Principle Of Expansion Research Articles

THE ORIGIN OF A NEW RELATIVITY. NO SENSE OF EINSTEIN'S PRINCIPLES OF RELATIVITY

Based on the analysis of “The contraction of time under the action of a gravi- tational field, in different references at rest”, we conclude that space does not contract. In view of the result obtained, we were obliged to analyze the found- ing principles of Einstein’s theory of relativity, the dilation of time and the con- traction of space, the two principles, structural pillars of the whole theory of relativity. We found problems in the model regarding the relativity of time in the direc- tion of displacement. It is proposed for the calculation of time in the stopped frame the contraction of time in the moving frame which is contrary to the model. We also analyzed Michelson-Morley’s experience and concluded that it does not respect the principle of time expansion for a K in the direction of dis- placement. Finally, we decided to look with double attention to the meaning of the expression of time dilation, concluding once again that space does not heal and that the principle to be retained is the constancy of space covered by ”light” in the equivalent times of all reference frames. We conclude that we have a new way of looking at physics, which will give rise to a new theory of relativity.

Modeling of psychological support of persons with disabilities at the University

The article is devoted to the description of modern approaches to modeling of psychological and pedagogical support of persons with disabilities and disabilities in higher education. The article presents a model of psychological and pedagogical support of students with disabilities at the main stages of higher education, describes in detail the structural components of complex support. The aim of the study was to develop a model of psychological and pedagogical support for persons with disabilities and disabilities in the University. The targets, main directions and content of students ' support in the conditions of an inclusive University are defined. The main directions of psychological and pedagogical support of persons with disabilities and disabilities in the University are: education, diagnosis, counseling, prevention, correctional and developmental work, research (methodological) activities, etc. The article describes in detail the content of these areas for students with disabilities and disabilities. These directions are realized both in work with students, and their parents, teachers of the higher school. The modeling of psychological and pedagogical support of inclusive higher education is based on the following principles: the principle of expansion and formation of tolerant barrier-free space, the principle of subjectivity and socialization, the principle of motivation and activity, the principle of diabolicality, the principle of variability.

Exploring the Principle of Dewey's Expansion of Experience and Imagination based on Social Life

Exploring the Principle of Dewey's Expansion of Experience and Imagination based on Social Life

Management strategy of lung protection in patients with intra-abdominal infection

Lung protection is important in the treatment of patients with intra-abdominal infection (IAI). This article focuses on the management strategy of lung protection in IAI patients. In the implementation of IAI individual respiratory protection, good humidification and chest physical therapy, nutritional support, strict balloon management, keeping a semi-supine position, and reducing the duration and depth of analgesia and sedation are helpful to maintain effective coughing capacity and prevent silent aspiration. It is also necessary to prevent ventilator-associated lung injury in mechanical ventilation, and implement strategies of small tidal volume, limited platform pressure, diaphragmatic protection and right heart protection ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Respiratory mechanical indicators, including airway resistance, respiratory compliance, maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), and airway closure pressure (P0.1) can be used in IAI patients receiving mechanical ventilation for individualized assessment and monitoring of respiratory functional status. Patients with IAI who have not been treated with mechanical ventilation can use simplified bedside lung function indicators, including forced vital capacity of inhalation and exhalation, maximum inspiratory pressure and exhalation pressure, as well as volume and rate of 1s. In pulmonary rehabilitation, the protection technique of the seven-word principle of humidification, turning, patting, coughing, expansion, blowing and mobilization are implemented.

Research on Standard Legend Production of the Geological Map Interpreted with Remote Sensing Images

It is necessary to standardize the legends of the geological map interpreted with remote sensing images in various application fields duly to achieve standardization and automation of the legends. This paper analyzes main contents and expression forms of legends based on the principle of legend compilation and expansion, and discusses generation method, compilation and expression of various legends. 455 legends of the geological map interpreted with remote sensing images were designed and produced by using Font Creator and ArcGIS software. These legends can be applied to remote sensing survey of regional geology and mineral geology, remote sensing monitoring of fundamental geology environment, remote sensing monitoring of geological disasters, remote sensing monitoring of mineral resources development and others, which can basically meet needs of actual work, and can provide technical support for standardized research of the geological map interpreted with remote sensing images.

A Novel Phase Noise Suppression Scheme Utilizing Gaussian Wavelet Basis Expansion for PDM CO-OFDM Superchannel

In this paper, we propose a novel Gaussian wavelet basis expansion-based phase noise suppression scheme for polarization-division-multiplexing (PDM) coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) superchannel. We analyze the phase noise suppression principle of Gaussian wavelet basis expansion (GWBE) and experimentally demonstrated it in 400-Gb/s optical PDM-QPSK-OFDM superchannel. Compared with the traditional common phase error (CPE) suppression scheme, a Q-factor improvement of about 1.5∼3.2 dB is achieved when the number of the pilots ranges from 16 to 80. Meanwhile, we evaluate the nonlinear phase noise suppression ability by adjusting the launched power into 160 km standard single mode fiber (SSMF). The results show that the proposed GWBE scheme is obviously superior to CPE and orthogonal basis expansion (OBE) in different nonlinear phase noise scenarios. Furtherly, we extend the GWBE scheme to 800 Gb/s PDM-16QAM-OFDM superchannel. The GWBE scheme can enhance the BER performance from 1.92 E-03 to 5.87 E-04 when the number of pilots is 48.

Techniques enhancement for tissue expander/implant two-stage breast reconstruction

To investigate the outcomes of breast reconstruction with employing improved techniques throughout the tissue expander/implant two-stage breast reconstructed process, which involved the tissue expander placement, the saline filling intraoperatively and postoperatively, the implant selection, and the permanent implant replacement. In this study, 68 patients who had been provided immediate or delayed tissue expander/implant two-stage breast reconstruction with autologous fat injection post-mastectomy in Peking University Third Hospital from April 2014 to September 2018 were involved, and the relevant information was analyzed retrospectively. The enhancements of the techniques, involving the incision selection, the expander placement, the principle of expansion, the management of capsule, the prosthesis selection, and the assisted reconstruction method were summarized, and the reconstruction outcomes were evaluated objectively through three-dimensional surface imaging. Among the 68 patients in this study, immediate reconstruction was conducted in 25 patients and 43 patients underwent delayed reconstruction. The median time of tissue expansion was 7.0 (3.0, 20.0) months, and the average volume of expansion was (372.8±87.2) mL. The median size of breast implant was 215 (100, 395) mL. The median number of injections for fat grafting was 1 (1, 3), and the average volume of fat grafting was (119.3±34.1) mL. The median follow-up time was 7.0 (4.0, 24.0) months. During the process of breast reconstruction, the tissue expander leakage was observed in two patients, and one of them underwent expander replacement due to the secondary infection. In the immediate reconstruction cases, the volume symmetry of bilateral breasts after reconstruction got even better than that before mastectomy (t=4.465, P<0.01). And in the delayed reconstruction cases, the volume between bilateral breasts also achieved good symmetry after reconstruction (t=0.867, P>0.1). Good results of tissue expander/implant two-stage breast reconstruction could be achieved through the techniques enhancement, which involved the preferred transverse incision, the downward placement of expander, the rapid expansion of chest soft tissue, the release of capsule tension, the application of sizer in prosthesis selection, and the assisted autologous fat grafting.

Thermal volume change of saturated clays: A fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical finite element implementation

The creep and consolidation behaviors of clays subjected to thermal cycles are of fundamental importance in the application of energy geostructures. This study aims to numerically investigate the physical mechanisms for the temperature-triggered volume change of saturated clays. A recently developed thermodynamic framework is used to derive the thermo-mechanical constitutive model for clays. Based on the model, a fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) finite element (FE) code is developed. Comparison with experimental observations shows that the proposed FE code can well reproduce the irreversible thermal contraction of normally consolidated and lightly overconsolidated clays, as well as the thermal expansion of heavily overconsolidated clays under drained heating. Simulations reveal that excess pore pressure may accumulate in clay samples under triaxial drained conditions due to low permeability and high heating rate, resulting in thermally induced primary consolidation. Results show that four major mechanisms contribute to the thermal volume change of clays: (i) the principle of thermal expansion, (ii) the decrease of effective stress due to the accumulation of excess pore pressure, (iii) the thermal creep, and (iv) the thermally induced primary consolidation. The former two mechanisms mainly contribute to the thermal expansion of heavily overconsolidated clays, whereas the latter two contribute to the noticeable thermal contraction of normally consolidated and lightly overconsolidated clays. Consideration of the four physical mechanisms is important for the settlement prediction of energy geostructures, especially in soft soils.

Method of measuring absolute distance based on spectral interferometry using an electro-optic comb

To explore a new generation of ranging method suitable for industrial applications, in this paper, a spectral interferometry ranging method based on electro-optic (EO) comb is proposed. The mathematical model of EO comb and the principle of spectral expansion are analyzed in detail. Besides, the factors affecting the non-ambiguous range and resolution of the spectral interferometry method are also discussed. According to the theoretical analysis, the resolution of spectral interference ranging is mainly affected by the spectrum width of the optical frequency comb, and the non-ambiguous range is affected by the resolution of the optical spectrum analyzer (equal to the highest sampling rate of the optical spectrum analyzer). In the experiment, triple cascaded EO phase modulator is used to modulate a single frequency laser to generate more than 40 high-power sidebands. Then, the laser spectrum output from the EO modulator is expanded by single mode fiber and high nonlinearity fiber. Owing to the use of erbium doped fiber amplifier between the dispersion compensation fiber (single mode fiber) and the highly nonlinearity fiber, the polarization disturbance does not affect the spectrum width of the optical frequency comb significantly. However, the width of spectrum will be still affected by the phases of light, and the phases of light can be adjusted by the phase shifters in the front of the electro-optic modulators. Finally, the EO comb with a repetition frequency of 10 GHz and spectrum width of 30 nm is obtained. The EO comb can be used as the source of spectral interferometry scheme. Since the repetition frequency of the EO comb is high enough, which can meet the distortion-free sampling of optical spectrum analyzer. Hence, there is no “dead zone” in the measurement range. Besides, the equal frequency interval resampling algorithm and quadratic equation fitting algorithm are used in the data processing. Through the use of these algorithms, we can eliminate the measurement errors caused by non-equal frequency interval sampling of the optical spectrum analyzer and improve the ranging accuracy. The experimental results show that within the range of 1 m, the absolute ranging accuracy of 15 μm can be achieved at arbitrary position.

Design and application of gas cluster accelerator for surface smoothing and nanostructures formation

A custom-built gas cluster ion source with energy up to 50 keV is constructed, and Ar, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are used as the working gases. The clusters are formed by a metal supersonic conical nozzle with critical diameter in a range of 65–135 μm and a cone angle of 14°. The nozzle is powered in the pulsed mode, which improves the pumping conditions, and also makes it possible to increase the gas pressure in the stagnation zone to 15 atm and thereby obtain larger clusters. Based on the principle of ultrasonic expansion, gas cluster ions with an average size of 3000 atoms are obtained. The cluster beam current of 50 μA is obtained. The Ar cluster beam, which is less reactive, is used for treating surface, namely, surface smoothing and formation of self-assembled nanostructures. The Ar cluster bombardment perpendicular to the surface of the substrate is used to demonstrate the smoothing of the surface of Si wafers, Ti coating, and Au film. For the initial Si wafer, its root-mean-square (RMS) roughness of 1.92 nm decreases down to 0.5 nm after cluster beam treatment. The cleaning effect of the cluster beam is also observed very well. The one-dimensional (1D) isotropic power spectral density of the Si surface topography before and after smoothing are also discussed. The off-normal irradiation Ar cluster beam is also used to form self-assembled surface nanoripple arrays on the surface of flat ZnO single crystal substrates. The ripple formation is observed when the incident angle of the cluster beam is in a range of 30°–60°. The process of nanoripple fabrication is significantly governed by the cluster beam incident angle, energy and dose. The nano-ripples formed on the flat substrates remain eolian sand ripples and their formation starts at the incident angle of 30°. The most developed nanoripples are observed at the incident angle within a range of 45°–60°. The surface morphology and characteristic distribution of the nano-structures on the flat ZnO substrate are also analyzed by the two-dimensional (2D) power spectral density function. Next, Ar cluster beam is used for irradiating the ZnO nanorod arrays grown on the Si substrate. Due to various angles between the nanorod’s axis and the substrate normal, the conditions of the ripple formation on the nanorod facets are also realized. The dependence of wavelength on the accelerating voltage of the cluster ions and the dose are studied. Similar dependence of wavelength on accelerating voltage and dose are found for nanorods. Comparing with the flat ZnO surface, nanoripples on the ZnO nanorod faces at high irradiation doses demonstrate an ordering effect, and morphology of the ripples resembles that of more parallel steps rather than eolian ripples.

Optical design of a new folding scanning system in MEMS-based lidar

In order to solve the two disadvantages, serious divergence and limited scanning angle, of the traditional optical angle expansion in MEMS-based scanning system, a new method is proposed, i.e. an f-theta lens group and a wide-angle lens group are added into the traditional one. Principle of the optical angle expansion is discussed, while the relationship between emergent angle and incident angles has been given. Employing the optical design software ZEMAX, a folding scanning optical system based on MEMS mirror is designed thereafter. The folding scanning optical system we designed can not only scan in a large angle field, which is greater than 60°, but also obtain small spot size at distance of about 160 m, where the spot size is less than 10 cm. This folding scanning optical system has a significant application value in 3D imaging lidar system.

Effects of welding pressure on high-power ultrasonic spot welding of Cu/Al dissimilar metals

Although high-power ultrasonic welding (HPUSW) can provide better welding results about highly conductive materials, the welding mechanism is not well understood. In this study, the effects of welding pressure on dynamic process and joint characteristics (strength and fracture) of HPUSW were investigated. High pressure produces lower vibration amplitude of the upper and bottom specimens. Under excessive pressure, the vibration amplitude of sonotrode is significantly reduced, as compared to that under lower pressure during the initial welding period. The distribution of plastic strain follows the principle of crack growth and expansion. Excessive pressure results in the extrusion of trace elements from base material to the interface, which affects the process of interfacial diffusion. The maximum welding strength is obtained as the depth of penetration of sonotrode reaches its maximum value without the production of cracks. The results obtained in this work provide guidelines for optimizing the ultrasonic welding parameters.

Complex of Methods of Imaginative Psychotherapy of the Body in Healthy Psychotechnology “RIC”: Efficiency and Features of Application

Decrease in the level of health is considered today as a social, general cultural problem. In modern Ukraine, there is an acute problem of using psychological technologies for healing, fostering a conscious attitude to one’s health, which is caused by a contradiction between the fairly high objective requirements of society for health, harmonious development of people and a rather low level of respect for one’s body and wellness culture, as well as a general deterioration health of citizens. The article is devoted to the development of health-improving psychotechnology and assessment of its effectiveness based on the study of the dynamics of verbalization of bodily and subjective assessment of health as a result of its application. A generalization of the results of a theoretical analysis of the health problem and the psychological mechanisms of its provision is presented. The use of integrative psychotechnics for recreational purposes is justified. The proposed program of wellness psychotechnology “Relaxation-Imagination-Comfort” (“RIC”) is one of the integrative psychotechnologies, based on the synthesis of methods of concentrative relaxation, imaginative psychotherapy of the body and includes a set of psychotechnics aimed at ensuring the restoration and preservation of the full functioning of the body, based on means of internalization of the Bodily locus of control, relaxation and self-regulation based on feedback from the Bodily-Self. The RIC program is based on the principle of gradual mental deepening and expansion of the practice of mental integration and involves the consistent implementation of the preparatory stage, three main (relaxation, awareness, imagination) stages and the final stage. Based on a synthesis of empirical data, it is shown that, as a result of the use of health psychotechnology (“RIC”), positive dynamics of subjective assessment of health and well-being, a decrease in the intensity of somatic complaints, harmonization of dominant psycho-emotional states, the level of verbalization of the Bodily-Self and emotional acceptance of one’s body were revealed, which characterizes the potential for self-healing and maintaining the psychosomatic balance of the individual.

Research on flexible roll profile electromagnetic control technology in precision rolling mill

To obtain a better strip shape control method, this paper proposes roll profile electromagnetic control technology (RPECT) based on induction heating technology and the principle of metal thermal expansion. Using the thermally driven and internal constraint mechanism of the electromagnetic stick, the technology innovatively converts the energy of induction heating into a thermodynamic hybrid power source, which achieves segmented micro-scale flexible roll profile adjustment and enhances the capacity for strip shape control. To research the technology, an electromagnetic control roll (ECR) with five control regions is built based on a ϕ560 × 2180 mm roll, and an electromagnetic-thermal-mechanical coupling model is established. Based on the model, the typical roll profile curves obtained by the ECR are researched, the strategy of increasing the growth rate of the roll crown is analysed, and the applications of RPECT in strip shape control and cold rolling are discussed. Finally, a roll profile electromagnetic control experiment platform is established to verify the model accuracy and feasibility of RPECT. The results show that RPECT can realize flexible roll profile adjustment and that the model has sufficiently high computational accuracy to research the roll profile of multi-segment RPECT.

Experimental study of cavity characteristic induced by vertical water entry impact of a projectile with a 90° cone-shaped head at different velocities

Experimental studies of the vertical water entry of projectile with 90° cone-shaped head were conducted by using high speed camera. The pinch-off types and evolutionary process of the cavity were comprehensively discussed at different water entry impact velocities. The variations of cavitation closure time, water depth at the closure point and length of the warhead cavitation with water entry velocities, as well as the cavitation diameter at different water depth positions were analyzed. The jet phenomenon caused by the closure of the water curtain and contraction-rising process of the cavity near undisturbed free surface were studied, as well as the coupled effect between them. The cavity wall fluctuation occurring after the deep seal was discussed. The results show that with the increase of water entry velocity, the quasi-static closure, shallow closure, deep closure and surface closure of the cavitation occurs respectively, and each closure mode corresponds to a velocity range; the critical water entry velocity of forming cavitation is 0.657 m/s. The diameter of the cavitation presents a nonlinear increase along with the water depth. The initial cavity expansion velocity increases, the maximum diameter of the cavity decreases, the expansion section shortens, the contraction section lengthens, and the acceleration of the expansion and contraction of the cavity increases along with the increase of the water depth at the same time. When the water curtain closes, there will be upward and downward jets, and when the downward jet velocity is relatively large, the projectile motion will be affected. The strength of a water jet induced by longitudinal upward contraction of the cavity near free surface is proportional to the volume of cavity and pinch-off depth. A large strength upward water jet is induced by the coupling of the above all water jet. The longitudinal contraction of the cavity around the projectile and the impact effect of downward jet on projectile would cause the force change of the projectile after deep seal. The fluctuation of the projectile's velocity because of its force change brings the velocity change of fluid and then leads to the fluctuation of the cavity wall. The fluctuation of cavity wall follows the principle of independent expansion of cavitation section.

Ethnoscience Approach in Cooperative Academic Education Programs (COOP)

Cooperative Academic Education Programs (COOP) is an Integrated Work Learning Program between universities represented by students and lecturers with the world of work through a model of assistance in solving the problems faced by UMKM. This research was conducted to integrate the approach of ethnoscience on COOP program at UMKM that is Carica Fruit Production, Business of Fried Chicken and Opak Cassava Production. Research method using an experimental method. With data collection techniques consist of observation, documentation and literature study. The results of the achievement program are creative solutions to develop UMKM: 1) UMKM engaged in the home-based industry that produces fast food show that the intensity of cooking oil usage affects oil viscosity value. The more the amount of usage the viscosity of oil will decrease. The results of this study occurred in the two brands of oil, 2) The manufacture of cassava opak can be studied using the principle of expansion. The expansion process occurs during the drying and frying process. The main factor affecting the occurrence of expansion is temperature, 3) Carica leather waste treatment can be analyzed through strain process on the sap, electrostatic process on the separation of particles, an isobaric process in leachate water container.

New Similarity Measures of Single-Valued Neutrosophic Multisets Based on the Decomposition Theorem and Its Application in Medical Diagnosis

Cut sets, decomposition theorem and representation theorem have a great influence on the realization of the transformation of fuzzy sets and classical sets, and the single-valued neutrosophic multisets (SVNMSs) as the generalization of fuzzy sets, which cut sets, decomposition theorem and representation theorem have the similar effects, so they need to be studied in depth. In this paper, the decomposition theorem, representation theorem and the application of a new similarity measures of SVNMSs are studied by using theoretical analysis and calculations. The following are the main results: (1) The notions, operation and operational properties of the cut sets and strong cut sets of SVNMSs are introduced and discussed; (2) The decomposition theorem and representation theorem of SVNMSs are established and rigorously proved. The decomposition theorem and the representation theorem of SVNMSs are the theoretical basis for the development of SVNMSs. The decomposition theorem provides a new idea for solving the problem of SVNMSs, and points out the direction for the principle of expansion of SVNMSs. (3) Based on the decomposition theorem and representation theorem of SVNMSs, a new notion of similarity measure of SVNMSs is proposed by applying triple integral. And this new similarity is applied to the practical problem of multicriteria decision-making, which explains the efficacy and practicability of this decision-making method. The new similarity is not only a way to solve the problem of multi-attribute decision-making, but also contains an important mathematical idea, that is, the idea of transformation.

A series expansion method aided design of current mode second generation current conveyor based active control circuit

Current mode circuits are receiving considerable interest from engineering community due to their unique characteristics that are not found in their voltage mode counterparts. This paper presents a series method based design of a current conveyor active control circuit. An algorithm based on the principle of the series expansion of the pulse transfer function is employed for obtaining the transfer function of the controller. The controller is subsequently realized using the second generation current conveyors. The proposed methodology is used to design a CCII controller for a practical system, which is subsequently simulated using the AD844 IC’s in the NI’s Multisim simulation tool. Subsequently, the controller was designed and the comparisons are drawn between the experimental and simulation results in order to validate the approach.

‘만큼’의 의미 확장 과정 : 원형이론과 의미 확장 원리를 중심으로

‘만큼’의 의미 확장 과정 : 원형이론과 의미 확장 원리를 중심으로

Carbon-coated molybdenum carbide nanosheets derived from molybdenum disulfide for hydrogen evolution reaction

The design and synthesis of efficient non-noble metal catalyst is important for the practical application of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) from water electrolysis. In this study, molybdenum carbides were prepared by a novel synthetic method, which involved the first exfoliation of 2D MoS2 based on the principle of cold expansion of water below 4 °C and then carburization of exfoliated MoS2. In this method, MoS2 played roles of morphology template and molybdenum source simultaneously. Carbon-coated molybdenum carbide nanosheets were obtained and confirmed by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The stripping degree of MoS2 was found to have an important influence on physical properties and catalytic performance of molybdenum carbides. Interestingly, Mo2C nanosheets encapsulated in carbon nanotubes were observed when the MoS2 with a high peeling degree was used in the preparation. It showed high activity and good durability towards HER in acid solution.