Mapping Principle Research Articles

Spinal maps of motoneuron activity during human locomotion: neuromechanical considerations.

The spatial segmental location of motoneurons in the human spinal cord is influenced by both evolutionary and functional principles tending to optimize motor control, reflex integration, and adaptation to the demands of movement. Bearing in mind the biomechanics of limb muscles, it is logical to examine how motoneuron activity clusters functionally during typical daily activities like walking. This article provides a summary of advancements in the study of spinal maps of motoneuron activation during human locomotion by reviewing data gathered over ∼20years. The effects of child development, aging, and neurological disorders show the salient characteristics of spinal segmental activity during different human locomotor tasks and conditions. By exploiting the neuromechanics of the spinal motor circuits, that is, the link between motoneuron activity and gait mechanics, neuroprosthetics and other focused treatments may better help individuals with locomotor impairments.

Preliminary discussion on the whole life-cycle management of wisdom teeth health

The impaction rate of wisdom teeth is increasingly high, leading to more and more serious clinical problems. For a long time, the primary approach to managing wisdom teeth has been direct extraction, with a notable lack of systematic and diversified treatment methods. This article introduces, for the first time, the concept of whole life-cycle health management for wisdom teeth and suggests that the window for wisdom teeth life-cycle health management should be moved forward to the tooth germ stage. For tooth germs of wisdom teeth with severe risks, timely and necessary intervention should be administered. For normally erupting wisdom teeth, efforts should be made to maintain their health so they can function over the long term. For impacted wisdom teeth that have not caused related clinical symptoms, careful observation and cautious extraction should be considered. If necessary, techniques such as orthodontics and autotransplantation can be used to functionalize them. For impacted wisdom teeth that have caused clinical symptoms, functional oral surgical principles should be applied to reduce surgical trauma and prevent intraoperative and postoperative complications using advanced clinical techniques.

Internal audit and control in an enterprise: how it works and why it is needed

The author examines the importance and principles of functioning of internal audit and control at enterprises, which is a key tool for ensuring the efficiency of the company, preventing possible problems and compliance of activities with legal and regulatory requirements. The article describes in detail the main stages of conducting an internal audit, including planning, conducting, preparing a report and implementing recommendations. Various types of audits are also discussed, such as: • Audit of the accounting system. • Audit of the risk management system. • Audit of the quality management system. • Audit of personnel policy. • Information security audit. • Audit of logistics processes. • Environmental safety audit. • Occupational safety audit. Particular attention is paid to the role of auditors and the importance of independence and impartiality in the conduct of audits. The article will be useful to business managers, financial directors, auditors and anyone interested in management and control issues in business.

Study of Quantum Difference Coupled Impulsive System with Respect to Another Function

In this paper, we study a quantum difference coupled impulsive system with respect to another function. Some quantum derivative and integral asymmetric graphs with respect to another function are shown to illustrate the behavior of parameters. Existence and uniqueness results are established via Banach contraction mapping principle and Leray–Schauder alternative. Examples illustrating the obtained results are also included. Our results are new and significantly contribute to the literature to this new subject on quantum calculus on finite intervals with respect to another function.

Mechanical modeling of friction phenomena in social systems based on friction force

Friction is not an inherent attribute in natural science. Indeed, there are various friction phenomena present in social systems. In this study, the researchers developed the general concept of social friction and distinguished the two-dimensional structure of explicit-implicit social friction phenomena. Specifically, explicit friction includes institutional friction, economic friction, behavioral friction, and migration friction. Implicit friction includes cultural friction, cognitive friction, interpersonal friction, technological friction, and information friction. Physical theories such as friction force, classical mechanics, and functional principles have been introduced to construct a social friction force model. This paper describes the emergence and evolution of social friction phenomena from the mechanics perspective and clarifies the various characteristics of social friction force in different areas. This study also provides a new theoretical perspective for examining social friction phenomena and adds innovative content to intersection studies in physics and the social sciences.

BIOMECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ENDO-EXO-PROSTHETICS OF THE LOWER LIMBS

The prospects of creating new opportunities in the rehabilitation of patients with limb amputations are generally associated with the method of osseointegration and endo-exo-prosthetics (EEP). The results of the practical application of the method indicate attention to the analytical consideration of all its components, all stages. Objective. To substantiate the expediency and directions of research and development of the theoretical and practical principles of EEP from the standpoint of the full cycle, including both the problems of osseointegration and functional qualities, constructive and technological principles regarding the prostheses themselves, the methodology of the process of mastering and using them. Results. Considered biomechanical and other arguments, which substantiate the objects of research and development of medicaltechnical and medical-technological means, including the constructions of endo-exo-prostheses, methods of learning to use them, evaluation of the quality of locomotion, increasing the reliability of the «implant-bone» c ontact. The d esign principle of a hip prosthesis with a removable unloading module is proposed, which is installed at the stage of mastering the prosthesis, and in necessary cases, during constant use. The possibilities of the method of recognizing biomechanical patterns of movements for teaching patients to walk on prostheses, for adjusting functional nodes and assessing the quality of prosthetics are shown. Conclusions. The problemof endo-exo-prosthetics is considered for the first time from the standpoint of the requirements for the functions and qualities of the prostheses themselves. Reasoned directions of application and significance of clinical, experimental and mathematical biomechanics methods for analysis and development of the functional structure of endo-exo prostheses, to reduce risks when using them.

Mechanism of increasing the efficiency of functioning of raw material zones of agroindustrial production

The paper presents the results of the analysis of the main organisational and economic models of functioning of raw material zones of agroindustrial production, identifies key features, advantages in the current conditions of the Republic of Belarus and the tasks of improving the current mechanism. The criteria of formation (maximum provision of demand for agricultural raw materials with regard to the optimal utilisation of production capacities and target parameters of food security; increasing the comparative efficiency of agricultural raw materials production in terms of yield (productivity), unit production cost and quality; building up added value within the product chain, etc.) and principles of functioning of highly efficient raw material zones (strategic partnership; increasing competitiveness of agricultural raw material zones) are substantiated.

Self-supervised dual-layer 2D normalizing flow method for industrial anomaly detection

To address the shortcomings in feature representation and abstraction ability of NFs in the field of unsupervised industrial anomaly detection, as well as the ambiguity in determining the decision boundary between normal and anomaly features, this study proposes the SDNF. This method is dedicated to accurately identifying anomalies by mastering the differences in the distribution of normal and anomaly features. The adopted AFS enables the model to more clearly define the decision boundaries, while the application of the DNF enhances the feature representation and abstraction capabilities. By utilizing the mapping principle of NF, we successfully distinguished between normal and anomaly features, achieving efficient anomaly localization. Furthermore, the ESAM is introduced into the DNF’s sub-networks, allowing the model to focus more on anomaly features, thereby significantly improving the performance of anomaly detection. Experimental validation shows that this method significantly improves the image-level and pixel-level AUC metrics on the MVTec AD dataset, reaching 99.33 % and 98.48 % respectively, surpassing previous research results in terms of the accuracy and quality of anomaly detection. While ensuring high-precision anomaly detection, this research also balances the complexity and inference efficiency of the model, contributing to the advancement of industrial anomaly detection. The related code has been made open source, for more details please visit https://github.com/FutureIAI.

Weakly Reich Type Cyclic Contraction Mapping Principle

Weakly Reich Type Cyclic Contraction Mapping Principle

The Influence of Social Networks on the Formation of Modern Culture and its Relationship with Philosophy

The purpose of the research is to highlight the role of social media in the dynamic processes of modern culture development. Socio-cultural progress requires effective tools that will ensure the involvement of individual and social potential. Therefore, the article aims to position social media in the paradigm of the information and digital society. The research methodology is focused on the analysis of scientific works that interpret the content and format of information and communication activity of social media resources. The synergistic approach involves the formation of relevant algorithms for broadcasting social relations based on the interaction between different institutions and correlated with philosophical and ideological guidelines. The results of the study identify a number of information and communication dimensions that define worldview and mental meanings and form practice-oriented models of engaging society in synergistic interaction through social media resources. Among the key dimensions of the functioning of social networks in the information society system are: information, technology, dynamism, flexibility, creativity, heuristics, innovation. A promising area of research into the role of social networks in the context of actualising the philosophical and synergistic discourse is the problem of public self-organisation - the integrity of the approach to understanding social activity. Thus, social networks play an important role in the implementation of the principles of functioning of the social order (local or large-scale), providing the information and communication component of social activity. At the same time, social networks are actually becoming platforms where not only certain principles or elements of social development are presented, but also where discussion activity, debate and identification of the specifics of their implementation are formed. The problem of risks associated with the use of the potential of social communication, namely, responsibility, information security, and compliance with the norms of information culture, remains a matter of debate. Philosophy has historically fulfilled the mission of reconciling innovative dimensions with the fundamental dimensions of social activity, so the mental perception of the status of social networks is no less important than their functional potential.

CFI: a VR motor rehabilitation serious game design framework integrating rehabilitation function and game design principles with an upper limb case

Virtual reality (VR) Rehabilitation holds the potential to address the challenge that patients feel bored and give up long-term rehabilitation training. Despite the introduction of gaming elements by some researchers in rehabilitation training to enhance engagement, there remains a notable lack of in-depth research on VR rehabilitation serious game design methods, particularly the absence of a concrete design framework for VR rehabilitation serious games. Hence, we introduce the Clinical-Function-Interesting (CFI): a VR rehabilitation serious game design framework, harmonizing rehabilitation function and game design theories. The framework initiates with clinic information, defining game functions through the functional decomposition of rehabilitation training. Subsequently, it integrates gaming elements identified through the analysis and comparison of related literature to provide enduring support for long-term training. Furthermore, VR side-effect and enhancement are considered. Building upon this design framework, we have developed an upper limb VR rehabilitation serious game tailored for mild to moderate stroke patients and aligned our framework with another developed VR rehabilitation serious game to validate its practical feasibility. Overall, the proposed design framework offers a systematic VR rehabilitation serious game design methodology for the VR rehabilitation field, assisting developers in more accurately designing VR rehabilitation serious games that are tailored to specific rehabilitation goals.

A quantified planning method of local public transport services for expanding residents’ activity opportunities

The purpose of public transport is to expand activity opportunities of residents. Many public transport planning methods focus on the needs of residents. However, residents can adapt to the environment and form limited needs in areas with low public transport service levels, such as rural areas. Therefore, it is important to focus on activity opportunities (various states of people (being) and actions (being able)) rather than needs. The authors constructed a method for local public transport planning that focuses on activity opportunities; however, the variables and solutions of the model were abstract and thus did not reach the stage of practical application. Therefore, this study aimed to put into practical use a supporting method for local public transport planning. This method consists of a “measurement model for activity opportunity,” in which a given bus service and the ability to use it are variables, and an “evaluation model for planning alternatives” that incorporates a social relationship function and disparity principle. Through a case analysis in a rural area to which this method was applied, its usefulness was verified, and it was confirmed that it can contribute to public transport planning to increase activity opportunities.

Boundaries identification of geological structure in lunar Oceanus Procellarum region using full gravity gradient tensor methodology

Boundary recognition visually delineates the horizontal extent of subsurface anomalies, providing a foundational basis for interpreting gravity data. Compared to gravity observations, gravity gradient data offers the benefits of multiple components and the enhancement of shortwave information in graphical representations. In our study, we investigated the delineation of geological structure boundaries in the lunar Oceanus Procellarum region using gravity gradient techniques. First, based on the observations from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission, we obtained high-precision synthetic full tensor values of the gravity gradient as our primary research data. Moreover, to reduce curvature errors during large-scale terrain forward modeling, we applied the spherical prism of tesseroid to eliminate the effects of near-surface topography. Grounded on the Bouguer anomalies of gravity gradient, four distinct boundary recognition methods have been employed to explore the geological structure of the lunar Oceanus Procellarum region. It includes the Theta map method, the directional Theta map method, the combination of total horizontal derivative and the modulus of full tensor gravity gradient, and the improved edge detection method based on the Theta map method.The common feature of these methods is the utilization of the multi-component data combination from gravity gradient tensors, which can enhance the accuracy of edge detection. From the investigation results presented in the paper, we have found the following: 1) The improved edge detection method, based on the Theta map principle, enables better identification of the center of subsurface anomaly bodies during boundary recognition, utilizing a consistent single color in graphic displays. 2) According to the results of boundary recognition, numerous strip anomalies exist in the Oceanus Procellarum area that show less correlation with topographic relief. One possible explanation for these graphical anomalies of gravity gradient is that they serve as channels for the upwelling of mantle material during lunar evolution.

The relevance of F. Barth's ideas for modern studies of ethnicity

The concept of ethnicity continues to be an important factor for the analysis of modern society of the XXI century. This text is devoted to a critical analysis of the relevance of Frederick Barth's research conducted in 1969 and presented in the work “Ethnic Groups and Borders”. Barth's theoretical model reveals diversity and consistency at the junction of ethnic boundaries, the connection between which is due to the heuristic correlation of the author's concepts reflecting the static and dynamic identity in the aspect of ethnicity. Of particular interest are the less popular categories of Barth's discourse, which represent the positive and negative labeling of ethnic groups in acts of nomination and discrimination. An attempt to draw attention to F.'s ideas, which have already become classic and therefore somewhat outdated. Barth's work is due to the incredible plasticity of his methodology, which, combined with modern approaches (for example, symbolic interactionism) can become a very useful tool for studying ethnic issues in our time. Addressing the ethnic issues of Barth's works contributes to a deeper rethinking of the reality around us and an understanding of the principles of functioning of modern society.

Intraocular lenses for patients with age-related macular degeneration

Purpose. Age-related macular degeneration refers to a retinal disease that induces the loss of central vision and is the most common cause of blindness in people over 65 years of age in the western world. Today’s technology offers various intraocular lenses, which are used to support conventional low vision aids such as collimating and non-collimating magnifiers. Material and Methods. Within the scope of this thesis, three different intraocular lens systems are presented, which are based on the principle of beam deflection and/or magnification. Results. Following a patent and literature search, the systems were simulated using ray trace software in order to reconstruct their functional principle and compare it with each other. Conclusion. With the help of a theoretical model, different fictional retinal defects were simulated and the efficiency of each lens system was evaluated according to their respective properties. Keywords Intraocular lenses, age-related macular degeneration, eye model, Liou & Brennan

Restoration of the anterior compartment after robotic total knee arthroplasty significantly improves functional outcome and range of motion at 1 year.

This study aims to assess the functional outcomes based on restoring the anterior compartment after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This retrospective study included 96 primary TKAs performed between 2021 and 2022. Functional positioning principles were applied using an image-based robotic-assisted system. The mean age was 69.2 ± 7.9 years. Knee Society Score (KSS), Kujala score, Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) and knee flexion were collected preoperatively and at 1 year. The depth difference between native and prosthetic trochlea was measured to assess anterior compartment restoration at full extension, 30°, 70° and 90° flexion. The global anterior compartment restoration combined the anterior compartment restoration and the patellar thickness restoration. The trochlear offset was mostly understuffed after TKA compared to the native anatomy, mainly for medial and lateral condyles at 30° and 70° of flexion. The global anterior compartment restoration was understuffed in full extension (-0.7 mm ± 2), at 30° (-4.4 mm ± 2) and 70° of flexion (-3.6 mm ± 2.5). At 90°, the global anterior compartment restoration was overstuffed (2.2 mm ± 1.8). Functional scores were not significantly influenced by the anterior compartment stuffing at 0° and 30° (n.s.). The anterior compartment overstuffing at 70° and 90° was associated with decreased KSS function score (p = 0.009) and flexion (p = 0.04). Moderate anterior understuffing was frequently observed after TKA performed with functional positioning and an image-based robotic-assisted system. This understuffing did not influence the functional outcomes. The overstuffing of the anterior compartment led to a reduction in KSS function score and flexion measurements at 1 year. Level III, retrospective cohort study.

Administrative and legal status of subjects of information support for the administration of justice

Introduction. Information support is an integral part of the effective functioning of the justice system in a democratic state governed by the rule of law. The proper work of responsible entities directly affects compliance with the principles of the rule of law, transparency, equality before the law, etc. Timely transfer of data, protection of confidential information, ensuring access to materials for participants in the process - all this is the responsibility of special subjects of information support of justice. However, in the context of the development of information technology and cyber threats, there is a need to thoroughly study their administrative and legal status, functions, tasks and responsibilities. The purpose of the paper is to study the legal nature of the administrative and legal status of subjects of information support for the administration of justice. Results. The paper examines the legal nature of their status and its constituent elements. The author identifies the main groups of such subjects: subjects of administration of registers and databases, subjects of administration of judicial communications, and subjects of information protection. The paper analyses the administrative and legal status of the High Council of Justice, State Judicial Administration, National Information Systems, Information Court Systems, Centre for Court Services, and the information protection units within the framework of their functions, duties and responsibilities. The author substantiates the need for a comprehensive review of the principles of functioning of the subjects of information support of justice in order to improve the efficiency of the judicial system in the context of digitalisation and combating cyber threats. Conclusion. Information support is critical for the effective operation of the justice system in the context of digitalisation. The proper operation of responsible entities directly affects compliance with the principles of justice. Their administrative and legal status is determined by their functions, rights, duties and responsibilities under the law. Given cyber threats and technological development, a comprehensive review of the legal framework for the functioning of these entities is needed to optimise their work and increase the efficiency of the judicial system. The list of such entities is not exhaustive and requires further research.

Construction strategy of stimuli-responsive liposome and its biological application

Stimuli-responsive liposomes, a novel type of nanocarriers, have been widely used in the fields of medicine, food, and cosmetics. This paper provides a comprehensive introduction to the preparation methods, construction strategies, and biological applications of stimuli-responsive liposomes. The review highlights the functional principles of pH-sensitive, redox-sensitive, enzyme-sensitive, heat-sensitive, light-sensitive, and magnetic field-responsive liposomes, and summarizes their applications based on various drug delivery mode. Finally, the article provides an overview of the current challenges and future development prospects for stimuli-responsive liposomes.

Recent Advances in Food Hydrocolloidal System Physiochemistry

Abstract: The recent advances in plant and animal biosystems of hydrocolloids have led scientists to find analytical techniques to explore the scientific principles of these molecules for their functional principles, precursors of essential pathways, and other physical and chemical processes. The current editorial highlights the importance of applying advanced physicochemical theories and practical examples to sustain this important innovation approach further.

Reconstructing the Colors of Underwater Images Based on the Color Mapping Strategy

Underwater imagery plays a vital role in ocean development and conservation efforts. However, underwater images often suffer from chromatic aberration and low contrast due to the attenuation and scattering of visible light in the complex medium of water. To address these issues, we propose an underwater image enhancement network called CM-Net, which utilizes color mapping techniques to remove noise and restore the natural brightness and colors of underwater images. Specifically, CM-Net consists of a three-step solution: adaptive color mapping (ACM), local enhancement (LE), and global generation (GG). Inspired by the principles of color gamut mapping, the ACM enhances the network’s adaptive response to regions with severe color attenuation. ACM enables the correction of the blue-green cast in underwater images by combining color constancy theory with the power of convolutional neural networks. To account for inconsistent attenuation in different channels and spatial regions, we designed a multi-head reinforcement module (MHR) in the LE step. The MHR enhances the network’s attention to channels and spatial regions with more pronounced attenuation, further improving contrast and saturation. Compared to the best candidate models on the EUVP and UIEB datasets, CM-Net improves PSNR by 18.1% and 6.5% and SSIM by 5.9% and 13.3%, respectively. At the same time, CIEDE2000 decreased by 25.6% and 1.3%.