Basic Principles Research Articles

Investigating the key principles in two-step heterogeneous transfer learning for early laryngeal cancer identification

Data scarcity in medical images makes transfer learning a common approach in computer-aided diagnosis. Some disease classification tasks can rely on large homogeneous public datasets to train the transferred model, while others cannot, i.e., endoscopic laryngeal cancer image identification. Distinguished from most current works, this work pioneers exploring a two-step heterogeneous transfer learning (THTL) framework for laryngeal cancer identification and summarizing the fundamental principles for the intermediate domain selection. For heterogeneity and clear vascular representation, diabetic retinopathy images were chosen as THTL’s intermediate domain. The experiment results reveal two vital principles in intermediate domain selection for future studies: 1) the size of the intermediate domain is not a sufficient condition to improve the transfer learning performance; 2) even distinct vascular features in the intermediate domain do not guarantee improved performance in the target domain. We observe that radial vascular patterns benefit benign classification, whereas twisted and tangled patterns align more with malignant classification. Additionally, to compensate for the absence of twisted patterns in the intermediate domains, we propose the Step-Wise Fine-Tuning (SWFT) technique, guided by the Layer Class Activate Map (LayerCAM) visualization result, getting 20.4% accuracy increases compared to accuracy from THTL’s, even higher than fine-tune all layers.

Fârâbî’nin Felsefe Sisteminde Tanrı’nın Varlığını Bilmenin İki Yolu

Al-Fārābī’s philosophical system calims that God’s existence can be known with certainty. Accordingly, God’s existence is a demonstrative (burhān) knowledge. Al-Fārābī describes God as the First Cause and the First Principle. In our study, we are interested in the question of how al-Fārābī explains and grounds God’s existence at the level of knowledge (epistemologically). In his book, Virtious City, al-Fārābī mentions God as a basic prenciple. In his book Abbreviation of Sciences, he states that one can attain the knowledge of God’s existence only after knowing other beings in a causal order. In this case it is seen that al-Fārābī both accepts the concept of God as a basic prenciple and grounds it. How should this situation be understood? If God is a basic principle as the First Cause, then why is it necessary to justify this principle? Is the existence of God a basic belief? If so, should not this belief not depend on other beliefs. We think that these questions can be answered by staying within al-Fārābī’s system of thought. In this study, we have searched the ways of accessing the knowledge of God’s existence in al-Fārābī’s philosophical system. Therefore, we put forward a holistic perspective on the place of God’s existence in al-Fārābī’s philosophical system. The statement that this perspective is holistic means that in our research on God’s existence, we have considered al-Fārābī’s philosophical system as a whole. In our research, we aimed to explain al-Fārābī’s view that God’s existence is certain knowledge in his philosophical system. We used qualitative research method in our research. We collected, interpreted, and concluded data by analysing texts. We used analytical and hermeneutic methods together while analysing the texts. We found that al-Fārābī’s philosophical system mentions two ways of accesing the knowledge of God’s existence. In one of them, the First Cause, which is apriori knowledge, is introduced as one of the first ‘maqūlāt’. In the other, the knowledge of the First Cause is accessed after knowing the other causes of existence. We have concluded that this can be explained by the fact that these first principles (maqūlāt) are not equivalent in terms of knowability. As a matter of fact, al-Fārābī states that some of the first principles are easily known by everyone, while others are known after a certain effort and reflection. As a result, we have found that although God as a first principle is present in the human mind from the very beginning in al-Fārābī’s philosophy, this principle is not very clear. The comprehension of this principle requires effort and reflection. More over this approach of ours can answer the question of why not everyone beliefs in God despite the fact that God is present in the human mind as a first principle within al-Fārābī’s philosophical system. * This study is extracted from my doctorate seminar entitled “A Research on Knowledge of God in Al-Farabi’s Metaphysic”, supervised by Prof. Dr. Bayram DALKILIÇ (Ph.D. seminar, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Türkiye, 2020).

Analysis of the Influence of Deng Xiaoping’s Reform and Opening up Thought on China’s Modernization Process

Since Deng Xiaoping’s reform and opening up thought was proposed, it has had a profound impact on China’s modernization process. This paper first outlines the core content and characteristics of Deng Xiaoping’s reform and opening up thought, including focusing on economic construction and adhering to the four basic principles, and analyzes the practical application of this thought in various fields such as China’s economy, social politics, and cultural concepts. Subsequently, the paper systematically reviews the evolution of China’s modernization process before and after the reform and opening up, especially the significant achievements made by China in economic development, social and political progress, and cultural concept transformation after the reform and opening up. Specifically, Deng Xiaoping’s reform and opening up thought promoted the transformation of China’s economic system from a planned economy to a market economy, stimulated market vitality and creativity, and promoted the sustained and rapid development of Chinese economy. At the same time, this thought has also promoted social and political progress, strengthened the construction of democracy and the rule of law, and guaranteed the democratic rights and freedoms of the people. In terms of cultural concepts, Deng Xiaoping’s reform and opening up thought has led the transformation and innovation of cultural concepts, promoted the openness and progress of people’s ideological concepts, and provided spiritual power and intellectual support for modernization construction. In summary, Deng Xiaoping’s reform and opening up thought has had a profound impact on China’s modernization process, and its combination of theory and practice has provided valuable experience and inspiration for China’s modernization construction.

Electromagnetic Railguns and Coil Guns: Comprehensive Analysis of Physical Principles and Applications and Experimental Improvements

This research is mainly to provides a report and summary of the production and experimental principle of our last electromagnetic gun Electromagnetic guns use the basic principle in physics that moving charges or current-carrying conductors are subjected to the electromagnetic force (i.e., the Lorentz force) in a magnetic field to accelerate projectiles. According to the acceleration method, electromagnetic guns can be divided into rail guns and coil guns . An electromagnetic railgun accelerates projectiles using the fundamental principles of physics involving moving charges and current-carrying conductors interacting with a magnetic field, known as the Lorentz force. Electromagnetic Railguns accelerate projectiles to very high speeds using Lorentz force generated by strong electric pulses through parallel conductive rails . A coilgun is a device that uses electromagnetic fields to accelerate metallic projectiles. Its working principle is based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. By passing current through a coil, a strong magnetic field is generated, which propels the projectile along the guide rail. Coilguns offer several advantages over traditional gunpowder-based propulsion methods, including higher initial velocities, extended ranges, reduced recoil, and lower launch noise. However, despite these potential benefits, our experimental setup revealed several limitations.This report summarizes the challenges encountered and Outlines suggested strategies for improving the design and addressing the identified deficiencies, analyzing the problem through a qualitative perspective. To provide readers with effective information

Bayes Theorem in Machine Learning: A Literature Review

In the era of big data and articial intelligence, machine learning has become a crucial tool for extracting insights and making predictions across various domains. Bayes theorem, a fundamental principle in probability theory, has emerged as a cornerstone in many machine learning algorithms. This literature review explores the main applications of Bayes theorem in machine learning, focusing on its role in classication, Natural Language Processing (NLP), and other emerging elds. The study aims to provide an overview of how Bayesian principles enhance learning algorithms, improve decision-making processes, and address complex problems in articial intelligence. Through a systematic review of academic papers from Google Scholar, this research synthesizes current knowledge on Bayesian methods in machine learning. The methodology involves dening the research scope, conducting a literature search using specic keywords, screening relevant studies, and analyzing the collected data. By examining diverse applications ranging from disease prediction to sentiment analysis, this review highlights the versatility and signicance of Bayes theorem in advancing machine learning techniques and their real-world implementations.

Replicando modelos de impacto coletivo nos países em desenvolvimento. O modelo funciona no contexto da Amazônia brasileira?

The Collective Impact Initiative (CII) model is a framework designed to address complex social issues through collaborative efforts and emergent solutions. It emphasizes the interdependence of social problems and solutions and discourages predetermined approaches. The model is based on five fundamental principles that provide a coherent set of recommendations to guide collective impact initiatives: backbone organizations, a shared agenda, shared measurement systems, mutually reinforcing activities, and ongoing communication while CII has gained global recognition and increased academic research, its potential in different contexts, such as the Brazilian Amazon, remains uncertain due to varying societal configurations and traditional collaborative models. Critiques of the model highlight its lack of specificity for individual projects, with success depending on historical relationships, differing interests, and participants' perceptions. Some authors also argue that the model oversimplifies the options, focusing primarily on Isolated Impact or Collective Impact, neglecting other community types of coalitions with broader scopes. CII is also criticized for having a top-down approach and failing to prioritize community engagement and incorporate local knowledge. Translating the CII model from the global north to the worldwide south presents challenges, including issues related to institutional capacity, legal frameworks, and governance dynamics. Maintaining long-term collaboration and securing funding in developing countries can be particularly challenging. Despite these challenges, the model's potential for addressing complex social problems remains promising, but it requires careful consideration and adaptation when applied in new contexts, especially those with unique socioeconomic and cultural attributes.

Receive-decrypt Circuit Design for Encrypted Signal Processing

In today's society where the Internet and information networks are so developed, the need for confidentiality of information transmission is more and more important, no matter whether it is in the business sector, the military, medical care, or individuals. In this paper analyses the basic working principles of four different communication systems, namely, the high-dimensional chaotic laser communication system, the chaotic synchronous confidential communication system based on the reserve pool calculation, the ultra-chaotic system based on the amnesia, and the communication system based on the Duffing vibrator array, from encrypting the signal and sending it from the transmitting end to receiving, demodulating and converting the encrypted signal from the receiving end. The differences between the different parts of each system are compared. Finally, it is found that today's communication systems have the disadvantages of poor confidentiality, weak anti-jamming, high cost, low accuracy, etc., respectively, and suggestions for modification are made. Finally, the future development of communication is looked forward to

Novel Design of Wrist With Gripper: Type Synthesis of a 2R1T Parallel Mechanism Possessing One Actuation Degree-of-Freedom

Abstract The parallel mechanism (PM) with a configurable movable platform (CMP) holds the potential for achieving a high-response speed and high-stiffness integrated design of a gripper-wrist system. The motion of two rotations and one translation (2R1T), closely resembling the movement of a human wrist joint, is highly complex. Therefore, research on 2R1T PM with CMP remains unexplored. Additionally, a systematic method for constructing PM with CMP is also lacking. This paper proposes fundamental design principles for PM with CMP. The topological arrangements of 2R1T PM with CMP are classified according to the number of limbs, their types, and the CMP structure. The basic constraint conditions and the redundant constraint conditions of 2R1T PM are analyzed. By establishing the relationship between finite motions, joint geometric parameters, and constraint screws, a series of limb structures that provide specific constraints in finite motions are constructed. Several configuration examples of gripper-wrist mechanism are provided, which can serve as a guide for subsequent researches. The design approach of CMP is discussed. The performance advantages of such mechanisms are validated through simulation-based comparisons.

Structuring data analysis projects in the Open Science era with Kerblam!

Background Structuring data analysis projects, that is, defining the layout of files and folders needed to analyze data using existing tools and novel code, largely follows personal preferences. Open Science calls for more accessible, transparent and understandable research. We believe that Open Science principles can be applied to the way data analysis projects are structured. Methods We examine the structure of several data analysis project templates by analyzing project template repositories present in GitHub. Through visualization of the resulting consensus structure, we draw observations regarding how the ecosystem of project structures is shaped, and what salient characteristics it has. Results Project templates show little overlap, but many distinct practices can be highlighted. We take them into account with the wider Open Science philosophy to draw a few fundamental Design Principles to guide researchers when designing a project space. We present Kerblam!, a project management tool that can work with such a project structure to expedite data handling, execute workflow managers, and share the resulting workflow and analysis outputs with others. Conclusions We hope that, by following these principles and using Kerblam!, the landscape of data analysis projects can become more transparent, understandable, and ultimately useful to the wider community.

Exploring and analyzing the causes of color in the earth

Color is an essential element of human visual perception, which exists in all aspects of our daily lives and plays a key role in scientific research and technological applications. Color is produced by various mechanisms, including absorption and reflection of chemical pigments, complex formation of transition metal ions, and micro- and nanostructural modulation of structural colors. This paper aims to comprehensively explore the scientific principles of color generation and its applications in different fields. The article first describes how transition metal ions exhibit colors by forming complexes and explains in detail the coordination process of copper ions in an aqueous solution and its resulting d-orbital splitting, which in turn absorbs light of specific wavelengths and exhibits complementary colors. Secondly, the article explores the mechanism of color expression of natural pigments in plants, significantly how pigment molecules containing conjugated double bonds, such as -carotene, can absorb specific wavelengths of light and exhibit vivid colors through electron delocalization and energy level jumps. Finally, the article illustrates the principles of structural color and its potential for industrial applications, including using micro- and nanostructures, such as photonic crystals, to modulate the scattering and absorption of light, thus enabling dynamic changes in color and environmental protection. The in-depth exploration of the mechanism of color generation enhances our understanding of the basic principles of color science. It provides theoretical support for technological innovation and practical applications in related fields.

Functional business valuation - purpose is king!

In the present contribution, we discuss the basic principles of functional business valuation. In addition to a distinction between objective and subjective valuation theory, the differences between finance-theoretical and investment-theoretical valuation approaches are worked out. The core of our discussion is devoted to an overview of the three main functions and value concepts of functional business valuation theory.

The application of 3D printing in mechanical manufacturing

In modern society, with the continuous development of science and technology, 3D printing technology has become a hot technology in the field of machinery manufacturing. 3D printing can improve production efficiency, and can accurately produce three-dimensional products that can be directly applied to the mechanical parts that need to be manufactured. This article will introduce the basic principles of 3D and its advantages, but also introduce the application of 3D printing, focusing on the application of 3D printing in the construction field using cement-based materials, while printing some key components in the automotive field, fiber composite materials in the aviation field is also a development direction. This article also looks for some obvious problems with 3D printing, especially the performance of 3D printed products, as well as the cost-related issues of 3D printing, for these problems, the paper gives solutions and future directions. 3D printing will have an important position in the future, and will be widely used in the field of mechanical manufacturing and production, which has great significance

Elusive modes of Foxp3 activity in versatile regulatory T cells.

Foxp3-expressing CD4 regulatory T (Treg) cells play a crucial role in suppressing autoimmunity, tolerating food antigens and commensal microbiota, and maintaining tissue integrity. These multifaceted functions are guided by environmental cues through interconnected signaling pathways. Traditionally, Treg fate and function were believed to be statically determined by the forkhead box protein Foxp3 that directly binds to DNA. However, this model has not been rigorously tested in physiological and pathological conditions where Treg cells adapt their function in response to environmental cues, raising questions about the contribution of Foxp3-dependent gene regulation to their versatility. Recent research indicates that Foxp3 primarily functions as a transcriptional cofactor, whose chromatin interaction is influenced by other DNA-binding proteins that respond to cell activation, stimulation, or differentiation. This new perspective offers an opportunity to reevaluate Foxp3's activity modes in diverse biological contexts. By exploring this paradigm, we aim to unravel the fundamental principles of Treg cell biology.

Reflections on Three Decades of Building Information Modeling

In 1994, the first European Conference on Product and Process Modelling took place in Dresden, Germany. The entire field of construction information technology research has enthusiastically embraced building information modeling (BIM) as a method for creating an ever more detailed and ever more complex model of the product, which is produced through an increasingly complex process. During this successful evolution, some of the fundamental principles of design, design collaboration, and design representation have been sidelined and may not have been sufficiently addressed by the standards and even less so by the software. The symptoms of this are coordination and productivity problems that persist in the construction industry as well as an increasing amount of planning, organizational, and legal paperwork that is needed to support BIM-based processes. This paper analyzes the gap between foundational theory and practice, and it argues that BIM-related research and development should find a better balance between product and process modeling, semantics and pragmatics, modeling and informing, form and function and behavior, as well as computer-integrated construction and productivity. The latter element in the listed pairs is the one that, if better addressed, would lead to even more useful tools and better building.

Research progress of CRISPR technology in plant abiotic stress

In recent years, the agricultural sector has faced immense challenges due to prolonged droughts, excessive soil salinity, and extreme temperature fluctuations, which have collectively stunted crop growth and significantly reduced yields. Such environmental stressors not only impact agricultural productivity but also pose a substantial threat to global food security. To address these challenges, advancements in gene editing have introduced CRISPR (clusters of regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) tools, with CRISPR-Cas9 emerging as a particularly powerful and widely adopted technology. This tool offers high precision, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness, enabling targeted genetic modifications that can enhance crop resilience and facilitate the development of superior varieties. This paper discusses the fundamental principles and unique characteristics of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, providing a comprehensive summary of its applications in strengthening crop resistance to various abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures. Additionally, it addresses the technology's limitations, outlining the areas that require further refinement to optimize its agricultural impact and broaden its applicability.

Promoting Children’s Participation in Early Childhood Education and Care

Children’s participation is a fundamental principle of contemporary education. To ensure children’s participation, a Model for Promoting Children’s Participation in Early Childhood Education and Care has been developed that enables educators to self-reflect on their practice, analyse children’s participation, listen to children’s and parents’ voices, and link children’s participation to the quality of early childhood education and care. The aim of the paper is to present findings regarding the importance of the model for promoting children’s participation in early childhood education and care and the current state of children’s participation. The qualitative study is based on the multi-perspective participatory approach to promoting children’s participation in action. The findings suggest that the model has great potential for researching and promoting children’s participation in early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings, especially children’s expression and teachers’ professional reflection.

The Development and Application of Neuromorphic Silicon Neural Circuits

Silicon-based neuronal circuits, inspired by biomimetic principles, have garnered increasing scholarly interest and investigation. Building on the field of neuromorphic engineering, which focuses on designing and emulating circuits and systems that mimic the neural architecture of biological nervous systems, this study addresses high-speed modeling of large-scale neural systems and real-time applications of bio-inspired neural systems. The manuscript delineates the prevalent architectural components and methodologies for the fabrication of such circuits, offering a comprehensive survey of various neuromorphic silicon neurons (SiNs) that instantiate diverse computational paradigms. Additionally, the paper delves into the fundamental principles of competitive circuits, discussing and explaining their operational mechanisms and derivative applications. By comparing different design methodologies for basic circuits, it demonstrates how different fundamental circuits can be applied to implement spiking silicon neurons in various research fields. The study ultimately focuses on the sub-threshold operating region of these circuits and showcases the practical value of silicon neuron circuits through integrated circuits and vary-large-scale neural networks (VLSI) chip implementations. This approach highlights the potential of neuromorphic systems in achieving efficient and biologically plausible neural emulation

Finite Element Analysis of Electromagnetic Characteristics of a Single-Phase Permanent Magnet Linear Oscillation Actuator.

The electromagnetic characteristics of a single-phase permanent magnet linear oscillation actuator are analyzed by the finite element method. Firstly, the basic structure and operation principle of the linear oscillation actuator are introduced. The internal stator slot and arc tooth are used to reduce the detent force. According to the principle of electromagnetic fields, the electromagnetic field equation is listed and the function of the motor is deduced. At the same time, the eight-node hexahedral element is used to calculate the listed universal functions, and the inductance, flux linkage, induced electromotive force and electromagnetic force of the motor are deduced. The electromagnetic field of the motor is simulated by two-dimensional and three-dimensional finite element methods, and the accuracy of the calculation results of the electromagnetic characteristics of the cylindrical linear oscillation motor by the two methods is compared and analyzed. Finally, an experimental prototype was developed and the no-load characteristics of the motor were tested using the existing linear motor towing method. By comparing the experimental and simulation results, the accuracy of the theoretical analysis and the rationality of the motor design are verified.

Suicide prevention and assisted suicide- incompatible?

The principles of suicide prevention and easy access to assisted suicide are not compatible. Although suicide prevention does not aim to prevent suicide at all costs, it is fundamentally geared towards supporting people in existential crises and emergency situations in developing options for asuccessful life. Based on empirical facts on suicide and suicidal ideation in old age as well as clinical psychodynamic theories on the understanding of suicide, the corresponding foundations of assisted suicide are presented. After abrief introduction to the basic principles of suicide prevention, the relationship between suicide prevention and assisted suicide is explained and described. Based on the empirical knowledge of specific emergencies that can lead to arequest for assisted suicide, possibilities of universal, selective and indicated suicide prevention are derived for this field.

Smart Luminescent Materials for Emerging Sensors: Fundamentals and Advances.

Smart luminescent materials have drawn a significant attention owing to their unique optical properties and versatility in sensor applications. These materials, encompassing a broad spectrum of organic, inorganic, and hybrid systems including quantum dots, organic dyes, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), offer tunable emission characteristics that can be engineered at the molecular or nanoscale level to respond to specific stimuli, such as temperature, pH, and chemical presence. Recent advancements have been driven by the integration of nanotechnology, which enhances the sensitivity and selectivity of luminescent materials in sensor platforms. The development of photoluminescent and electrochemiluminescent sensors, for instance, has enabled real-time detection and quantification of target analytes with high accuracy. Additionally, the incorporation of these materials into portable, user-friendly devices, such as smartphone-based sensors, broadens their applicability and accessibility. Despite their potential, challenges remain in optimizing the stability, efficiency, and biocompatibility of these materials under different conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles of smart luminescent materials, discusses recent innovations in their use for sensor applications, and explores future directions aimed at overcoming current limitations and expanding their capabilities in meeting the growing demand for rapid and cost-effective sensing solutions.