Reciprocity Principle Research Articles

On the principle of reciprocity in inelastic electron scattering.

In electron microscopy the principle of reciprocity is often used to imply time reversal symmetry. While this is true for elastic scattering, its applicability to inelastic scattering is less well established. From the second law of thermodynamics, the entropy for a thermally isolated system must be constant for any reversible process. Using entropy and statistical fluctuation arguments, it is shown that, while reversibility is possible at the microscopic level, it becomes statistically less likely for higher energy transfers. The implications for reciprocal imaging modes, including energy loss and energy gain measurements, as well as Kainuma's reciprocal wave model are also discussed.

A reciprocity-aware, low-rank regularization for multidimensional deconvolution

A novel factorization-based, low-rank regularization method is introduced to solve multidimensional deconvolution (MDD) problems in the frequency domain. In this approach, each frequency component of the unknown wavefield is represented as a complex-valued square matrix and approximated as the product of a rectangular matrix and its transpose. The benefit of such a parameterization is twofold. First, each frequency matrix is guaranteed to be symmetric. From a physical standpoint, the recovered wavefield inherently adheres to the principle of reciprocity; in other words, the response to a receiver from a virtual source does not change when the two are swapped. Therefore, we refer to this low-rank parameterization as reciprocity-aware in that it respects the underlying physics of wave propagation associated with the MDD solution. Second, the size of the unknown matrix is greatly reduced compared with that of the original wavefield of interest (and halved compared with the existing factorization-based low-rank approximations). We further show that the associated objective function can be successfully optimized using the accelerated proximal gradient algorithm and present a robust strategy to define the initial guess of the solution. Numerical examples on synthetic and field data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in compressing the retrieved Green’s function while preserving its accuracy.

A Molecular Temporal Evolutionary Framework of Land Plants and the Age of Angiosperms

A series of Bayesian molecular clock analyses with varying model combinations, parameters, and tree topologies were conducted to establish a temporal evolutionary framework of land plants and to estimate the age of angiosperms. The data consisted of five organellar and nuclear genes, 633 taxa, and 23 fossil calibration points (FCPs). The analyses were evaluated using an internal search thoroughness measure, effective sample sizes, and two external criteria: the consensus land plant phylogeny and a newly developed method that used the Hennigian reciprocal illumination principle to compare molecular age estimates of 21 nodes representing major land plant clades and the root split in green plants with those of their fossils in an a posteriori fashion. The results show that an analysis using a general time reversible (GTR) DNA substitution model, log normal branch-rate distribution, and Yule tree prior represented the best model combination, with the Birth-Death tree prior being equally optimal. This analysis estimated the age of the land plant crown group as 496.95 million years (MY), with a 95% highest posterior density (HPD) of 465.66–531.43 MY, and the age of the angiosperm crown group as 219.93 MY, with a 95% HPD of 184.09–256.82 MY. The former agrees with the fossil evidence, but the latter is significantly older than the fossil ages. A thorough examination of fossil evidence of angiosperms, as well as their evolutionary history in light of recent knowledge of morphology, physiology, and atmospheric CO2 concentration in the Mesozoic era, suggests that angiosperm radiation might have been delayed after their origin and that the current fossil record probably reflects only the products of that radiation, not the origin of angiosperms. Overall, the study shows that both molecular clock analyses and fossil studies, while agreeing on some aspects but disagreeing on others, can help develop a complete understanding of the temporal evolutionary history of land plants.

Seismic trace interpolation based on the principle of reciprocity using a conditional Generative Adversarial Network (cGAN)

Seismic trace interpolation based on the principle of reciprocity using a conditional Generative Adversarial Network (cGAN)

The legal contexts of civilian internment in China under Japanese occupation: the case of Allied nationals, 1941–45

ABSTRACT This article firstly introduces the international system for protecting civilian internees during the Second World War era, with a focus on the 1929 Geneva Convention on the Protection of Prisoners of War. It goes on to examine how the different stipulations in this convention were implemented by Japan in occupied China. The author argues that Japan intended to comply with the measures agreed at Geneva and did so to some extent, motivated by its desire for a positive international image and by the principle of reciprocity. However, there were minor and serious issues with Japan’s adherence to certain parts of the Convention, stemming from differences in living standards between belligerents, uncontrollable changes in circumstance, overlapping administrative competencies, and Japan’s insistence on applying the different clauses mutatis mutandis. Nonetheless, thanks to the logic of reciprocity, the Japanese authorities were compelled to demonstrate that they were making sincere efforts to comply with the Convention throughout the war.

Behavioural strategies in simultaneous and alternating prisoner’s dilemma games with/without voluntary participation

The Prisoner’s Dilemma is one of the most classic formats for exploring the principle of direct reciprocity. Although numerous theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted, little attention has been paid to the divergence between theoretical predictions and actual human behaviour. In addition, there are two additional essential challenges of experimental research. First, most experimental approaches have focused on games in which two players decide their actions simultaneously, but little is known about alternating games. Another is that there are few experiments on voluntary participation. Here, we conducted experiments on simultaneous games, alternating games, and games with and without voluntary participation for a total of four game patterns and examined the deviation from theoretical predictions for each. The results showed that, contrary to theoretical predictions, humans chose cooperation even after being exploited. We also observed that, with or without voluntary participation, people tended to take the same action they had taken in the previous round. Our results indicate that to understand the mechanisms of human behaviour, we need to integrate findings from behavioural science, psychology, and game theory.

Reciprocity and the Rule of Law

ABSTRACT Fair-play theories of political obligation hold that persons have a duty to obey the law based on the fact that they benefit from the law and have a duty of reciprocity to comply in return. These accounts are vulnerable to the open-ended reciprocity challenge, according to which persons have discretion over how they discharge debts of reciprocity, such that they may discharge the debts they incur from being members of society in ways other than compliance with the law. I defend fair-play theories against this challenge by arguing that the principle of reciprocity shares a ground with the principle of public equality, and that the latter ultimately requires that legal institutions be arranged in such a way that persons may not exercise discretion over how they discharge the debts of reciprocity that they incur from others’ compliance with the law.

Application of Reciprocity Principle in Ultrasound Bone Tomography

Abstract Full-matrix synthetic aperture imaging (FMSA) is a well-established and widely used modality for ultrasound imaging Nevertheless, the accompanying relatively large amount of data acquisition, storage, and process results in heavy costs of computation and memory, which further hinders FMSA from real-time implementation. Moreover, the most existing FMSAs employed the hypothesis uniform sound velocity to reconstruct the soft tissues, which is not suitable for hard tissue imaging, irrespective of the high acoustic impedance contrast (i.e., the difference of sound velocity) between the bone and soft tissues. To overcome these limitations, a half-matrix ultrasound bone tomography method combining the reciprocity principle and sound velocity estimation was proposed for cortical cross-section imaging. The travel-time inversion was firstly utilized for sound velocity prediction, and then half-matrix synthetic aperture (HMSA) with ray-tracing was conducted to image the cortical cross-section. An ex-vivo bovine femur was used to validate the effectiveness of the method. Compared to the full-matrix capture method, the proposed method was demonstrated to be an accurate and cost-effective modality for cortical bone tomography.

지방선거에서 중국인 등 외국인 영주권자 선거권 배제 필요성에 관한 연구

In 2005, during the Roh Moo-hyun administration, South Korea gave foreigners the right to vote for local council members and heads of local governments. Koreans living in China cannot cast a single vote in elections held in China. Foreign permanent residents residing in South Korea can vote after only three years. The number of Chinese permanent residents in South Korea is approximately 150,000, and the number of permanent residents who are foreigners and can participate in elections in 2026 is expected to be 181,251. This can be said to be an example of deviating from the principle of reciprocity in that one can vote in Korean local elections even if one does not have Korean nationality. The current law has some unreasonable aspects and is not fair from the perspective of reciprocity. Additionally, there have been attempts by China to interfere in elections in Australia and Canada, and voices of concern about Chinese political intervention are growing. These laws that violate reciprocity must be revised. Based on the principle of reciprocity voting rights for foreign permanent residents including Chinese should be excluded.

The Principle of Reciprocity in Case on Bankruptcy of Foreign Entities

The Principle of Reciprocity in Case on Bankruptcy of Foreign Entities

A self-reciprocity calibration of spherical transducers using boundary reflection in a spherical shell.

A self-reciprocity method is described for calibrating a spherical transducer in a spherical shell. The reciprocity constant is calculated using Green's function and the electroacoustic reciprocal principle in the spherical shell. A sensitivity correction is developed by calculating the transducer's receiving force in different fields. An experimental measurement setup is described to calibrate transducers with diameters of 20 and 30 mm in the frequency range from 25 to 63 kHz, calibrated in a 500 mm diameter spherical shell with a thickness of 2 mm. The largest discrepancy in calibration results between the self-reciprocity and three-transducer spherical-wave reciprocity method is around -1.4 dB. The self-reciprocity calibration method, with a smaller volume required than the three-transducer spherical-wave reciprocity method, has a potential advantage in calibrating the transducer at high hydrostatic pressure and varying water temperatures.

Procedural Aspects of Overcoming Sovereign Immunity: Relevance for Ukraine and the International Legal Order (SDG'S)

Objective: The object of this research article is the procedural domestic and international aspects of overcoming the sovereign immunity of a State that has committed military aggression, violating international humanitarian law and human rights law, with a focus on compensation for the damage caused by such actions. Method: The method of study involves a critical analysis of the approaches taken by the Supreme Court of Ukraine to overcome jurisdictional immunity, in light of international law norms. The authors employs a combination of legal analysis, case law examination, and comparative analysis of international practices to evaluate the compliance of the court's decisions with conventional provisions on compensation for damages. Results: This research article analyses the procedural domestic and international aspects of overcoming the sovereign immunity of a State whose military aggression has violated international humanitarian law and human rights law, and on this basis raises the issue of compensation for the damage caused by such actions. Special attention is paid to the approaches to overcoming jurisdictional immunity by the Supreme Court of Ukraine. Taking into account the norms of international law, the author critically analyses the court's compliance with the conventional provisions establishing the procedure for consideration of cases on compensation for damages. The aggressor State's disregard for the norms and principles of international law, sovereignty of other States, and international good faith does not give rise to a disregard for the norms of international law based on the principle of reciprocity. The author emphasises that compliance with the rules on court proceedings must comply with the conventional requirements, and this should be the basis for national case law on school compensation. The authors analyses legal immunities and jurisdictional immunity of the State in particular in the context of ensuring justice, which, according to international standards, is the basis for fair treatment of victims of armed aggression and ensuring access to justice. Contribution: It is noted that the application of the rules of jurisdictional immunity is the basis for limiting the right to a trial, which should be proportionate. The authors identifies the prospects for the development of international practice of interpreting the areas of ensuring the right to a fair trial, in particular, based on the practice of international courts. The author summarises the directions of changing approaches to the validity of the application of absolute immunity, and the dynamic interpretation of the legitimate purpose of limiting the right to a court, which is necessary and permissible provided that the essence of this right is preserved. The author emphasises the importance of the effectiveness of reparations as a principle and its significance for the development and provision of transitional justice in Ukraine.

Collaborative Innovation in Construction Supply Chain under Digital Construction: Evolutionary Game Analysis Based on Prospect Theory

In the context of Digital Construction (DC), collaborative innovation in the construction supply chain (CSC) is crucial for long-term competitiveness. However, transparent information flows and fickle market circumstances hinder enterprises from actively participating in collaborative innovation, making it challenging to establish effective incentive mechanisms. To achieve sustained and stable collaborative innovation, an evolutionary game model of collaborative innovation between core enterprises and member enterprises in the CSC under DC based on Prospect Theory is constructed. Five equilibrium scenarios and evolutionary stability strategies are analyzed, and the corresponding stability conditions are obtained. Finally, the impact of different parameters on strategy selection are analyzed by numerical simulation. The results indicate that the balance between knowledge sharing and knowledge leakage is the premise of the positive impact of DC technology on collaborative innovation. Moreover, the adjustment of gain sensitivity and loss sensitivity is the key to enhancing managerial enthusiasm for collaborative innovation. Furthermore, the design of income distribution and innovation incentives must adhere to the reciprocity principle, while subsidies from owners demonstrate a prominent positive impact on collaborative innovation. This paper systematically expounds the dynamic influence of DC technology application, knowledge spillover effects, and managerial cognitive structures while confirming the intrinsic effect of innovation incentive mechanisms. It provides substantial theoretical reference and management enlightenment for promoting the development of collaborative innovation in the CSC under DC.

Polarimetric Helmholtz Stereopsis.

Helmholtz stereopsis (HS) exploits the reciprocity principle of light propagation (i.e., the Helmholtz reciprocity) for 3D reconstruction of surfaces with arbitrary reflectance. In this paper, we present the polarimetric Helmholtz stereopsis (polar-HS), which extends the classical HS by considering the polarization state of light in the reciprocal paths. With the additional phase information from polarization, polar-HS requires only one reciprocal image pair. We derive the reciprocity relationship of Mueller matrix and formulate new reciprocity constraint that takes polarization state into account. We also utilize polarimetric constraints and extend them to the case of perspective projection. For the recovery of surface depths and normals, we incorporate reciprocity constraint with diffuse/specular polarimetric constraints in a unified optimization framework. For depth estimation, we further propose to utilize the consistency of diffuse angle of polarization. For normal estimation, we develop a normal refinement strategy based on degree of linear polarization. Using a hardware prototype, we show that our approach produces high-quality 3D reconstruction for different types of surfaces, ranging from diffuse to highly specular.

Impact of Organizational Rewards on Employee Engagement with mediating role of Leader Member Exchange: Evidence from Banking Sector of Pakistan

The main objective of this study is to check the relationship of organizational rewards, leader member exchange (LMX) and employee engagement. Organizational rewards play a vital role to motivate the employees to be engaged in their work. This relationship is based on the principle of reciprocity. Managers motivate the employee by facilitating them with organizational rewards and reciprocally employees show enhanced engagement in their work. The relationship of manager with employees is of significant value. A manager acts as a mediator between the implementation of organizational rewards and employee engagement. Through the structural equation modelling (SEM), the relationship of organizational rewards, employee engagement and leader member exchange has been checked. The data was taken from the banking sector of Pakistan. The results reveal that organizational rewards significantly enhance employee engagement and this relationship remains persistent when mediated with LMX. This study is of unique significance because it discusses organizational rewards and their impact on employee engagement and also checks the relationship of organizational rewards and employee engagement with mediation of leader member exchange.

METHODS OF REDUCING THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS ON THE SENSITIVITY OF FIBER-OPTIC GYROSCOPE

Thermally induced error is one of the main limitations of the sensitivity of fiber-optic gyroscopes (FOGs). The analysis of thermal sensitivity of FOG is based on the study of the Shupe effect and the elastic-optical effect in the fiber circuit. The main requirement in this case is to preserve the principle of reciprocity for rays propagating in opposite directions of the fiber circuit. It was determined that the thermally induced phase difference of these rays should not exceed ∆φ(t) ≈ 10-7 rad. To reduce the thermal sensitivity of FOG, various methods are used, including quadrupole methods of winding the fiber circuit, using frameless coils, as well as coils made of special materials. Considerable attention is paid to improving the properties of fiber and adhesive compounds to minimize the effect of temperature on the optical-physical characteristics of these components of the fiber circuit. The article examines the advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods of compensating the thermally induced error of FOG. Analytical relations characterizing the effect of temperature gradients on the sensitivity of measuring angular velocity and Sagnac phase when using FOG are given. Part of the methods for solving this problem are discussed in this article. However, the elemental base and FOG signal processing tools are constantly being improved, the transition to integrated optical technologies is being carried out, which opens up new ways to increase the sensitivity of the FOG with minimal costs. On the basis of the conducted research, practical recommendations are given to reduce the influence of temperature gradients on the sensitivity of FOG. The work can be useful for specialists working in the field of FOG design.

The CJEU’s Unintelligible Impairment of the Financial Health of EU Performers: Ever-Increasing Suspense in Neighbouring Rights

Abstract With the RAAP ruling in 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) delivered a judgment with a far-reaching impact, both on the autonomy of Member States within the making of reservations under international treaties, and on revenues for collecting societies and neighbouring rightsholders in the EU. The controversial part of the judgment states that entering reservations on the granting of equitable remuneration for neighbouring rights on the basis of international treaties should only take place at EU level. This effectively leaves no autonomy to Member States within the principle of reciprocity, contrary to former popular belief by many Member States and scholars. The US has entered reservations with regard to EU countries under Art. 15(3) WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT), thus no remuneration is disbursed for performances by EU artists in the US. Due to the US repertoire’s large presence in the EU, the latter’s performers will be left with a considerably smaller share of the revenues to be distributed by EU collecting societies. The European Commission must urgently finish the ongoing research and consultation on RAAP. Right now, too many requests by interest groups remain unanswered. The recommended (and hoped for) route is for the EU to invoke the principle of reciprocity and enter reservations for other WPPT parties that have entered such reservations with regard to EU countries. An extensive arrangement regarding reservations is necessary, also regarding situations where the relationship between fundamental rights and reciprocity provisions is currently unknown.

On uniqueness and Somigliana theorem for a thermoelastic theory

The main concern of the present article is based on unified generalized thermoelasticity in an isotropic and homogeneous medium. The uniqueness theorem and Betti type reciprocal principle are derived. Based on the reciprocal theorem, the generalization of the Somigliana and Green theorem is also established in the present context.

Signal-to-noise ratio versus field strength for small surface coils.

The increasing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is the main reason to use ultrahigh field MRI. Here, we investigate the dependence of the SNR on the magnetic field strength, especially for small animal applications, where small surface coils are used and coil noise cannot be ignored. Measurements were performed at five field strengths from 3 to 14.1 T, using 2.2-cm surface coils with an identical coil design for transmit and receive on two water samples with and without salt. SNR was measured in a series of spoiled gradient echo images with varying flip angle and corrected for saturation based on a series of flip angle and T1 measurements. Furthermore, the noise figure of the receive chain was determined and eliminated to remove instrument dependence. Finally, the coil sensitivity was determined based on the principle of reciprocity to obtain a measure for ultimate SNR. Before coil sensitivity correction, the SNR increase in nonconductive samples is highly supralinear with B0 1.6-2.7, depending on distance to the coil, while in the conductive sample, the growth is smaller, being around linear close to the surface coil and increasing up to a B0 2.0 dependence when moving away from the coil. After sensitivity correction, the SNR increase is independent of loading with B0 2.1. This study confirms the supralinear increase of SNR with increasing field strengths. Compared with most human measurements with larger coil sizes, smaller surface coils, as mainly used in animal studies, have a higher contribution of coil noise and thus a different behavior of SNR at high fields.

Interstate Lawsuits of Ukraine to the ECTHR: Is it Realistic to Achieve Final Judgments?

The article examines the problems and prospects of consideration of interstate applications of Ukraine against the Russian Federation by the ECtHR. The article analyzes that the ECtHR is currently considering five interstate cases initiated by Ukraine against the Russian Federation. However, the Russian Federation does not participate in the proceedings on the claims of Ukraine and does not intend to comply with the ECHR judgments. However, the ECHR will continue to consider the applications submitted to the ECtHR after Russia's withdrawal from the Council of Europe. The article proves that today there is no mechanism for enforcement of the ECtHR judgments on interstate claims of Ukraine by the Russian Federation. Since the Russian Federation does not intend to execute the decisions of the ECtHR voluntarily, there remains the option of either enforcing such judgments by the affected Ukrainians individually on the principle of reciprocity in other countries or creating a supranational mechanism for the execution of such decisions. It is indicated that in the future, the ECtHR will be able to consider and award compensation in all existing cases against the Russian Federation. Affected companies and individuals can file a claim for violation of property rights against the Russian Federation only in respect of actions or omissions before September 16, 2022. Nevertheless, even in light of the Russian Federation's withdrawal from the ECHR, all decisions taken before the exit from the ECHR and the CoE must be implemented. Although after the ECtHR has decided on the merits, it takes a long time to decide on just satisfaction. In conclusion, it is noted that the Russian Federation also does not comply with the interim measures demanded by the ECtHR to cease hostilities in Ukraine immediately. At the same time, this procedural decision is vital for considering the case "Ukraine v. Russia - X" on the merits from a historical perspective.