Basic Principles Research Articles

Reinforcement Learning in Real Life Applications

Reinforcement Learning is a crucial subset of machine learning that enables agents to learn decision-making through interaction with their environments, guided by feedback like rewards or penalties. This paper delves into Reinforcement Learning's applications across diverse sectors such as robotics, finance, healthcare, and gaming. In robotics, Reinforcement Learning facilitates tasks like object manipulation and environmental adaptation. In finance, it aids in portfolio management and trading strategy development, adapting to market dynamics. In healthcare, Reinforcement Learning assists in generating personalized treatment plans and analyzing medical images. Meanwhile, the gaming industry benefits from Reinforcement Learning -driven intelligent agents capable of challenging human players. Throughout, we explore Reinforcement Learning's fundamental principles, core components, and its transformative potential across these real-world applications. Keywords—Reinforcement Learning, Decision-Making, Adaptive Agents.

Utilizing Multimedia and Interactive Platforms in a Secondary Vocation School Politics Course: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Background and Aim: Using multimedia and interactive platforms in education has the potential to enhance students' overall learning performance and study motivation. This study explores the integration of Bilibili, a popular video-sharing platform, into the political science curriculum for secondary vocational school students in China. By comparing the performance and motivation levels of students using Bilibili with those following traditional teaching methods, the study aims to determine the effectiveness of multimedia tools in improving educational outcomes among vocational students. Specifically, this study seeks to evaluate whether Bilibili can enhance secondary vocational school students' understanding of basic political science concepts and principles, improve their application and analytical skills in the subject through a quasi-experimental design, and assess their motivation to learn political science using the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). The results indicate that students in the experimental group who used Bilibili showed significant improvements in test scores and exhibited higher levels of motivation compared to the control group. Materials and Methods: A quantitative research design was used to compare the effects of using Bilibili with conventional instruction. 114 secondary vocational school students were selected via stratified random sampling, with 56 in the control group and 58 in the experimental group. Pre-test and post-test assessments measured learning outcomes and motivation levels across key political science concepts and principles. Results: The use of Bilibili significantly improved understanding of political science concepts compared to traditional methods. Post-test scores were notably higher in the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of integrating Bilibili into the teaching process. Both mean and t-test analyses supported the superiority of Bilibili-enhanced learning in increasing student motivation and academic performance. Conclusion: Implementing Bilibili as a teaching tool positively impacts academic performance in political science students at secondary vocational schools. This approach significantly enhances learning outcomes and student motivation, offering valuable insights for educational program design in vocational education.

In defense of social work’s ADEI mandate: Perspectives on how we can move forward and combat antisemitism together

ABSTRACT Social work has long embraced the value of combating oppression and the 2022 Education Policy and Accreditation Standards enshrine “anti-racism, diversity, equity, and inclusion” (ADEI) as core curricular areas. An upsurge in academic fights over legitimate concerns about social justice have created deep rifts within the profession and academia. As social work educators and academics with an ongoing and deep commitment to social work principles of social justice, we examine whether and how ADEI content can help us move forward. We describe how Jewish identity has been conceptualized in ADEI spaces and implemented within implicit and explicit curricula historically and in the wake of October 7 and rising antisemitism. We share personal reflections as social work academics with different positionalities about our own experiences, concerns, and hopes for the profession and our core principles. We include reflections grounded in our differences regarding our proximity to the Hamas-Israel conflict; institutional situatedness as it relates to power, credibility, and intersectional vulnerability; Jewish American and Jewish Israeli identities; and personal perspectives and viewpoints. While some have been calling for the removal of ADEI-related content in academia and elsewhere, our answer to the problems we face is not less but more of such content. This means deeper authentic engagement with fundamental principles of ADEI, more knowledge of what it means and how to do it, and suspicion of absolutism, certitude, and exclusion when it comes at the expense of humility and connection.

Aristotelian Dramatic Theory Embodied: a Study of Hamartia, Anagorisis and Catharsis in Selected Shakespearian Tragedies

Objective: This research aims to explain the terms 'Hamartia', 'Anagorisis', and 'Catharsis' through the analysis of Shakespearian dramas, including examples from the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, to make it more relevant for readers. Additionally. Theoretical Framework: The research also offers an important perspective on each topic discussed, providing a comprehensive understanding of these critical literary concepts. Method: This term paper explores the variability of 'Hamartia', 'Anagnorisis', and 'Catharsis' and their various aspects. Results and Discussion: The accepted outcome is that readers will understand the manifestations and instances of those Aristotle's concepts in poetic works. Furthermore, this study poses a question, of whether "Anagnorisis" can be diversified, or if it is just a result of one state of feeling. Research Implications: Aristotle was a student of Plato’s who joined his academy at the age of 18 and contributed massively and abundantly in several fields, such as humanities, theatrical poetics. StudioBinder states that 'Aristotle’s Poetics is a foundational work of dramatic theory that outlines the fundamental principles of effective storytelling. Through his study of Greek tragedies, Aristotle identified key features as essential elements to evoke emotion within an audience and achieve a cathartic experience. By understanding Aristotle’s ideas on poetics, writers can create powerful stories that move and inspire audiences. Originality/Value: This term paper explains sufficiently the multiple aspects that Hamartia, Anagnorisis and Catharsis could be seen through. In addition, since Shakespearean tragedies are written in the renaissance era, fate has its main role in putting the characters under its influence.

Basic principles of cryostimulation equipment efficiency

BACKGROUND: A large number of currently available studies focus on the effects accompanying the whole-body cryostimulation impact. Information about the capabilities of the method differs significantly since the presented results are based on the use of different types of equipment. Therefore, the limits of effective parameters of the whole-body cryostimulation impact should be determined. AIM: Сompare existing technological solutions in terms of efficiency and safety, and to substantiate the known practical advantages of single-chamber cryostimulation devices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The reasons for the differences in the achieved therapeutic effects and lists of indications are elucidated through comparing the published data on whole-body cryostimulation applications in medical practice based on the use of single- and multi-chamber whole-body cryostimulation devices. RESULTS: The analysis of available information has shown that various authors use the term “whole-body cryostimulation” (WBC) for two different technologies of physiotherapeutic impact on the patient’s body. They differ both in terms of organization (group and individual procedures) and technological parameters of the cryostimulation process (temperature of the cryogenic gas environment and duration of the patient’s stay in the low-temperature cabin). These differences are the reason why the changes in the skin surface temperature in multi-chamber cabins are much smaller than in single-chamber ones, which primarily accounts for the low physiotherapeutic efficiency of procedures in multi-chamber units. CONCLUSION: The analysis shows the reasons for the inconsistent assessments of the whole-body cryostimulation efficiency in different research papers. The main reason for these discrepancies is that the same term refers to two procedures that are physically different. This brings confusion into the scientific data and undermines the credibility of the whole-body cryostimulation method. Further use of cryotherapy in clinical practice requires distinguishing between group cryostimulation and individual cryostimulation.

Physical factors in treatment of inflammatory diseases of female reproductive system: Principles and approaches

Physical therapy methods have found wide application in various fields of clinical medicine, including when treating various diseases and pathological conditions of the female body. The vast majority of studies deals with the issues of the drug-free treatments of chronic inflammatory diseases of the lesser pelvis organs, which negatively impact the health of women of reproductive age. It should be noted that the works dealing with the possibility and evaluation of the effectiveness of including physical therapy methods in the combination treatment of the acute stage of nonspecific inflammatory diseases of the lesser pelvis organs are less numerous. A number of works on the use of the hyperbaric oxygenation and general magnetic therapy as components of combination therapy in forming the therapeutic effect deal with this area of research. The article presents the basic principles of using physical therapy modalities in gynecology and the conditions for optimizing the results of treatment of gynecological patients, including the results of combination therapy with the earliest possible integration of physical therapy modalities in the programs of standard anti-inflammatory treatment of patients with acute nonspecific inflammatory diseases of the lesser pelvis organs, allowing to optimize its efficacy.

Evaluating Producer Welfare Benefits of Whole-Farm Revenue Insurance

Agricultural insurance is by far the most popular risk management tool used in Iran. Despite many years of experience, Iran’s current insurance policy has not managed to protect all producers in the sector. The basic principle of whole-farm insurance consists of pooling all the insurable risks of a farm into a single policy and overcoming most of the major impediments to existing policies. This study aimed to evaluate the benefits of whole-farm insurance (WFI) in Zanjan province of Iran. This study employed historical farm-level and county-level data from 1982 to 2021 to estimate yield and price density functions and predict future values. Parametric and non-parametric approaches were utilized to calculate farmers’ expected compensation and guaranteed and simulated revenues. The premium rates were then calculated using the PQH simulation and Cholesky decomposition and compared under three scenarios: the single-crop, double-crop, and triple-crop options. Finally, farmers’ welfare benefits were compared under the three scenarios with the no-insurance case. The results demonstrate that WFI provides lower loss ratios compared to yield insurance and crop-specific insurance. Furthermore, producer welfare can be improved when they insure at least one crop compared to no-insurance. For example, the welfare benefits of insuring wheat, barley, alfalfa, wheat–barley, wheat–alfalfa, barley–alfalfa, and barley–alfalfa in terms of cost reduction to producers at 75% coverage are 8.8, 1.8, 2.9, 1.2, 0.9, and 1.8, respectively. Therefore, we recommend that the Iranian Agricultural Insurance Fund adopts WFI as a new risk management tool. This policy has the potential to decrease insurance premiums and administrative costs while improving the certainty equivalents and benefits to farmers through crop insurance.

Психологическое здоровье и духовно-нравственные ценности молодых людей призывного возраста в контексте деструктивного информационно-психологического воздействия

<p>The work is aimed at studying the psychological health and spiritual and moral values of young people of conscription age in the context of the destructive information and psychological influence. The results of an empirical study conducted in 2024 on the territory of 4 regions of the Russian Federation are presented: Arkhangelsk, Kaliningrad, Leningrad and Murmansk regions. The total number of respondents was 1,050 young people of draft age aged 16 to 20 years. The following were used in the study: the author's questionnaire “Information and psychological impact”; the questionnaire “Motivational structure of information activity”; the questionnaire “Spiritual personality”; the methodology “Individual model of psychological health”. The obtained results allow us to say that, on average, young people of conscription age often encounter content in the Internet space that has a destructive informational and psychological impact, while they have a fairly high degree of trust in this content. It is noted that young people exposed to destructive information may experience social isolation, mistrust and aggression, which prevents them from forming healthy social connections, leads to a decrease in psychological health and has a destructive effect on internal values and spiritual and moral guidelines. In such conditions, a more pessimistic perception of the world is formed, which undermines the basic principles of spirituality and morality, in particular, such as sincerity, politeness and the pursuit of truth.</p>

High-resolution, noninvasive single-cell lineage tracing in mice and humans based on DNA methylation epimutations.

In vivo lineage tracing holds great potential to reveal fundamental principles of tissue development and homeostasis. However, current lineage tracing in humans relies on extremely rare somatic mutations, which has limited temporal resolution and lineage accuracy. Here, we developed a generic lineage-tracing tool based on frequent epimutations on DNA methylation, enabled by our computational method MethylTree. Using single-cell genome-wide DNA methylation datasets with known lineage and phenotypic labels, MethylTree reconstructed lineage histories at nearly 100% accuracy across different cell types, developmental stages, and species. We demonstrated the epimutation-based single-cell multi-omic lineage tracing in mouse and human blood, where MethylTree recapitulated the differentiation hierarchy in hematopoiesis. Applying MethylTree to human embryos, we revealed early fate commitment at the four-cell stage. In native mouse blood, we identified ~250 clones of hematopoietic stem cells. MethylTree opens the door for high-resolution, noninvasive and multi-omic lineage tracing in humans and beyond.

Research trends in digital marketing and data-driven marketing: A bibliometric analysis

The accelerated development of digital technologies and the Internet stimulates the transition from the traditional to the digital model of marketing. The study presents a bibliometric analysis to examine international publications in the field of digital marketing (DM) and data-driven marketing (DDM) with a holistic approach, determine the current level of research interest in the topic under review and identify key development trends. The fundamental principles of bibliometrics and scientometric management constitute the methodological framework of the paper. Among the research methods applied are statistical and scientometric analyses. The data used in the study were retrieved from the Web of Science. Bibliometric analysis was carried out with 1,541 and 58 articles on digital and data-driven marketing, respectively. The data set covers the period of 2006–2024, when the first study on digital marketing emerged, and the period of 2003–2024 for data-driven marketing. The obtained data were processed using the R Project. The findings indicate a constantly growing research interest in the concepts under consideration. We have identified journals with most publications on digital marketing (Sustainability) and data-driven marketing (Journal of Business Research); established the countries publishing most studies on DM (USA) and DDM (China); and revealed the most frequently used keywords in DM (‘impact’) and DDM (‘management’). The results of keywords’ occurrence analysis were utilized to create thematic maps for visualizing motor, niche, basic and emerging/declining research areas in the field of digital and data driven marketing.

Investigating the key principles in two-step heterogeneous transfer learning for early laryngeal cancer identification

Data scarcity in medical images makes transfer learning a common approach in computer-aided diagnosis. Some disease classification tasks can rely on large homogeneous public datasets to train the transferred model, while others cannot, i.e., endoscopic laryngeal cancer image identification. Distinguished from most current works, this work pioneers exploring a two-step heterogeneous transfer learning (THTL) framework for laryngeal cancer identification and summarizing the fundamental principles for the intermediate domain selection. For heterogeneity and clear vascular representation, diabetic retinopathy images were chosen as THTL’s intermediate domain. The experiment results reveal two vital principles in intermediate domain selection for future studies: 1) the size of the intermediate domain is not a sufficient condition to improve the transfer learning performance; 2) even distinct vascular features in the intermediate domain do not guarantee improved performance in the target domain. We observe that radial vascular patterns benefit benign classification, whereas twisted and tangled patterns align more with malignant classification. Additionally, to compensate for the absence of twisted patterns in the intermediate domains, we propose the Step-Wise Fine-Tuning (SWFT) technique, guided by the Layer Class Activate Map (LayerCAM) visualization result, getting 20.4% accuracy increases compared to accuracy from THTL’s, even higher than fine-tune all layers.

Analysis of the Influence of Deng Xiaoping’s Reform and Opening up Thought on China’s Modernization Process

Since Deng Xiaoping’s reform and opening up thought was proposed, it has had a profound impact on China’s modernization process. This paper first outlines the core content and characteristics of Deng Xiaoping’s reform and opening up thought, including focusing on economic construction and adhering to the four basic principles, and analyzes the practical application of this thought in various fields such as China’s economy, social politics, and cultural concepts. Subsequently, the paper systematically reviews the evolution of China’s modernization process before and after the reform and opening up, especially the significant achievements made by China in economic development, social and political progress, and cultural concept transformation after the reform and opening up. Specifically, Deng Xiaoping’s reform and opening up thought promoted the transformation of China’s economic system from a planned economy to a market economy, stimulated market vitality and creativity, and promoted the sustained and rapid development of Chinese economy. At the same time, this thought has also promoted social and political progress, strengthened the construction of democracy and the rule of law, and guaranteed the democratic rights and freedoms of the people. In terms of cultural concepts, Deng Xiaoping’s reform and opening up thought has led the transformation and innovation of cultural concepts, promoted the openness and progress of people’s ideological concepts, and provided spiritual power and intellectual support for modernization construction. In summary, Deng Xiaoping’s reform and opening up thought has had a profound impact on China’s modernization process, and its combination of theory and practice has provided valuable experience and inspiration for China’s modernization construction.

Electromagnetic Railguns and Coil Guns: Comprehensive Analysis of Physical Principles and Applications and Experimental Improvements

This research is mainly to provides a report and summary of the production and experimental principle of our last electromagnetic gun Electromagnetic guns use the basic principle in physics that moving charges or current-carrying conductors are subjected to the electromagnetic force (i.e., the Lorentz force) in a magnetic field to accelerate projectiles. According to the acceleration method, electromagnetic guns can be divided into rail guns and coil guns . An electromagnetic railgun accelerates projectiles using the fundamental principles of physics involving moving charges and current-carrying conductors interacting with a magnetic field, known as the Lorentz force. Electromagnetic Railguns accelerate projectiles to very high speeds using Lorentz force generated by strong electric pulses through parallel conductive rails . A coilgun is a device that uses electromagnetic fields to accelerate metallic projectiles. Its working principle is based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. By passing current through a coil, a strong magnetic field is generated, which propels the projectile along the guide rail. Coilguns offer several advantages over traditional gunpowder-based propulsion methods, including higher initial velocities, extended ranges, reduced recoil, and lower launch noise. However, despite these potential benefits, our experimental setup revealed several limitations.This report summarizes the challenges encountered and Outlines suggested strategies for improving the design and addressing the identified deficiencies, analyzing the problem through a qualitative perspective. To provide readers with effective information

Bayes Theorem in Machine Learning: A Literature Review

In the era of big data and articial intelligence, machine learning has become a crucial tool for extracting insights and making predictions across various domains. Bayes theorem, a fundamental principle in probability theory, has emerged as a cornerstone in many machine learning algorithms. This literature review explores the main applications of Bayes theorem in machine learning, focusing on its role in classication, Natural Language Processing (NLP), and other emerging elds. The study aims to provide an overview of how Bayesian principles enhance learning algorithms, improve decision-making processes, and address complex problems in articial intelligence. Through a systematic review of academic papers from Google Scholar, this research synthesizes current knowledge on Bayesian methods in machine learning. The methodology involves dening the research scope, conducting a literature search using specic keywords, screening relevant studies, and analyzing the collected data. By examining diverse applications ranging from disease prediction to sentiment analysis, this review highlights the versatility and signicance of Bayes theorem in advancing machine learning techniques and their real-world implementations.

Receive-decrypt Circuit Design for Encrypted Signal Processing

In today's society where the Internet and information networks are so developed, the need for confidentiality of information transmission is more and more important, no matter whether it is in the business sector, the military, medical care, or individuals. In this paper analyses the basic working principles of four different communication systems, namely, the high-dimensional chaotic laser communication system, the chaotic synchronous confidential communication system based on the reserve pool calculation, the ultra-chaotic system based on the amnesia, and the communication system based on the Duffing vibrator array, from encrypting the signal and sending it from the transmitting end to receiving, demodulating and converting the encrypted signal from the receiving end. The differences between the different parts of each system are compared. Finally, it is found that today's communication systems have the disadvantages of poor confidentiality, weak anti-jamming, high cost, low accuracy, etc., respectively, and suggestions for modification are made. Finally, the future development of communication is looked forward to

Novel Design of Wrist With Gripper: Type Synthesis of a 2R1T Parallel Mechanism Possessing One Actuation Degree-of-Freedom

Abstract The parallel mechanism (PM) with a configurable movable platform (CMP) holds the potential for achieving a high-response speed and high-stiffness integrated design of a gripper-wrist system. The motion of two rotations and one translation (2R1T), closely resembling the movement of a human wrist joint, is highly complex. Therefore, research on 2R1T PM with CMP remains unexplored. Additionally, a systematic method for constructing PM with CMP is also lacking. This paper proposes fundamental design principles for PM with CMP. The topological arrangements of 2R1T PM with CMP are classified according to the number of limbs, their types, and the CMP structure. The basic constraint conditions and the redundant constraint conditions of 2R1T PM are analyzed. By establishing the relationship between finite motions, joint geometric parameters, and constraint screws, a series of limb structures that provide specific constraints in finite motions are constructed. Several configuration examples of gripper-wrist mechanism are provided, which can serve as a guide for subsequent researches. The design approach of CMP is discussed. The performance advantages of such mechanisms are validated through simulation-based comparisons.

Structuring data analysis projects in the Open Science era with Kerblam!

Background Structuring data analysis projects, that is, defining the layout of files and folders needed to analyze data using existing tools and novel code, largely follows personal preferences. Open Science calls for more accessible, transparent and understandable research. We believe that Open Science principles can be applied to the way data analysis projects are structured. Methods We examine the structure of several data analysis project templates by analyzing project template repositories present in GitHub. Through visualization of the resulting consensus structure, we draw observations regarding how the ecosystem of project structures is shaped, and what salient characteristics it has. Results Project templates show little overlap, but many distinct practices can be highlighted. We take them into account with the wider Open Science philosophy to draw a few fundamental Design Principles to guide researchers when designing a project space. We present Kerblam!, a project management tool that can work with such a project structure to expedite data handling, execute workflow managers, and share the resulting workflow and analysis outputs with others. Conclusions We hope that, by following these principles and using Kerblam!, the landscape of data analysis projects can become more transparent, understandable, and ultimately useful to the wider community.

Exploring and analyzing the causes of color in the earth

Color is an essential element of human visual perception, which exists in all aspects of our daily lives and plays a key role in scientific research and technological applications. Color is produced by various mechanisms, including absorption and reflection of chemical pigments, complex formation of transition metal ions, and micro- and nanostructural modulation of structural colors. This paper aims to comprehensively explore the scientific principles of color generation and its applications in different fields. The article first describes how transition metal ions exhibit colors by forming complexes and explains in detail the coordination process of copper ions in an aqueous solution and its resulting d-orbital splitting, which in turn absorbs light of specific wavelengths and exhibits complementary colors. Secondly, the article explores the mechanism of color expression of natural pigments in plants, significantly how pigment molecules containing conjugated double bonds, such as -carotene, can absorb specific wavelengths of light and exhibit vivid colors through electron delocalization and energy level jumps. Finally, the article illustrates the principles of structural color and its potential for industrial applications, including using micro- and nanostructures, such as photonic crystals, to modulate the scattering and absorption of light, thus enabling dynamic changes in color and environmental protection. The in-depth exploration of the mechanism of color generation enhances our understanding of the basic principles of color science. It provides theoretical support for technological innovation and practical applications in related fields.

Functional business valuation - purpose is king!

In the present contribution, we discuss the basic principles of functional business valuation. In addition to a distinction between objective and subjective valuation theory, the differences between finance-theoretical and investment-theoretical valuation approaches are worked out. The core of our discussion is devoted to an overview of the three main functions and value concepts of functional business valuation theory.

The application of 3D printing in mechanical manufacturing

In modern society, with the continuous development of science and technology, 3D printing technology has become a hot technology in the field of machinery manufacturing. 3D printing can improve production efficiency, and can accurately produce three-dimensional products that can be directly applied to the mechanical parts that need to be manufactured. This article will introduce the basic principles of 3D and its advantages, but also introduce the application of 3D printing, focusing on the application of 3D printing in the construction field using cement-based materials, while printing some key components in the automotive field, fiber composite materials in the aviation field is also a development direction. This article also looks for some obvious problems with 3D printing, especially the performance of 3D printed products, as well as the cost-related issues of 3D printing, for these problems, the paper gives solutions and future directions. 3D printing will have an important position in the future, and will be widely used in the field of mechanical manufacturing and production, which has great significance