics and themes, relevance and reliability of information and introduction of new names. The objective of the study is to identify and analyze the main thematic lines and features of themes of V. Portnikov’s journalistic materials. The task of the study is to carry out a brief biographical analysis, which is necessary for understanding the personality of V. Portnikov; to ascertain and to generalize the thematic range of publicist’s materials; to define the problems of author’s materials through the line of topical issues, political situation and processes in Ukraine and the world as whole; to systematize creativity and professional attitudes of a publicist to political processes, leadership, states, authorities, regimes, etc. that helped in achieving the objective of the study. The methodological basis of the study that consisted of the topics and themes of V. Portnikov’s political journalism was based on the principles of historicity, objectivity, complexity and authenticity. A number of general and specific scientific methods were used to analyze the topics and themes of his publicistic materials. The descriptive method was used to outline the available materials of socio-political themes and topics of a journalist in the Internet outlet “Radio Liberty” for 2017-2018 and the first quarter of 2019. The content analysis method was used to identify the problem-thematic aspect of the publicist’s materials. The biographical method was used in studying the peculiarities of his creative activities and the method of differentiation in work was used to determine the thematic peculiarities and to find out the problematic aspects of his creativity. The qualitative analysis of V. Portnikov’s texts was the leading method of the study. The analysis of the author’s journalistic speeches showed that V. Portnikov accentuated the readers’ attention on the ugent issues, gave an objective and thorough assessment of the current situation. This author lets each topic pass through himself, thereby stimulating and appealing the audience to reflection, and also helped to understand and to rethink the most important sociopolitical processes.

Assessment of the Macroeconomic Risk Analysis of International Credit Rating Agencies against the Principles of Soundness and Credibility

International credit rating agencies regularly (twice a year) assess the risk level of sovereign debt, and thus that of a given country. In order to identify risks, each credit rating agency has developed its own methodology to assess economic and public finance processes and identify the emerging risks. The evaluations carried out influence at the international level the financing possibilities of a given country and its conditions. The improving result of evaluations by international credit rating agencies has become one of the requirements for the success of economic policy. However, this can only be a realistic condition and a measure of success if the evaluation made is methodologically sound and the evaluations resulting from their consistent implementation are scientifically credible. This article describes in detail the evaluation methodology applied by the three major international credit rating agencies to evaluate the individual countries and sovereign debt. After presenting the general aspects, the article draws attention to the fact that the principles of objectivity, authenticity and methodological determination are enforced in practice in the evaluations of international credit rating agencies to a limited extent.

Original Copies in Georges Perec and Andy Warhol by Priya Wadhera

Reviewed by: Original Copies in Georges Perec and Andy Warhol by Priya Wadhera Warren Motte Priya Wadhera. Original Copies in Georges Perec and Andy Warhol. Leiden and Boston: Brill Rodopi, 2017. Pp. 204. $100.00. Recognizing that it may strike some people as a bit inconsonant to compare Georges Perec and Andy Warhol, Priya Wadhera argues a brief for that comparison early on in her book. Both of them are playful, she suggests; both challenged prevailing conventions; both worked within constraints while they pushed the limits of the possible; both overcame early critical indifference and established themselves as widely influential figures in late twentieth-century culture. Their respective practices converge upon the notion of the copy, she contends, and on the strategic manipulation of that notion in order to ask fundamental questions about the nature of art in our time. She proposes to parse their work in an attempt to put into evidence what is "original" in the copies that they put on display. "My focus lies primarily with Perec," Wadhera warns her reader in the introduction (3), and what follows bears that out, for she does not turn to Warhol with any sustained attention until the final pages of her book. Yet what she has to say about Perec and his mimetic techniques is compelling enough to compensate for that imbalance. Her discussion is devoted mainly to Un cabinet d'amateur (1979), a brief novel that entertains very strong inter-textual relations with what is often considered Perec's masterpiece, La vie mode d'emploi (1978). In the former text, Perec plays with the idea of the copy from first page to last, on a variety of levels: through ekphrasis on a first and most obvious level, but also, more subtly, through pastiche, mise en abyme, autoallusion, and other strategies still. Four principal questions interest Wadhera: "what is a copy, what is copied, how is it copied, and why is it copied?" (9). Addressing those questions, she postulates a useful typology of the copy in Un cabinet d'amateur, limning three broad categories: pastiches of art history and criticism; evocations of paintings; and intertextual allusions. Devoting several chapters to each of those categories, Wadhera examines them in pleasing, rigorous detail. Along the way, she visits certain other, related concerns. She thinks about forgery, for instance, and about the sometimes uncertain relations between the copy and the "fake." Calling upon the way that Gérard Genette understands intertextuality, she reflects on quotation, on plagiarism, and on allusion. Each of those gestures involves copying, of course, though in rather different modes. In her final chapter, entitled "Copy Play in Perec and Warhol," Wadhera underscores the ludic, articulative impulse that animates the best work of those artists, and she examines how they encourage us to reconsider the principle of authenticity and the value that we invest in it, a reconsideration that may have serious implications for the way we imagine the aesthetic artifact and its uses. [End Page 155] Warren Motte University of Colorado Boulder Copyright © 2019 L'Esprit Créateur

Особливості розвитку сільськогосподарської дослідної справи в УРСР у роки Другої світової війни

It is set that an analysis of activity of agricultural research establishments and menage in a period Second World War is a necessity for the objective recreation of the past, correct planning and scientifically-methodical prognostication in agriculture, improvement of integration of scitech in an agricultural production. On the basis of the use of principles of historical authenticity, objectivity, system and complexity, problem-chronologic and comparatively historical methods the features of development of the agricultural experiencental business are found out in Ukraine in the years of Second World War. It is found out, that in a pre-war period agricultural research establishments attained certain successes in working of scientifically-agronomical description of the ground cover of country and on its basis the construction of rational soil tillage systems, chemical melioration and the basic agrotechnical principles that were introduced in the collective farms of the USSR. Certainly, that scientists settled considerable problems both in the direction of the organizationally-economic strengthening of research institutes, experimental stations and fields and in relation to further development of the agricultural experimental business. Scientists gave large value to strengthening of help to the collective farms and state farms of Ukraine in the direction of liquidation of consequences of predatory management of fascist invaders. The employees of research establishments developed effective agrotechnical measures: inculcated scientifically reasonable grain-growing and cultivated crop rotations, as basis of effective agriculture. A large value was given to effective till of soil and bringing of organic and mineral fertilizers. For further renewal stock-raisings in collective farms created a powerful feed base. In this direction the activity the scientists of research establishments sent to working of measures in relation to the improvement of meadows and pastures, applying in industry of productive grass mixtures in the field and forage crop rotations. In a post-war period scientists made great strides in the direction of development of agricultural science, basic from that were: increase of raising the culture of farming and аssistance to the agricultural organs, to the collective farms and state farms in applying introduction of the production of scientific achievements of science and front-rank experience, development of measures on the increase of the productivity of agricultural cultures and productivity of stock-raising.

From verifiable authenticity to verisimilar interventions: Xintiandi, Fuxing SOHO, and the alternatives to built heritage conservation in Shanghai

ABSTRACTThe introduction of contemporary architecture into historic urban environments creates an open heritage discussion that includes the underlying relationship between development and conservation. This discussion requires theoretical clarification, as heritage conservation is frequently mistaken for other architectural design approaches that, even though they may operate within the historic environment as their primary source, do not comply with the complex definition of heritage authenticity used today. This article aimed to contribute to this debate, offering a characterization of such architectural design strategies operating through principles of verisimilitude that target authentication for tourists and the creative classes in a global city like Shanghai. Comparative studies of Xintiandi (Ben Woods, 2001) and Fuxing SOHO (Von Gerkan, Marg und Partner, 2015) provided an insight into the concepts of historic re-creation and abstract inheritance, currently used as ways of interpreting the historic residential typology of the Shanghai lilong according to the economic and political aims of the entrepreneurial model of governance. This allowed a critical evaluation of the growing attention paid to heritage in Shanghai in the last 25 years, and whether the substitution of the principle of authenticity for authentication has solved the contradictions between urban conservation and development in contemporary China.

Preserving Authenticity and Integrity of Distributed Networks through Novel Message Authentication Code

<p>In this era of universal electronic connectivity, communication is no more confined to transfer of data from one end to the other; rather it aims at secure data transfer. Communication sector has developed beyond this traditional boundary of data transfer and is now working on ways to provide data from the intended senders to the intended receivers in an unaltered form. Considering all these conditions, the data transfer needs to follow the principles of authentication, confidentiality and integrity. The former two have been addressed using digital signatures and encryption schemes respectively, while the solution to the later is the use of Message Authentication Code. This paper presents a Message Authentication Code scheme, which uses the biological characteristics represented by Deoxyribonucleic acid combined with the output of Blum Blum Shub Random Number Generator, as a secret key along with a novel hash algorithm. This Message Authentication Code structure is evaluated on the basis of National Institute of Science and Technology test suite for random numbers, avalanche criteria and network attacks. The results reveal that the proposed scheme performs well under all the criteria and thus is capable of preserving integrity; this increases its applicability in any data sensitive environment<em>.</em></p>

Basic principles in the mechanism of assessment of employees of the organs of incomes and charges in Ukraine

The article analyzes the issues of principles in the mechanism of assessment of employees of the organs of incomes and fees, as the main, initial ideas, guidelines used in the evaluation process of officials of the fiscal services. It is revealed that the principles are an important part of the civil service, and the definition of their content during the assessment is a determining factor in a stable personnel policy in the system of organs of the fiscal service.The normative list of principles of civil service, consisting of rule, lawfulness, professionalism, patriotism, integrity, efficiency, ensuring equal access to public service, political impartiality, transparency and stability are considered.It is determined that the list of evaluation principles is contained in the «Typical evaluation procedure for the performance of civil servants» and consists of the principles of objectivity, authenticity, accessibility and transparency, interaction and respect for dignity. However, this list of principles does not cover the whole assessment procedure, therefore, we propose to include the following principles of civil servants’ assessment of the revenue and expenditure of the organs of government as follows: legality, equality of all before the law, objectivity, transparency and openness, humanism, interaction of sub objectives of evaluation, professionalism. The principles of evaluation of employees of the organs of incomes and fees are considered and characterized, attention is paid to their normative content and the mechanism of their implementation.It is concluded that the principles in the mechanism for assessing employees of the organs of income and fees determine certain patterns in the system of organization of service in the fiscal services, highlight the general provisions of the civil service in these organs, establish their organizational and legal ties.

COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH TO DEVELOPING LINGUOCULTURAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS VIA THE COURSE “LINGUISTIC COUNTRY STUDIES”

The article substantiates necessity of including linguistic and country study content while developing communicative competence of students; demonstrates a scheme of applying the communicative approach to developing linguocultural competence of students as a system of country-through-language knowledge, skills and motives that enable effective communication in the process of cross-cultural intercourse. The model of developing such competence is based on the principles of authenticity of linguocultural material, philological way of cognition, polychannel perception of information; and encompasses motivating (psychological), orientating (factual) and communicative (subject-oriented, pseudo-communucative, creative) stages. Keywords: communicative competence, cross-cultural communication, country-though-language studies, linguocultural competence, future foreign language teachers, philological training.

Engaging students in constructing scientific explanations in biology classrooms: a lesson-design model

Constructing scientific explanations of natural phenomena is an important aim of science education. Explanation oriented science teaching approaches encourage learners to engage in sense-making discussions and construct the causal accounts of the phenomena under study. This article demonstrates a lesson-design model that guides biology teachers on how to integrate explanation oriented teaching in their everyday practice. The proposed model includes six phases: (1) presenting a hooking activity; (2) formulating a how-why type focus question; (3) constructing the initial causal story; (4) using authentic data, scientific facts, principles, and disciplinary core ideas to revise-refine the causal story; (5) discussing-rewriting the refined causal story; (6) applying the causal-mechanistic knowledge in a new context or problem scenario. An eleventh-grade lesson on the topic ‘protein biosynthesis in cells’ serves an example about how this model can be operationalized to design and implement explanation oriented biology lessons.

English

This research attempts to throw light on the indigenous African moral philosophy from the yoruba socio-cultural paradigm, espousing the adequacy of its authentic ontological and ethical principles towards sustainable development in the contemporary period. Indigenous African morality revolves around the notion of character and character traits which aim at analyzing actions and motive of a moral agent. Character-ethics approaches moral discourse not on the face value of moral actions; rather, from the broad understanding of the nature of reality and subsisting metaphysical orientation in a socio-cultural experience that shapes the mind and conducts of its individuals. The concept of Omoluabi suffices as generally accepted character (Iwa) model among the Yoruba predominantly in the West African sub-region. An Omoluabi is a well-rounded good person, exhibiting virtues like moderation, truth, diligence, courage and wisdom among others. Behind these virtues are African ontological and ethical principles that inform the making of an Omoluabi in the Yoruba traditional moral setting. The underlining metaphysical orientation accentuates spiritual primacy, duality and complementarity to promote interdependence of all forces and harmonious relationship. In effect, the character of Omoluabi is such that harmonises interests, promotes the spirit of live and let live, diplomacy and collective well-being in the society. Conceptual analysis and critical evaluative reasoning were employed as the methodology to unravel the potential of the African metaphysical orientation via Yoruba traditional morality. “The complementarity and symbiotic orientation drawn from the characteristics of Omoluabi was argued as germane to peaceful coexistence”. Generally, it is our position that the notion of Omoluabi hinged on authentic African metaphysical orientation will enhance sustainable moral development especially in a pluralistic society. Key words: Morality, character (Iwa), omoluabi, duality, African moral philosophy.

A Security Authentication Scheme of 5G Ultra-Dense Network Based on Block Chain

The ultra-dense network (UDN) is one of the most promising technologies in the fifth generation (5G) to address the network system capacity issue. However, it is a new challenge that the user equipment (UE) secure access UDN composed of the access points (APs) which characterized with autonomy, temporary, and dynamic. In 5G UDN, the APs are independent and equal. The UDN can be regarded as a decentralized access network. Compared with the traditional base station, the AP has a smaller coverage. There has an issue that the interaction between the UE and APs will be more frequent when UE moves. However, the existing 4G authentication and key agreement algorithm cannot adapt to this fast and frequent authentication requirement. If the UE moves smoothly in a trusted APs group (APG) without frequent authentication, this problem will be solved very well. In order to achieve this goal, we propose a security authentication scheme of 5G UDN based on the block chaining technologies. In this paper, an APG-PBFT algorithm based on the block chaining technology with Byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) consensus algorithm is proposed. In the algorithm, the consensus mechanism will be optimized and a new reverse screening method will be embedded. In our solution, a trusted chain APG can be generated with APs by APG-PBFT algorithm, and the authentication results can be shared in the APG using the blockchain message propagation mechanism. The principle of fast authentication with APG-PBFT algorithm is present in this paper. The scheme can reduce the authentication frequency when UE moves among the APs and improve the access efficiency. Finally, we analyze the performance of APG-PBFT algorithm and compare it with the traditional PBFT algorithm. The simulation results show that the APG-PBFT algorithm can improve the APG generation efficiency and reduce the authentication frequency of UE, which will be valuably applied to the UDN environment.

The possibility and failure of reconstruction: two case studies of Văcărești and Cotroceni

Accepted as part of the methodological structure of restoration, the reconstruction of the work of art, in its widest sense, from architecture to objects of mobile heritage, was legitimised either by the recovery of the memory of the destroyed heritage, or by the need of integrity of the image, with its many connotations. Also, the reconstruction has been assimilated, more or less abusively, with the act of fanciful reconstruction, of creative remaking or anastylosis. Stimulated today by the possibilities of endless, performant reconstitutions, by means of virtual space, reconstruction seems to get further and further away from one of the fundamental principles that governs the existence of heritage: the principle of authenticity understood as indestructible relationship between the image and the historicized matter in which it survived. This article analyses the dramatic destiny of the two monuments which were destroyed during the communist regime, the church of the Cotroceni Palace and the Văcărești monastic ensemble, in relation to the genesis of the concept of conservation-restoration of historical monuments in the Romanian space.

СПИРТОВА ПРОМИСЛОВІСТЬ НА УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ЗЕМЛЯХ В 20 – 30-ті роки ХХ ст.

The purpose of the article is to conduct a holistic scientific and historical analysis of the development of the alcohol industry in the Ukrainian SSR in the 20 – 30s of the XX century. It is proved that the increasing in the production of alcohol was facilitated by its use for industrial purposes mainly for the production of synthetic rubber. As the main trends in the development of the industry we considered its nationalization and centralization of management, the further concentration of alcohol production, the increasing in the level of technological equipment. The industry's leadership in this period was managed by the Department of the Alcohol Industry, which was part of the Ministry of Food Industry of the USSR. In the Ukrainian SSR they introduced a four-link multi-message system for its management. The author has showed that this period is related to the subsequent concentration of alcohol production, which is characterized by the reduction of the number of small alcoholic plants, the growth of their technological equipment and the increase in average annual production of one plant. It is substantiated that the development of scientific support of the industry played a decisive role in increasing the amount of alcohol production and improving its quality. The scientific support of the alcohol industry in the USSR was carried out by the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of the Alcohol Industry, and in the Ukrainian SSR – the Kyiv Institute of Food Industry. It is substantiated contribution to the development of scientific principles of the alcohol industry of such scientists: M. Kuznetsov, A. Alekseev, D. Klimovsky, M. Gladilin, A. Fuks, E. Vasiliev, C. Koloskov, A. Komarov, A. Sitnikov, A. Malchenko, A. Zabrodsky, V. Freemel, S. Raev, F. Gladkikh, V. Chusov and others. The greatest achievements of this period were new distillation machines, technological schemes for the continuous fermentation of molasses, measures to maximize gaps between individual production operations. The basic scientific developments on improvement of technological process of alcohol production were generalized. It is shown that these measures made it possible for the USSR to take the first place in the world in the production of ethyl alcohol. The methodological basis of the research are the general scientific principles of historical authenticity, scientific objectivity, continuity and dialectical understanding of the scientific process, the historical methods, source analysis.

Analysis of the results of the pedagogical experiment on implementing the pedagogical technology of forming future agrarians’ multicultural competence

The authorial pedagogical technology of forming the multicultural competence of future agrarians has been checked. The modified conditions of the research work include the methodology of interrelated teaching a foreign language and a culture. The English language played the role of the means of multicultural interaction among the representatives of different countries and the tool of effective professionally development. The pedagogical process has been organized on the basis of the personality orientated, communicative, axiology and linguistic regional geography approaches. Professionally-oriented foreign and multicultural materials have been used. In choosing the teaching methods we have considered the academic peculiarities of students-agrarians, based on the specific principles of future agrarians' multicultural education at foreign language classes: the principle of the dialogue of cultures, the principle of cultural suitability, the principle of national and common humanity unity, the principle of multiculturalism and multicultural tolerance, the principle of problem culture-regional tasks prevailing, the principle of authenticity, the principle of novelty, the principle of professional orientation. It has been proved experimentally, that forming of the multicultural competence will be successful in case of observing the following pedagogical conditions: implementing the interactive teaching methods for increasing the internal motivation of educational activity; the organization of the educational multicultural environment as the social system of a multi-subject type at the agrarian higher educational institution; rational combining classroom and independent work; application of electronic educationally-methodological complex of forming future agrarians' multicultural competence

The Study of Content Validation on CET Writing Section After Reform in China

The College English Test (CET) hosted by China Ministry of Education in 1987 is a large-scale standardized test, divided into CET-4 and CET-6. There are two times one year. CET-4 is for the basic requirement, while CET-6 is for higher requirement. CET is the largest exam of English in China. Since the 1980s, more and more people have focused on it, for it has a profound influence on English teaching. In order to test students’ English level, improve the quality of English teaching and meet the requirement of social development, CET conducted two reforms in 2006 and 2012 respectively. The present paper based on the college English test from 2012 to 2015 has chosen 42 sets of writing paper as the research object, and studied content validation of the writing section after reform from two aspects, design of test and content of test, aiming at examining the quality of writing part of the thesis. The results show that genre tends to be diversified; the topics are rich; the principles of openness and authenticity have been adopted appropriately; the rubrics of the writing items contain adequate information. The results also show that the subject matter of the CET writing covers a wide range, which has grasped the principle of authenticity well; openness is moderate; prompted information is sufficient; forms of prompted information are no longer model. However, genre of CET writing questions is limited to argumentation, and interaction is less. Based on these results, this paper puts forward some suggestions for future improvement in design of CET writing test items and for English writing teaching.

Qualitative research and the evaluation of development impact: incorporating authenticity into the assessment of rigour

ABSTRACTRenewed attention is being paid to the quality of qualitative research in studies of development impact in the wake of intense debate over the role of randomised control trials. These debates raised the bar over quality while also provoking concerns about whose voices matter and the politics of evidence-based policymaking. This article argues that both of these issues can be addressed through Guba and Lincoln’s trustworthiness criteria, and particularly the principle of authenticity which was developed to respond to demands for research to be transformative and emancipatory. Adopting these criteria in commissioned evaluations as checklist, ‘artefacts’ are a means to improve rigour and raise ethical standards.

Przekład prawa unijnego: nowe perspektywy paradoksu wielojęzyczności

EU law currently applies to 27 countries and is available in 23 languages which all carry equal status. In practice, this is achieved though translation and by the work of the DGT (Directorate General Translation), which hosts the largest translation service in the world. But from a legal point of view, translation is institutionally ‘non-existent’ and EU languages are all equal and authentic. The issue has been given attention in the last two decades mostly from scholars, linguists and translators (Correia 2003, Kjaer 1999, Koskinen 2000, Sarcevic 2001, Tosi 2001, Wagner 2000), thus raising awareness on the paradox of translation and the lack of a proper EU language policy and legal culture. Focusing exclusively on legal texts and on the pragmatics of norms (Olivecrona 1994:[1962], von Wright 1963), I will argue that the equal authenticity of the EU language versions and the multilingual practice of the Union are less contradictory than they seem. The principle of equal authenticity applies only when texts are authenticated and published in the EU Official Journal. Before that, nothing prevents to regard them as translations or language versions.