Ontological Principles Research Articles

Creating 'automatic subjects': Corporate wellness and self-tracking.

The use of self-tracking devices has increased dramatically in recent years with enthusiasm from the public as well as public health officers, healthcare providers and workplaces seeking to instigate behaviour change in populations. Analysis of the ontological principles informing the design and implementation of the Apple Watch and corporate wellness programmes using self-tracking technologies shows that their primary focus is on the capture and control of attention rather than material health outcomes. Health, wellness and happiness have been conflated with productivity, which is now deemed to be dependent on the harnessing of libidinal as well as physical energy. In this context, self-tracking technologies and related corporate wellness interventions have been informed by 'emotional design', neuroscientific and behavioural principles which target the 'pre subjective' consciousness of individuals through manipulating their habits and neurological functioning. This article draws on the work of Bernard Stiegler to suggest framing self-tracking as 'industrial temporal objects', which capture and 'short circuit' attention. It is proposed that a central aim is to 'accumulate the consciousnesses' of subjects consistent with the methods of a contemporary 'attention economy'. This new logic of accumulation informs the behaviour change strategies of designers of self-tracking devices, and corporate wellness initiatives, taking the form of 'psychotechnologies' which attempt to reconstruct active subjects as automatic and reactive 'nodes' as part of managed networks.

An enquiry into the ontological and logical foundations of sustainability: Toward a conceptual integration of the interface ‘Nature/Humanity’

Non-technical summaryImplementing the logical and ontological principles (dualism, mechanicism, reductionism, law of excluded middle, etc.) of modernity has brought forth an unsustainable world. An overcoming of these principles is proposed by mesology (Umweltlehre,fûdoron), centring on the concept oftrajectionand the existential operatoras(als,en tant que).

Service-Oriented Context-Aware Messaging System

In services oriented computing, location or spatial models are required to model the domain environment whenever location or spatial relationships are utilised by users and/or services. This research presents an ontology-based methodol-ogy for context-aware messaging service. There are five main contributions to this research. First, the research provides a service oriented methodology for modelling and building context-aware messaging systems based on ontological principles. Second, it describes a method that assists understanding the domain’s spatial environment. Third, it includes a proposal of the generic Mona-ServOnt core service ontology that offers context-aware reasoning for capture and use of context. Mona-ServOnt is able to support the deployment of context-aware messaging services in both indoor and outdoor environments. Fourth, a novel generic architecture that captures the requirements for context-aware messaging services is given. Fifth, the generic messaging protocols that describe the exchange of messages within context-aware mes-saging services is modelled. A few experiments were completed to measure the performance of the peer-to-peer services using actual smartphone with Bluetooth capability. In addition, the methodology’s main steps have been validated individually in various context-aware messaging domains. It has been evaluated using competency questions that gauge the scope of the proposed ontology. Furthermore, the generic architecture and messaging protocols have been verified in constructing for each domain.

An enquiry into the ontological and logical foundations of sustainability: Toward a conceptual integration of the interface ‘Nature/Humanity’

Non-technical summary Implementing the logical and ontological principles (dualism, mechanicism, reductionism, law of excluded middle, etc.) of modernity has brought forth an unsustainable world. An overcoming of these principles is proposed by mesology (Umweltlehre, fûdoron), centring on the concept of trajection and the existential operator as (als, en tant que).

Development of a Knowledge Base in the “Smart Farming” System for Agricultural Enterprise Management

Increasing the efficiency of agricultural production is a very important task. To solve this problem, it is proposed to use the “Smart Farming” cloud system for precision farming management. The novelty of the proposed approach lies in using the knowledge base and multi-agent technology to develop coordinated decisions on management of agricultural enterprises. The paper focuses on development of the knowledge base in the "Smart Farming" system on precision agriculture. Information storage is organized in the form of a semantic network of concepts and relations on the "All about the concept" principle in a single repository, which facilitates the work of farmers with this resource. The paper covers storage, editing, verification, and visualization of knowledge representation about the domain of crop production, production resources, agricultural machinery, equipment and other material resources, as well as peculiarities of the tasks of precision farming. The knowledge base of plant production, built on ontological principles, will be useful to enterprise managers, agronomists, machine operators, planning services and other specialists of large, medium and small farms, as well as to individual farmers.

A Case for the Primacy of the Ontological Principle

Abstract This paper aims at the construction of a structural coupling between object-oriented philosophy and Whitehead’s philosophy of organism by making a case for the primacy of the ontological principle through the proposal of a social object hypothesis. The social object here differs from traditional renderings of sociology, which are centered on humans’ activity and personalities, by way of recuperating Tarde’s social theory of associations. This theory provides us with a non-anthropocentric reading of sociality. This hypothesis will be furthered by the introduction of the systemic category of internal/external, or system/environment, as a self-enclosure feature of social objects. Equipped with these two notions, we will discuss Graham Harman’s paper “Whitehead and Schools X, Y, and Z,” while rerouting his assessments to our own social object hypothesis. The final idea is to propose an alliance through the conception of a macro-ontological approach to philosophy of organism. We intend to show that this is not only coherently feasible regarding Whitehead’s own categoreal scheme, but also meets the requirements of being a real object in object-oriented ontology’s directives.

PHILOSOPHY OF COSMISM: MORAL-ETHICAL ASPECT

Introduction. The article deals with the foundations for the formation of a unique direction of philosophical thought - cosmism that arose at the turn of the XIX - XX cc. and continued to develop rapidly in the XXI c., when the negative human-induced impact on nature reached such a level that it became a threat to the existence of mankind. Aim and tasks: The aim of this work is to identify the role of the philosophy of cosmism in the process of harmonizing the relationship of the man-world system, the search for new methodological approaches to the attempts to combine modern scientific knowledge with the rich moral and ethical experience of mankind.Research methods: theoretical and methodological basis of this research are general scientific and special methods and approaches. Among them, the system approach, synergistic and dialectical, should be called, because processes in non-equilibrium complex sys-tems have dialectical character. Research results. Nowadays, as a result of the sharp expansion of cognitive and technological capa-bilities of a person, the transformation of the spiritual life of society takes place and a number of ideological moral and ethical problems arose. In this context, there is an actual rethinking of the human attitude to nature, the ethical aspect of biotechnology and its predicted positive or negative effects. The idea of the unity of and the in the cultural and historical dimension of the red thread passes through the views of the ancient philosophers, representatives of Russian cosmism, and others, as well as a variety of modern doctrines in which researchers search for new methodological approaches to harmonize the relation man-world and a combination of natural sciences and moral and ethical knowledge of the noosphere and the cosmos. Discussion At this stage of the development of science, there is a change in the methodological approaches to the realization of nature in the modern philosophy of cosmism and the methodol-ogy of scientific knowledge. The key principles of post-classical ontology are proclaimed, in particular: humanity, through which the prism is proposed to consider nature, system approach, synergetic, etc. Conclusion. In the context of the actual significance of the cosmic philosophy, the emergence of new sciences such as environmental ethics, ethics of responsibility, etc. is considered, indicating the search for new methodological approaches to attempts to combine modern scientific knowledge with the rich moral and ethical ex-perience of mankind. We see the prospect of a further research in finding the latest methodological approaches to solving the problem of man – world harmonious development.

Stasio Lozoraičio jaunesniojo demokratinės Lietuvos vizija

[only abstract in English; full article and abstract in Lithuanian]
 Stasys Lozoraitis Jr. is of one the most influential Lithuanian diplomats of the 20th century, having served as chargé d’affaires in Rome and as head of the Lithuanian diplomatic service in exile. S. Lozoraitis Jr. maintained his status as a vital figure of the independence movement and thereafter during the early years of independence as an ambassador to the United States. Although S. Lozoraitis Jr. never published extended written work or explained his political views in detail, numerous public speeches, congratulation letters, interviews and notes become a significant source of information when attempting to analyze particular political views and the theoretical outlook that the diplomat had and used as guidance in his goals of Lithuanian national sovereignty, the reinstatement of democracy and international recognition. The purpose of this article is to analyze the aforementioned historical sources, kept in the Lithuanian Central State Archives and published in separate works, in an attempt to form a coherent picture of the principles of democracy as interpreted by S. Lozoraitis Jr. and how these principles should apply to Lithuania, as it gains its independence from the Soviet Union.The first chapter delves into the Lithuanian diplomatic service during the last decades of the 20th century, the challenges it faced and how the role of the said organization was envisioned by the chargé d’affaires S. Lozoraitis Jr. The diplomatic service was in a unique position during the period of the Soviet occupation, as its duty was to represent a state that was essentially erased from the map. While larger, more powerful states see diplomacy as a supplementary tool, according to S. Lozoraitis Jr., smaller states such as Lithuania relied on their diplomats far more. The LDS, while in exile, is seen as a symbol of the fight for independence for the natives having their fight at home.The second chapter details three primary principles of democracy and how they fit into the image of a sovereign Lithuania. The first principle is the plurality of opinion, which is held as a certain ontological principle that is inherent in life. Human life, according to S. L. Jr., is based around a variety of opinions and attitudes; an open society is simply crucial for a healthy democratic process. Rebuilding societal ties shall be one of the main challenges for independent Lithuania. The second principle is freedom, which is essential for human self-expression. Freedom, in a way, permits the flourishing of the plurality of opinion; therefore, both of these principles are interlinked. The third principle – law – ensured that the former two principles are not violated and can flourish in a democratic society. Law guarantees both the plurality of opinion and freedom as well as freedom both domestically and internationally.Despite the fact that the theoretical and normative outlook of democracy of S. Lozoraitis Jr. at first seems quite eclectic, after an in depth analysis, it can be concluded that all three of aforementioned principles are interlinked and help maintain a healthy democratic order and society as well as ensuring peace among its neighboring nations, which is seen a primary international goal for an independent Lithuania.

It’s the journey not the destination: Maya New Year's pilgrimage and self-sacrifice as regenerative power

This article examines Maya New Year's rites involving pilgrimage and bloodletting. We suggest that ceremonies today that center around the initiation of young men and involve self-sacrifice and long-distance pilgrimage to the mountains and coast may have pre-Hispanic roots. New Year's ceremonies express a core ontological principle of dualistic transformation involving physical change ( jal) from youth to adulthood and transference or replacement ( k’ex) of power in official leadership roles. This distinct way of knowing the world emphasizes one’s reciprocal relationship with it. We conclude that ancient Maya pilgrimage was not about acquiring a particular thing or venerating a specific place or destination. It was about the journey or what Timothy Ingold calls “ambulatory knowing.” The Maya gained cosmological knowledge, linking the movement of their body to the annual path of the sun and their sexuality and human regenerative power to earthly renewal, which required blood to be successful.

DIALOG PARADIGM OF CULTURAL POLICY: EXPERT PROJECTIONS AND DESIGN RESOURCES

The author associates the relevance of the topic with the demand for dialog thinking in the modern world and the need to study socially oriented, subject-activity, cultural, philosophical-anthropological, ontological aspects of cultural policy. The purpose of the article is to justify the need to update the conceptual and methodological principles of dialog communication ontology, which serve as the basis for the expert evaluation of innovative projects that are devoted to the strategy of cultural policy of Russia. The main methodological solution to the research problem is an interdisciplinary approach. Problems and scientific results: 1. Culture-specified aspects of cultural policy are revealed through the analysis of the problems of inter-cultural communications transformation associated with the aggravation of geopolitical contradictions and civilizational gaps in the context of disintegration risks. 2. The strategy of Russia's cultural policy is aimed at expanding the experience of inter-cultural interaction and at creating international and inter-ethnic institutions that strengthen these processes. Dialog models are filled with expert and analytical assessments, which fix the philosophy of dialog relevant to modern cultural processes in the context of the fundamental principle of unity in diversity. 3. Resources of designing the event inter-cultural communications as mechanisms of cultural policy of the state for promotion and realization of inter-cultural dialog strategy onto the world level. 4. The needs of the governance system in the choice of models adequate to the changes and dynamics of the culture in the context of glottalization are due to social challenges – increasing failures in communications, to the inability of social groups to achieve civil harmony, in opposition to local and global cultural patterns, models of identity and lifestyles.

МETHODOLOGICAL AND INSTRUMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE SENIOR SCHOOL STUDENTS’ WORLDVIEW FORMATION IN THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT VALUES OF ART AND CULTURE

RATKO Maryna – Candidate of Pedagogic al Sciences, A ssociate P rofessor of the Theory and Methodology of Music Education and Choreography Department, Melitopol Bohdan Khmelnytsky State Pedagogical University, Hetmanska str., 20, Melitopol, 72300, Ukraine ( irma.zaharova2018@gmail.com ) ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9278-2155 ResearcherID: http://www.researcherid.com/rid/L-5405-2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24919/2313-2094.7/39.133262 To cite this article: Ratko, M. (2018). Metodoloho-instrumentalni zasady vykhovannia svitohliadnykh uiavlen starshoklasnykiv u protsesi osvoiennia tsinnostei khudozhnoi kultury [Мethodological and instrumental principles of the senior school students’ worldview formation in the process of development values of art and culture]. Liudynoznavchi studii. Seriia «Pedahohika» – Human Studies. Series of «Pedagogy», 7/39, 211–223. doi: 10.24919/2313-2094.7/39.133262 [in Ukrainian]. Article history Received: 3 May 2018 Received in revised form: 7 June 2018 Accepted: 10 July 2018 Available online: 12 September 2018 Abstract. The article covers the problem of spiritual and ideological upbringing of pupils in the process of comprehension of artistic works that typologically belong to the different artistic systems ‒ classical culture, avant-garde, postmodern. The urgency of an appeal to this problem is conditioned by civilization shifts of the period of the end of the Modern Age and the necessity to preserve an individual and national identity in conditions of a strengthening global control over the psycho-sphere. The conceptual idea of the research consists in the necessity of analysis and interpretation of the values of artistic culture in accordance with the specifics of their creation and arte-being – mimetism, immetism, playing essence. Accordingly, we have identified the basic principles of educational work – cultural conformity, subjectivity, ontological principle; the pedagogical conditions for ensuring the effectiveness of the process of upbringing of the senior pupils’ worldview which concerning the assimilation of their interpretive directives for the comprehension of texts with implicit and explicit «openness» of artistic and ideological content (mimetic, non-mimetic and playing essence) are formulated. In this study the methods of analysis and interpretation of artistic works are specified and classified. Among them are the methods that relate to an «inner» side of a text (semiotic, semi-symbolic semiosis, pneumatic ‒ for the mimetic works; meditative-associative and post-adequacy ‒ for the non-mimic compositions; deconstruction, happening ‒ for the playing artistic phenomena); the methods related to «external» links of a text (sociological, historical-cultural, biographical, creative-genetic, comparative, study of critical literature ‒ for the mimetic, partially non-mimetic and playing systems). We have developed and implemented the algorithms for mastering the works of art and the schemes of analysis in particular. Thus, for the semi-figurative visual arts the analytical scheme based on the semi-symbolic semiosis method is proposed; this scheme involves the definition of the plan of a text’s content, the description of the plan of «expression», the comparison of the content of the two plans and the derivation of the general meaning of the work. For the non-mimetic texts belonging to the transcendental system, the algorithm is developed that includes: emphasizing the attention of senior pupils on the peculiarities of the creative method of artists; the setting for entry to irrational artistic worlds at the level of a «revelation»; immersion in the text; the experience of an internal act of the transition to spiritual «world»; post-adequacy of a content (both in verbal and visual forms). Acknowledgments. Sincere thanks to librarian staff at Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine, in particular Inna Matviyenko for her assistance. Funding. The author received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Quantum Mechanics and an Ontology of Intersubjectivity: Perils and Promises

Abstract Contemporary theology has realized the importance of integrating what we know from the “new physics”-quantum mechanics and relativity theory-into the metaphysical and ontological categories used by theology to consider God, the world, and the God-world relationship. The categories of subjectivity and relationality have risen to prominence in these discussions. Both academic and popular presentations can obscure the vital distinction between what physicists agree on concerning quantum mechanics and the contested interpretation of quantum mechanics, or what quantum mechanics reveals about reality. After (1) summarizing the significant distinction between quantum mechanics per se and the interpretations of quantum mechanics and (2) the agreed upon quantum mechanical experimental procedure and its attendant mathematical formalism, as well as a few of the foremost interpretations, this paper (3) attempts a minimalist culling of some rudimentary but clear ontological principles and categories from what is agreed upon in quantum mechanics, without appeals-tacit or explicit-to one of the many controversial interpretations or to contestable philosophical assumptions and deductions, and these are: experience, subjectivity, relationship, and event. The paper closes by (4) commending one speculative scheme that is especially conducive to developing an interpretation of quantum mechanics consonant with the ontological principles and categories so derived, that of Alfred North Whitehead

Deconstruyendo la noción de inclusión: Un análisis de investigaciones, políticas y prácticas en educación

Este artículo plantea que la noción de inclusión, que es usada tanto por las políticas públicas como por la investigación en educación, abarca dos conceptos distintos e incompatibles en la producción de conocimiento: la educación inclusiva y la inclusión social en la escuela. Este estudio deconstruye la noción de inclusión en educación a partir del análisis de textos teóricos y fuentes internacionales de investigación científica en educación (2000-2015). Se presentan tres hallazgos principales que diferencian los dos conceptos: (1) son procesos de naturaleza distinta, fundados en definiciones y lenguajes específicos; (2) tienen distintas concepciones de la democracia, que influencian su focalización en la escuela o en la sociedad; y (3) descansan en principios ontológicos distintos, equidad o igualdad, determinando prácticas de implementación contradictorias. En conclusión, se sugiere considerar el concepto que sustente las futuras investigaciones en educación para proponer estudios, políticas y prácticas de acuerdo con el marco ontológico adoptado.

Totemism, tourism, and trucks. The changing meanings of paint and colors in a Sepik River society

Iatmul art from the middle Sepik River in Papua New Guinea is well-known worldwide, but little understood. This article therefore offers an ethnographically-grounded, long-term study of the changing meanings of artistic paint and colors as used and seen by the Eastern Iatmul people of Tambunum village, whom I have studied since the late-1980s. I analyze how colors and paint evoke the landscape in terms of mythic history, totemism, the aesthetic value of movement, an irreducible dialogue about cosmic generativity, and the ontological principle of watery change. I also interpret touristic paintings and how Eastern Iatmul see recent decorations on passenger trucks and vans, drawing on the outlook of landscape realism in the Western tradition. The traditional worldview still infuses paint and colors with ancestral meanings. But Eastern Iatmul today also color their art with aspirations for development, romantic views of nature, and anxieties over globalization.

Tunisian Performances of the Sufi Ascent: the ‘Issawiya Hadra Ritual

Focusing on the hadra ritual of the ‘Issawiya Sufi community, in this article Dia Barghouti explores how the narrative of the Prophet Muhammad's ‘night journey’ is performed within the Tunisian socio-cultural context. Drawing on the philosophical writings of the twelfth-century Sufi saint Muhyidin Ibn ‘Arabi, the author examines how re-enacting narratives of transcendence, and particularly of myths associated with the patron saint of the order, Sidi Ben-’Issa, allows members of the ‘Issawiya community to explore the ontological principles of Sufi cosmology by experiencing them directly in the body. Dia Barghouti is a playwright and PhD candidate in the Department of Theatre and Performance at Goldsmiths, University of London. Her plays have been performed at Ashtar Theatre and the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center in Ramallah in Palestine.

A ética do Filebo é uma ética pluralista?

Tradução de Silvia Regina Barros da Cunha.
 Tomando como uma hipótese geral que a ética do Filebo é uma ética da vida boa ou eudemônica, viso demonstrar neste artigo ser ela também, tal como a aristotélica, uma ética pluralista ou inclusiva. Meus principais argumentos para esta conclusão podem ser enunciados como segue: 1) a postura aberta de Sócrates e Protarco, os principais palestradores, em contraste com a atitude dogmática de Filebo; 2) o método que Platão estabelece para a construção de sua ética nesse diálogo; 3) os princípios ontológicos que ele erige como base para essa ética; 4) os elementos que os principais oradores ao final incluem no bem misto que o ἀνθρώπινων ἀγαθόν é. Além disso, sustento que uma análise cuidadosa desses argumentos contribui, como diria Gadamer, para uma melhor compreensão da ética aristotélica.

THE ONTOLOGY OF CAPITAL: ON THE SHARED METHODOLOGICAL LIMITS OF MODERNIZATION THEORY AND ITS CRITICS

ABSTRACTThis article argues that critical scholarship in historical studies has not overcome the methodological limits of modernization theory for failing to question the ontological principles that construct its object of analysis. I call these principles the “ontology of capital” and explicate them through Bourdieu's conceptualization of the field and capital. I argue that this ontology is established according to a distribution model in which social entities come into the analysis with the amount and value of the capital they hold. This model grasps all social relations in the form of competition, and actors and actions enter into the analysis only when they are involved in such relations. I then analyze Bernard Lewis's The Emergence of Modern Turkey, which is written explicitly from a modernization perspective, to show how the principles of the “ontology of capital” operate in this text. The analysis focuses on how sociohistorical facts are constructed through selection and articulation of empirical evidence that become meaningful only on the basis of this ontology. The aim of this analysis is to show the ontology of capital that constructs the object of analysis in Lewis's text rather than the Eurocentric, teleological, and elitist character of his analysis of history that critics in recent decades have addressed as problems of the modernization paradigm. Based on this, I argue that for a productive critical approach, relational analysis, which characterizes critical scholarship in contrast to essentialism, also has to consider the ontological principles in a historical work to overcome methodological limits. The failure to interrogate this ontology leads to an analytical separation in critical scholarship between the analysis of historical reality and of alternatives to this reality. This separation not only produces a dehistoricized analysis of the present from a critical perspective, but also turns the alternatives into utopian models.

Humanism and technique in the university

The article emerges from a systematic reflection of questions, such as: Are humanist subjects or humanity through subjects? What are humanist subjects and why are they? What are the humanist subjects at the university for? Why do Technologic universities need to include humanist subjects in the syllabus? What are the basic subjects and the auxiliary ones in the humanist teaching? What is the relationship between humanism and technique? Among others proper of the epistemological and ontological principles of the man as an object of this current reflection. Besides of the biggest worries of the treatise writers, ideologist and politicians, because of its importance about men structure, in the university. It is believed as something that just falls to the State, when it must develop its social function, regardless the individual who is formed and gains consciousness of the tracendence. It is the university which must guide the embryonic institution of ideologies to guide and form the man according to the principles called humanist.

A Meinongian Way out of the Polish Proofs Against General Objects

The triangle in general or the man as such are general objects. These are objects that possess the properties common to all the individual objects in their range. Stanislaw Leśniewski and Tadeusz Kotarbinski, two Polish philosophers and logicians belonging to the Lvov-Warsaw School, produced several proofs aiming to show that such objects are impossible because the principles that govern them lead to a contradiction. In this paper I first clarify the structure of their proofs. Then I suggest a way to elude their conclusion. In order to do that I use two Meinongian distinctions: the distinction between complete and incomplete objects, on the one hand, and the distinction between nuclear and extranuclear properties, on the other hand. I claim first that general objects are incomplete objects, i.e. they do not satisfy the ontological principle of the excluded middle, and second that the principle that governs the relations between the properties of general objects and the properties of the individual objects in their range should be restricted to nuclear properties.

English

This research attempts to throw light on the indigenous African moral philosophy from the yoruba socio-cultural paradigm, espousing the adequacy of its authentic ontological and ethical principles towards sustainable development in the contemporary period. Indigenous African morality revolves around the notion of character and character traits which aim at analyzing actions and motive of a moral agent. Character-ethics approaches moral discourse not on the face value of moral actions; rather, from the broad understanding of the nature of reality and subsisting metaphysical orientation in a socio-cultural experience that shapes the mind and conducts of its individuals. The concept of Omoluabi suffices as generally accepted character (Iwa) model among the Yoruba predominantly in the West African sub-region. An Omoluabi is a well-rounded good person, exhibiting virtues like moderation, truth, diligence, courage and wisdom among others. Behind these virtues are African ontological and ethical principles that inform the making of an Omoluabi in the Yoruba traditional moral setting. The underlining metaphysical orientation accentuates spiritual primacy, duality and complementarity to promote interdependence of all forces and harmonious relationship. In effect, the character of Omoluabi is such that harmonises interests, promotes the spirit of live and let live, diplomacy and collective well-being in the society. Conceptual analysis and critical evaluative reasoning were employed as the methodology to unravel the potential of the African metaphysical orientation via Yoruba traditional morality. “The complementarity and symbiotic orientation drawn from the characteristics of Omoluabi was argued as germane to peaceful coexistence”. Generally, it is our position that the notion of Omoluabi hinged on authentic African metaphysical orientation will enhance sustainable moral development especially in a pluralistic society. Key words: Morality, character (Iwa), omoluabi, duality, African moral philosophy.