Equilibrium Principle Research Articles

Profit Shifting and Equilibrium Principles of International Taxation

We study the choice between source-based and destination-based corporate taxes in a two-country model, allowing multinational firms to use transfer pricing to allocate profits across tax jurisdictions. We show that source-based taxation is a Nash equilibrium for tax revenue maximizing jurisdictions if domestic and foreign firms generate large revenues. We also show that destination-based taxes are a Nash equilibrium when firms generate low revenues, which implies the presence of multiple equilibria. Both the source and the destination principle coexist in equilibrium when domestic and foreign corporate revenues are intermediate. However, the source principle always tax-dominates the destination principle.

Modelling and experimental validation of flexural tensile properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete

In this paper, a four-linear model for tensile σ-ε relation is proposed to analyze and evaluate the residual bending performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) in flexure. The four-linear model for tension is categorized into pre-cracked stage, cracking moment, crack propagation stage and failure stage. The strength of SFRC after cracking has been fully considered at the cracking moment and crack propagation stage in this model. Using axial force and bending moment equilibrium principles, the expression of each parameter in the σ-ε relationship is established. The proposed σ-ε relation is verified experimentally. It showed that the proposed σ-ε relation fairly predicts the load–deflection behavior of SFRC prisms. Further, the proposed σ-ε relation of SFRC is optimized by a simplified analytical approach in which the value of each key point is expressed by residual flexural tensile strength, and could be applied to predict the mechanical properties of SFRC structures.

Fatigue crack density of asphalt binders under controlled-stress rotational shear load testing

Fatigue crack is one of the most common distresses in asphalt pavement. In this study, the fatigue crack behaviors of asphalt binders were evaluated under repeated cyclic controlled-stress loadings. Fatigue crack density, defined by the initial sample radius and effective radius of the undamaged part during fatigue testing, was used as an indicator. Also, an effective radius function was developed using the torque equilibrium principle and dissipated strain energy (DSE) equilibrium principle. The data revealed that fatigue crack density of asphalt binder manifested three changing tendencies, in which the secant method was employed to partition their profiles based on concavity and convexity characteristics. Specimens made of #50, #70 unmodified asphalt, SBS modified asphalt, and #50 asphalt mastic, respectively, were tested by time sweep tests on a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) at different stress levels and rest time. The variations in fatigue crack density at the three stages, as well as the changes in fatigue crack density growth rate in the second stage, were all analyzed. The asphalt binder showed fatigue crack density profiles composed of three stages: crack initiation, steady growth, and unstable growth. Stage II had the smallest increase in fatigue crack density among the three stages but underwent more than 50% load cycles throughout the whole fatigue process. Hence, fatigue crack density growth rate (RD) could be used to evaluate the fatigue resistance of asphalt binders. A positive power-law relationship between RD and stress level was recorded since higher stress levels meant more serious damage. By contrast, RD displayed a negative power-law relationship with resting time, revealing that the rest time, that is, self-healing, effectively postponed the fatigue crack propagation rate.

Bayesian stochastic multi-scale analysis via energy considerations

Multi-scale processes governed on each scale by separate principles for evolution or equilibrium are coupled by matching the stored energy and dissipation in line with the Hill-Mandel principle. We are interested in cementitious materials, and consider here the macro- and meso-scale behaviour of such a material. The accurate representations of stored energy and dissipation are essential for the depiction of irreversible material behaviour, and here a Bayesian approach is used to match these quantities on different scales. This is a probabilistic upscaling and as such allows to capture, among other things, the loss of resolution due to scale coarsening, possible model errors, localisation effects, and the geometric and material randomness of the meso-scale constituents in the upscaling. On the coarser (macro) scale, optimal material parameters are estimated probabilistically for certain possible behaviours from the class of generalised standard material models by employing a nonlinear approximation of Bayes’s rule. To reduce the overall computational cost, a model reduction of the meso-scale simulation is achieved by combining unsupervised learning techniques based on a Bayesian copula variational inference with functional approximation forms.

A modified SEIR model applied to the data of COVID-19 spread in Saudi Arabia.

The Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model is an established and appropriate approach in many countries to ascertain the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. We wished to create a new COVID-19 model to be suitable for patients in any country. In this work, a modified SEIR model was constructed. We used the real data of COVID-19 spread in Saudi Arabia for statistical analyses and complex analyses. The reproduction number and detailed review of stability demonstrated the complexities of our proposed SEIR model. The solution and equilibrium condition were explored based on Jacobian’s linearization approach to the proposed SEIR model. The state of equilibrium was demonstrated, and a stability study was conducted in the disease-free environment. The reproduction number was measured sensitively against its internal parameters. Using the Lyapunov principle of equilibrium, the overall consistency of balance of our model was demonstrated. Findings using the SEIR model and observed outcomes due to COVID-19 spread in Saudi Arabia were compared. The modified SEIR model could enable successful analyses of the spread of epidemics such as COVID-19. An “ideal protocol” comprised essential steps to help Saudi Arabia decelerate COVID-19 spread. The most important aspects are to stay at home as much as possible and for infected people to remain in an isolated zone or secure area.

Analisis Kestabilan Lereng Menggunakan Metode Bishop di Pit ALC-14 Tambang Batubara PT. Equalindo Makmur Alam Sejahtera Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara, Kalimantan Timur

The coal mining, especially at the production stage, must pay attention to the slope stability. This study aims to determine the factor of safety (FoS) of the mine slope with the limit equilibrium method. This analysis also includes the influence of the slope geometry, physical and mechanical properties of the slope materials of PT. Equalindo Makmur Alam Sejahtera, East Kalimantan. The limit equilibrium method used is the Bishop Method, which uses the principle of moment equilibrium by calculating the normal force between slices. The geomorphology unit classified as hilly units with 70% angle of slope face, composed by sandstone and claystone intercalations with coal. The results of the analysis show the stability level of lowwall, and highwall slopes are quite varied with low FoS values found on the lowwall, such as the slopes in the incision B-B 'and C-C'. The slip failure on the unstable slope is in the contact area between sandstone and claystone, although single slope analysis also shows the slip failure in the form of claystone and coal contact. The low FoS value on the lowwall slope is influenced by the dip of the rock layer in the parallel direction of the slope face, supported by the higher slope face angle of the overall-slope on the lowwall, and the lower internal friction angle in the claystone. The slope design recommendations are carried out by re-sloping and enlarging the width of the bench. The presence of tension cracks and mud cracks on unstable slope faces shows the need for slope monitoring.

A diffusion model for backfill grout behind shield tunnel lining

AbstractThis paper presents an analytical model to investigate backfill grout diffusion behind tunnel segmental lining, in which the backfill grout is taken as a Bingham fluid. The analytical model of grout diffusion is derived based on force–equilibrium principle, Darcy's law, and the law of momentum conservation of the grout. Time‐dependent grout diffusion pressure and distance are highlighted in the model. The proposed grout diffusion model is applied in two field cases: Metro Lines No. 9 and No. 4 in Shanghai City. The results show that the proposed model agrees well with the measured grout diffusion distance in the field. Parametric studies are then conducted, implying that grout diffusion distance along the radial direction of tunnel lining is proportional to either hydraulic conductivity or initial grout pressure, whereas it is in inverse proportion to the yield stress of backfill grout. The distributions of initial grout pressure exert key influences on the grout diffusion distance and grout diffusion pressure behind tunnel segment lining.

A method for seismic stability analysis of jointed rock slopes using Barton-Bandis failure criterion

Earthquakes are the main cause of slope failure in seismic active regions. In this study, we present a method for analyzing the seismic stability of a plane jointed rock slope with two blocks. In this analysis, the Barton-Bandis failure criterion is applied, considering the nonlinear characteristics of rock joints. Based on the limit equilibrium principle, we derived the safety factor of a jointed rock slope subjected to the modified pseudo-dynamic seismic forces. In addition, the analytical method developed in this study explains the interaction force between two blocks. Hence, it can effectively analyze the stability of a jointed rock slope and distinguish the failure modes. Further, a parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects of geometric and material properties on the safety factor of a hypothetical slope. The results show that the slope stability is significantly influenced by the geometry of the slope and the parameters including the joint roughness coefficient JRC, the horizontal seismic acceleration coefficient kh, the joint compressive strength JCS, and the basic friction angle of the structural plane ϕb. Moreover, the accuracy of the derivation is verified by the universal distinct element code UDEC 6.0. A parametric sensitivity analysis is used to determine the key parameters affecting slope stability. Finally, a set of seismic stability design charts is produced for preliminary design.

High-temperature thermodynamics of ZnO–NH4Cl–H2O system

On the basis of the principles of simultaneous equilibrium, conservation of mass, and aqueous electronic charge neutrality and the correspondence principle of ion entropy, the high-temperature thermodynamics of the ZnO–NH4Cl–H2O system was studied to predict solubility and construct Zn species distribution. The model was constructed precisely by using the MATLAB program. The total Zn2+ concentration in the solution was affected significantly by temperature and total ammonium concentration. ZnNH3Cl3− was the predominant species in the ZnO–NH4Cl–H2O system. The solubility of zinc diammine chloride in NH4Cl solution (>2 mol·L−1) in the temperature range of 303–353 K was determined using equilibrium experiments, which had results that agreed well with the theoretical value. The data and high-temperature thermodynamic model used in this paper are reliable.

Regional dynamic traffic assignment with bounded rational drivers as a tool for assessing the emissions in large metropolitan areas

Data-driven surveys show that drivers do not always choose the shortest-path for their travels. The ideas of bounded rationality have been used to model this behavior, and relax the main assumption of travel time minimization of the User Equilibrium principle. In this paper, we propose an extension of an existing dynamic traffic assignment framework, for aggregated traffic models based on the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram and regional networks, that extends the principle of the User Equilibrium to account for bounded rational drivers. We focus on drivers with indifferent preferences, and with preferences for more reliable travel times. The network equilibrium is calculated through Monte Carlo simulations and the classical Method of Successive Averages. We first investigate how the drivers' preferences for reliable travel times influences the traffic dynamics in the regional network. We then discuss a potential application example of the proposed methodological framework for estimating the emissions of Carbon Dioxide CO2 and Monoxide NOx at the network level. The results shed light on the importance of properly accounting for more realistic drivers' behavior for estimating emissions. The main contributions of this study lie on the edge between the disciplines of traffic flow theory and network modeling, with a great potential of application for practitioners to assess traffic emissions on large metropolitan areas.

Thermal buckling of ballasted tangent track

Euler type analysis usually used for compression members in structural engineering does not work for railroad track. Euler type analytical formulas for horizontal and vertical buckling endorsed in a recent literature is reviewed to demonstrate its weakness. Using definition of moment and curvature as well as principle of equilibrium, the author suggests formula for horizontal buckling load of railroad track and demonstrates validation in context with currently accepted values, published results, and past field tests. The buckling load from suggested formula agrees with the recent buckling load formula based on total energy theorem. A formula is suggested to study the effect of misalignment on critical temperature differential or critical load. A vertical buckling load formula is derived from horizontal buckling load formula. A buckling process is narrated through step by step computation. Formulas are suggested to compute the effect of track misalignment on critical buckling load and threshold radius of a vertical curve.

Bounded Responsibility and Bounded Ethics of Science and Technology

The leading question of this paper is: Where does the normativity of the ethics of science and technology come from? This is a challenging question given that the traditional reservoirs of convenience (like metaphysical universalism) are no longer at our disposal the way they used to be. The paper is divided into eight sections: (1) It is specified what challenges a non-foundationalist justification and normativity has to meet. (2) A three-dimensional conception of responsibility is developed based on the human triangular I–We–World relations. (3) The concepts of bounded responsibility and bounded ethics of science and technology are formulated. (4) The principle of reflective equilibrium is introduced as a principle of rationality, and it is shown how this principle generates rational and reasonable justifications in the ethics of science and technology. (5) Against this background, a reconception of internal and external responsibilities of science is given. (6) The type of responsibility demanded is exemplified by today’s climate research. (7) The paper argues for a hand-in-hand model of uncertainties in the sciences and for ethical obligations to preserve the conditions of human life on earth. The ethical argument is spelled out in terms of ethical care, preservation, and precaution. (8) Additionally, some arguments are developed to answer the question of why it is reasonable at all to preserve human life on earth.

Optimal mixed charging schemes for traffic congestion management with subsidy to new energy vehicle users

AbstractTraffic congestion and emissions are two severe and urgent problems in the transportation field. To alleviate congestion and encourage green travel, this paper studies a mixed charging scheme for the multimodal transportation network including conventional vehicles (CV) and new energy vehicles (NEV). We exploit the optimal mixed charging schemes according to the mixed equilibria and system optimum model. The mixed equilibria characterized by the variational inequality system represents that the players follow either the user equilibrium or Cournot–Nash equilibrium principle in routing choice. The proposed mixed scheme comprises a regular tolling plan and a tradable credit plan for the CV and NEV users, respectively, where the tradable credits can be seen as a subsidy to the NEV users since they are issued free by the government. Moreover, the existence of the optimal mixed charging scheme is proved for the multimodal transportation network and demonstrated numerically by a concrete example.

PRINSIP EQUILIBRIUM ANTARA NILAI MATERIALISME DAN SPIRITUALISME SISTEM PRODUKSI DALAM EKONOMI ISLAM

Production is the process of producing goods and services or the process of increasing the value of an object. In Islam production has the aim of creating optimum maṣlaḥah for humans as a whole. With this optimum maṣlaḥah, falāh will be achieved which is the ultimate goal of economic activity as well as the purpose of human life. The purpose of this study is to describe the construction of the production system in the Islamic economy, and to describe the principle of equilibrium between the value of materialism and the spiritualism of the production system in the Islamic economy. The results of this study indicate that the production system in the Islamic economy is a conceptual framework that is based more on maintaining ethical-religious values ​​by prioritizing efforts to realize the value of justice and humanity in meeting the needs of human life. At the operational level, the Islamic production system seeks to integrate equally between efforts to obtain material profit (profit) with the spirit to manifest divine values ​​through service activities in providing goods of necessity, in order to realize mutual prosperity among fellow human beings.

Rock slope reliability analysis using Barton-Bandis failure criterion with modified pseudo-dynamic approach

A modified pseudo-dynamic approach was used for a reliability-based stability analysis of plane failure rock slopes. The Barton-Bandis nonlinear failure criterion and the limit equilibrium principle were adopted to account for the nonlinear characteristics of rock joint shear strength and safety factor of slope, respectively. The Monte Carlo simulation method was used to analyze the rock slopes. Comparisons of the present method to a numerical simulation and to a pseudo-static case, were implemented. The influence of different parameters and tension cracks on slope stability was analyzed. Results showed that the stability of the rock slope decreases with increasing rock unit weight, horizontal seismic coefficients and vertical seismic coefficients, and increases with increasing residual friction angle, joint roughness coefficient and joint compressive strength. The location of the tension crack has significant influence on the stability of rock slopes, while the influence of inclination of the tension crack is negligible.

Simulation of binary particle segregation for bubbling fluidized beds using polydispersed structure‐based drag model extended from a monodispersed model

AbstractA bubble structure‐based drag model developed for the monodispersed system has been extended to simulate bi‐dispersed bubbling fluidized beds. Both dense phase and dilute phase are considered to be comprised of two types of particles with different sizes. The derivation of the structure‐based drag coefficient for individual particle based on the force equilibrium principle is proved to be independent of the volume fractions (εsi) of particle i. The multi‐fluid model in the commercial software Ansys Fluent is employed to evaluate the polydispersed drag model for the segregation of binary gas‐particle flows in a bubbling fluidized bed. It is shown that the simulation results predicted by the new structure‐based drag model are in reasonable agreement with experimental data with a 6.34% root mean square error (RMSE). The new structure‐based model can capture the particle distribution at the top region of the fluidized bed well. The bubble behaviour can also be captured by the new model well.

An End-to-End Unified Framework for Assessing Turning Movements Based Deep Neural Network

Convergence turning developments’ checks are basic information for reports on traffic, examination, anticipating. Sorts tallies are they frequently investigate operation execution of published convergences underneath various traffic conditions and flow pinnacle hour. There’s few techniques for gather developments, for example, tallies and picture handling. Transport examines require turn-over development checks in spite of the fact that they may not be promptly accessible, particularly on account traffic estimating when occasional alteration applying considerations. For such instances, just methodology volume may accessible and transform developments accepted utilizing various procedures to adjust the inbound and exit traffic. Regardless, procedures specifications beginning terms and conditions, results exceptionally delicate towards the underlying suppositions. A path choice model, in view of the Wardrop Equilibrium Principles is produced for left-turn drivers. The immersion stream rate model of the twofold left-turn paths is created to quantitatively assess its usage. This examination additionally introduces the rules for the structure of the U-turn middle opening for amplifying the immersion stream pace of twofold left-turn paths. The proposed model is likewise checked by methods for reenactment, and afterward a contextual analysis is utilized to think about the convergence execution when improvement. The consequences of contextual investigation show that if the U-turn areas are changed, the immersion stream pace of the twofold left-turn paths would likewise fluctuate significantly.

Vector network equilibrium problems with uncertain demands and capacity constraints of arcs

In this paper, a vector network equilibrium problem with uncertain demands and capacity constraints of arcs is investigated, where the demands belong to a closed interval. By considering two kinds of vector cost functions, i.e., the costs of each path depend on the whole path flow and the path flow itself, the corresponding (weak) vector equilibrium principles are proposed. For the former, some existence results of (weak) vector equilibrium flows are derived based on the vector variational inequalities and the Fan–Browder’s fixed point theorem. For the latter, we introduce the vector minimum cost flow problem with uncertain demands and capacity constraints of arcs. Meanwhile, the relations between the (weak) vector minimum cost flows and the (weak) vector equilibrium flows are revealed. Finally, several numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of the derived theoretical results.

Models and Reality: How Did Models Divorced from Reality Become Epistemologically Acceptable?

Economic models translate real problems to an artificial world, and calculate outcomes. The match between artificial worlds populated by rational robots, and the real world, is never assessed. Instead, models are judged on aesthetic grounds, involving conformity to preconceived principles of optimization and equilibrium. Despite methodological proclamations to the contrary, models are not judged by predictive performance. Economics models are formulated axiomatically, and never cross-checked against reality. Taking this (controversial) characterization of economic methodology for granted, this paper sketches trends in philosophy of science which led to a methodology which permits creation of mental models disconnected from reality. A key development was the separation of the observable phenomena from the underlying reality (noumena) which eventually allowed empiricist philosophers to jettison the underlying reality as part of what good models attempt to describe. The paper discusses contemporary methodologies for assessing models in economics and econometrics, and explains why these lead to models disconnected from reality.

Multi-criteria optimization of reinforced concrete beams using genetic algorithms

A strategy for finding optimal solutions for beam reinforced concrete structures according to several criteria has been proposed. The analysis and systematization of the optimization objectives for reinforced concrete framed systems is performed. To solve the problem, a modified genetic algorithm is used, which involves the selection of design options in a single iterative process into several databases containing solutions for each target criterion. When forming the current set of solutions, the migration of the best options from any base under consideration is allowed. As a general criterion of optimality, the J. Nash equilibrium principle is considered for penalties under failure to comply with constraints in relation to reinforced concrete structures.