Principle Of Decentralization Research Articles

Methodology of organization and performance of fiscal inspection in Romania

Annotation: Tax inspection is the activity aimed at verifying the legality and compliance of tax returns, the correctness and accuracy of fulfilling obligations in connection with the establishment of tax obligations by the taxpayer / payer, compliance with tax and accounting legislation, verification or establishment, as appropriate, of tax bases and the related factual situations, establishing the differences of main fiscal obligations. The tax inspection is exercised on any person and entity, regardless of their form of organization, to taxpayers as well as to payers, meaning that person who, on behalf of the taxpayer, has the obligation to pay or withhold and pay or to pay, collect and pay, as appropriate, taxes, fees and social contributions. Fiscal inspection is exercised on the basis of the principles of independence, uniqueness, autonomy, hierarchy, territoriality and decentralization.

أثر اختصاصات مجالس المحافظات في حقوق الإنسان

Human rights are among the highest levels of public order. The state seeks to ensure their protection and non-violation. Since satisfying the needs of individuals and providing them with the best services are among the priorities of the administration, the administrative organs that are concerned with this will have a permanent influence on those rights. They either contribute to their protection or to be a cause of violating those rights. After the functions and tasks of the modern state have been multiplied, it has become very difficult for all the needs of individuals to be satisfied by the central state authorities. Therefore, it was necessary to give a role to the decentralized local bodies to carry out the tasks of satisfying the needs of local individuals, as they are more capable than others to perform this role. As a result of this, administrative decentralization arose as a method or method of administrative organization, and the governorate council enjoys an important and vital legal position in the system of regional administrative decentralization. It exercises its powers granted to it in accordance with the principles of administrative decentralization, and that these competencies have human rights implications. Positively and negatively, the Law of Governorates not Organized in a Region No. 21 of 2008, as amended, is considered as a fundamental turning point in the way of implementing the administrative decentralization system in Iraq. However, some of its texts need to be revised and amended, to come up with a more integrated organization that achieves the purpose for which this system was established which is the distribution of administrative functions between the central administration, the local authorities, and the central administration’s focus on national goals, as well as granting these bodies the necessary independence to exercise the powers specified for them by law. This could be done by enabling them to manage their affairs, being the closest to individuals, and the most knowledgeable of their needs, which is due the public benefit of local communities, and contributes to the development of those communities.

E-PARTICIPATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF TOBACCO EXCISE PRODUCTION SHARING FUNDS: AN INITIATION TO STRENGTHEN THE PRINCIPLES OF DECENTRALIZATION IN INDONESIA

The implementation of the Tobacco Excise Production Sharing Fund (Dana Bagi Hasil Cukai Hasil Tembakau/DBHCHT) still leaves a disharmony between justice and public benefit, considering that even though the revenue from tobacco excise revenue has increased, the allocation has not been able to cover losses in several impovitalas of the state, such as the field of community welfare, law enforcement, and health on the justification for the less control of cigarettes in society on behalf of excise levies on tobacco products. Two main conclusions were drawn based on a normative juridical study with a focusing principle of decentralization. First, there are still several obstacles and challenges in the management of DBHCHT in Indonesia due to the inadequate participation of the stakeholders involved in the implementation of DBHCHT. Second, e-participation, which includes e-information, e-consultation, and e-cooperation, is needed so that the performance of DBHCHT management in Indonesia can run ideally based on the principle of decentralization. Even though the private industry holds the cigarette trade, it is compulsory to transfer the actual CHT as the mandate of decentralization principle in the 1945 Constitution due to the DBHCHT that local governments must accept in carrying out their functions and duties to develop their regions. It is recommended that the central government build an online DBHCHT system, including a website, to accommodate the running of e-participation so that decentralization in the implementation of DBHCHT produces the expected outputs and outcomes.

Blockchain Technology and its Use Cases

Abstraction: Blockchain is a disruptive core technology that has the potential to change the internet as we know it, forever. Transactions on blockchain are completely decentralised. Although , we can say it is its very crucial property that we need over traditional second generation web aka web2.0. In this research, we had discussed about the fundamentals, working principles, and upcoming future use cases to get a stable, privacy oriented working. We explored the top articles, most productive countries, top most education sources to do evaluation on the future use cases of blockchain in day to day life. In this paper, we will get knowledge about the top most advantages of blockchain over previous technology. Architecture of blockchain like nodes & networks are also discussed in this paper. We had discussed the core principles of decentralisation, distributed database ledgers: bill book type management to store all activities & transaction, cryptography: to protect the system from unethical activities. Cryptography derived or explains the us concepts of proof of work (POW) and proof of stake (POS). These concepts increases the trust and productivity on the blockchain. We will discuss about all types of security practices like Hashing, Private keys, Consensus: inspector of modern blockchains, architecture ( nodes & network) etc. At last we will discussed the future use cases of blockchain. Keywords: Blockchain, Decentralised web, NFT, Consensus, ledgers, bitcoin, blockchain’s use cases

Tinjauan Yuridis Pemberian Izin Kegiatan Penanaman Modal Dalam Persfektif Otonomi Daerah

Local governments (Pemda) are given the authority to regulate and manage their own households according to the principles of autonomy and assistance tasks. laws and regulations governing local governments through the principles of decentralization, deconcentration and co-administration can be used as indicators of the size of the regional authority in regulating and managing their household affairs. The greater the application of the principle of decentralization to the regions, according to Article 11 paragraph 1 of Law Number 32 of 2004, among others, based on externality, accountability and efficiency by taking into account the harmony of relations between government structures. (2) Law Number 32 of 2004 concerning Regional Government states that government affairs under the authority of regional governments consist of mandatory and other matters. Article 13 paragraph 1 point n of Law Number 32 of 2004 states that mandatory affairs under the authority of the provincial government are affairs on a provincial scale which include investment administration services, including across districts/cities. In Article 14 paragraph 1 point n of Law Number 32 of 2004 it is stated that the obligatory affairs to become the authority of the regional government for regencies/municipalities are district/city-scale affairs covering administrative services and investment.

Kebijakan Pelayanan Publik Pemerintah Daerah di Era Disrupsi

Openness in the development of policy making is a must in local governments to carry out good public services in accordance with Good Governance. The purpose of this research is to see the development of the concept of administration to public administration in implementing local government decisions. So that the openness of a policy by involving community participation results in satisfaction with public services for the wider community. The research methodology uses a qualitative descriptive approach to the problem of openness to policy developments in public services by local governments. As a result, the community can enjoy and feel the involvement of participation in a decision-making process carried out by the local government. The legal basis for making public policy implementation by the government is the principle of decentralization, namely the granting of regional autonomy to local governments. As guaranteed in Law No. 32/2004 article 14 on mandatory local government affairs

Tax Sustainability: The Effectiveness and Contribution of Land and Building Taxes to Regional Original Revenue in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia

The principle of decentralization has been emphasized since the existence of regional autonomy to manage its resources. Various regional regulations that originally had to be approved by the central government in advance, can be set by regional heads independently. With regional autonomy, it is hoped that the investment procedure will be easier so that the potential of the region can be utilized as much as possible to increase Regional Original Revenue (PAD) in the region. Tax revenue is one of the sustainable aspects in order to increase Regional Original Revenue. Land and Building Tax in Indonesia (PBB) has the potential to support regional revenue in order to implement regional autonomy and development. The aims of this study are: (1) to determine the growth of Yogyakarta's land and building tax revenue in 2016-2020, (2) to determine the effectiveness of Yogyakarta's land and building tax revenue based on 2016-2020 clarification, (3) to determine the contribution land and building tax on local revenue of Yogyakarta in 2016-2020. The population in this study is the government of the Yogyakarta City. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method. Data collection techniques through documentation, interviews and observation. The data used in this research is (radom sampling). That is, in this study, it is secondary data, namely data collected from the Regional Assets and Management Agency in the form of reports on the Realization of Land and Building Taxes and Regional Original Revenue (PAD) of Yogyakarta during the 2016-2020 period. Potential land and building taxes and the realization of local revenue. Data were analyzed using effectiveness analysis, and contribution analysis. The results of the study can be concluded (1) The highest land and building tax growth was obtained in 2020 of 116.99% and the lowest growth was obtained in 2018 of 101.87%. (2) Land and building tax revenue in Yogyakarta Municipality based on the clarification of 20216-2020 is very effective. (3) Yogyakarta Municipality's land and building tax revenue contributes less to the Regional Original Income.

Криптовалюта, як предмет кримінального правопорушення проти власності: національне та міжнародне законодавство

The article defines the essence of the concepts of cryptocurrency, bitcoin and mining, considers the status of cryptocurrency in Ukraine and other countries. In addition, problems related to the uncertain status of cryptocurrency are indicated, ways to solve them are proposed, special attention is drawn to the disclosure of the conceptual aspect in the qualification of criminal offenses related to cryptocurrency. At present, the use of cryptocurrencies as a financial instrument by various states is increasingly common, and Ukraine is no exception. According to the reports of the Chainalysis platform, Ukraine ranks high in the ranking of both the general use of crypto-assets and their use for illegal purposes. According to the Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine, our state is a leader in the use of virtual assets among the population; the Ukrainian community of blockchain developers is one of the largest in the world and is in the top 3. Cryptocurrency is a digital (virtual) currency, the unit of which is a coin, protected from counterfeiting, as it is encrypted information that cannot be copied, because the emission and accounting of cryptocurrency is based on asymmetric encryption using various cryptographic protection methods, such as Proof-of- work and/or Proof-of-stake. The physical feature characterizes the technical aspects of the functioning of the cryptocurrency, the economic feature is determined by the price that interested parties can pay for it, and the legal feature is established on the basis of a consistent analysis of the types of civil rights objects provided for by the current legislation. So, in the context of criminal law regulation, cryptocurrency is data in electronic form that has a price and is the subject of the right to information. The attractiveness of cryptocurrencies for the criminal world is due to the fact that Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are based on the principle of decentralization and the Blockchain system: electronic money is not tied to and is not controlled by any financial authority of any country, users of the system remain anonymous and have equal statuses. Cryptocurrency, the main advantage is its anonymity, in addition, the personal data of the owner of the electronic wallet is kept secret and it is only a set of symbols by which it is impossible to determine the owner, therefore it is impossible to recognize the name or address of such a user, and the history of transactions is open information. Agreements related to cryptocurrency are also anonymous, besides, they are irreversible. Cybercrime has also become widespread, in particular criminal offenses with cryptocurrencies, because in Ukraine and the world, individuals and legal entities are increasingly faced with their illegal acquisition, however, in our country, the legal status of cryptocurrencies has not yet been determined, in addition, so far in Ukraine does not provide for liability for illegal possession of cryptocurrency, currently in the world there are already quite widespread situations of criminal offenses against property (theft, robbery, extortion, fraud), where the object of encroachment is computer equipment, hard drives or portable crypto wallets together with the corresponding passwords from them for the purpose of taking possession of cryptocurrency and receiving funds from its further conversion.

Od decentralizacji do centralizmu demokratycznego – od samorządu II Rzeczypospolitej do systemu rad narodowych w Polsce Ludowej

The formation of the internal structures of a local government began once Poland regained independence. The local government in the Second Polish Republic became an essential element of the reactivated Polish sovereignty and of the local authorities created at that time. At the same time, it underwent significant changes: from the rule of the broad self-government based on the principle of decentralization, to the self-government subjected to the process of centralization and functioning in an authoritarian state. The culmination of these events resulted in the consolidation act of 1933. The functioning of the self-government structures of the Second Polish Republic was interrupted by World War II. After the war, Poland was in the sphere of Soviet influence and took over Soviet system solutions. Initially reactivated local government was finally replaced in 1950 by the system of national councils to express a democratic centralism and simultaneously a guarantee of ensuring the communist party power monopoly. The aim of this article is to show the changes in the functioning of local government – from its establishment in the Second Polish Republic to its “transformation” into a system of councils and then consolidation of this system in People’s Poland. The study was based on normative legal acts which made up the legal basis for the functioning of local government in the period of the Second Polish Republic and People’s Republic of Poland, as well as on the source literature on this subject. The historical and legal method was the main research method used when writing this article. It consisted in the research and critical evaluation of archival sources and legal phenomena. Moreover, it was used to study the old (non-binding) law regulating the local government system in the period of the Second Polish Republic and People’s Poland.

Improved Fault-Tolerant Consensus Based on the PBFT Algorithm

Nowadays Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) algorithm has become the most extensive consensus algorithm in the alliance chain. However, the PBFT algorithm is usually only applicable to small networks due to high communication complexity and poor scalability. Although there have been many improved algorithms for PBFT in recent years, they ignore fault tolerance and democracy. Therefore, to meet the requirements of a high degree of decentralization and fault tolerance of blockchain-based scenarios. This paper proposes a high fault tolerance consensus algorithm NBFT, which follows the principle of decentralization and democratization of blockchain and ensures the improvement of performance in fault tolerance upper limit and scalability. First, we use the consistent hash algorithm to group the consensus nodes to avoid much communication between nodes, reduce the communication complexity of the network, and improve the scalability of the network. Second, to ensure the fault-tolerant ability of the grouping consensus, the nodal decision broadcast model and threshold vote-counting model are proposed first. Combined with the proposed two models, the joint fault analysis of nodes is carried out, and the fault tolerance upper limit is more than 1/3. Then, the Faulty Number Determined (FND) model is introduced to simulate the experiment, and the results are verified.

ІНСТИТУЦІЙНІ ЗМІНИ ОРГАНІВ МІСЦЕВОГО САМОВРЯДУВАННЯ У ПРОЦЕСІ ФІНАНСОВОЇ ДЕЦЕНТРАЛІЗАЦІЇ В УКРАЇНІ

The article considers the institutional changes of local governments in the process of financial decentralization. The content of decentralization is considered in three aspects: deconcentration, delegation and devolution. The main types of decentralization are presented and its main principles are analyzed. The main advantages and positive consequences of the administrative-territorial reform of Ukraine are considered. The basic principles of financial decentralization in Ukraine are given. Recommendations for improving the institutional levers for the effective functioning of the new institutions created as a result of the decentralization reform - united territorial communities. The main meaning of financial decentralization is the transfer of financial resources and power to local governments from central government through compliance with the principle of subsidiarity. The consequence of reforming the administrative-territorial structure of Ukraine was not only the creation of united territorial communities, but in general the reform of the financial system of the country, which necessitated strengthening and expanding the financial resources of local governments. Strengthening the material and technical base and financial capacity in the current conditions of territorial development of Ukraine has significantly strengthened the role of local budgets. Sufficient local budget revenues strengthen the financial independence of local governments, allow them to intensify economic activities and infrastructure in the respective territorial communities, as well as identify and use alternative sources of local budget revenues, which significantly increases the financial capacity of administrative units. The goal of financial decentralization is not only to improve the quality and efficiency of public services at the local level, but also to ensure economic growth, sustainable economic development of territories and improve the financial stability of local budgets.

CORRELATIONAL MONITORING OF FISCAL FEDERALISM IN THE CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED SYSTEMS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Introduction. Modern pandemic threats, military-political tensions and conflicts, foreign economic risks, trade wars, financial imbalances encourage the EU countries to group and agglomerate financial potentials in the vertical and horizontal planes. There is a need to study the paradox of what role in this agglomeration is played by the mastery of using the principles of fiscal federalism, tested by a number of both unitary states and federal republics of the European continent. The purpose of the article is to monitor the main determinants of fiscal federalism in increasing the financial potential of the member states of the European Union. Method (methodology). In the course of the research, the following methods were used: dialectical, correlational, generalization, comparison, system analysis, observation, induction and deduction. The results. The article highlights the importance and place of fiscal federalism in the architecture of the financial policy of the European Union. Pragmatic aspects of financing public services in the member states of the European Union have been studied. This made it possible to identify active recipients in the field of attracting financial resources to ensure the priority needs of economic development. It is emphasized that the functional direction of general public spending in the European Union was aimed more at social protection and health care, and to a lesser extent at environmental protection and development of the housing and communal sphere. It has been established that most of the member states of the European Union combine the principles of centralization, federalism, and decentralization (in most cases) in their fiscal doctrine, but there are also clear systems of classical fiscal federalism (Germany, Switzerland). The European approach emphasizes that a secondary effect of globalization is excessive tax optimization, because the functioning of the integrated market makes tax evasion more attractive. An assessment of the influence of key parameters of fiscal federalism on the functioning of centralized and decentralized models of financial policy was carried out. This made it possible to identify the level of influence of the determinants of fiscal federalism on the relevant model through the prism of distinct factors. It is summarized that the use of determinants of fiscal federalism in the financial policy of the European Union is able to strengthen the budgetary and tax effects, which in the final (transformed) vector will lead to a strengthening of the economy and improvement of social standards both in the member states of the union and in individual municipal entities.

(DIS)ENABLERS OF DEMOCRATIZATION OF SECONDARY SCHOOL GOVERNANCE IN ZAMBIA

This study sought to explore the functioning of school governing bodies (SGBs) with a view to understand how SGBs enable or disenable democracy in selected secondary schools in the Southern Province of Zambia. The study utilized a qualitative research approach and was underpinned by the conceptual framework of decentralization. The sample comprised members of SGBs (2 chairpersons, 2 head teachers, 2 parent governors, and 2 teacher governors). Data collected from interviews were analyzed thematically, while observations and document review data were analyzed using content analysis. The study established the existence of both enabling and disenabling elements in SGBs. The study concluded that the SGBs were, in the main, democratic and had implemented the principle of decentralization with participation by all eligible stakeholders. Despite the presence of democratic features, certain undemocratic elements were identified in the SGBs. The study further revealed that the SGBs’ lack of adequate preparation impacted negatively on effective delivery by members, and this was in part attributed to some of the disenabling elements found among SGBs. The study, among other things, advocates for the training of school governors if they are to act more democratically.

KEBIJAKAN HUKUM PEMERINTAH DAERAH DALAM PENYALURAN BANTUAN SOSIAL BAGI MASYARAKAT TERDAMPAK COVID-19

This study aims to analyze the regulations regarding local government policies in thedistribution of Covid-19 social assistance in Indonesia. The research method used in thisstudy includes the type of normative juridical research which includes researching andstudying norms in laws and regulations, especially those relating to the object of research.Legal materials that will be studied in normative legal research are in the form of primarylegal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The data collectiontechnique used is by conducting a search through laws and regulations, and comparing itwith materials regarding the fulfillment of social assistance for communities affected byCovid-19 by the Regional Government which were collected by conducting studies andinventories and then linking their contents with legal materials in the form of literature. law.The results of the study show that the regulation regarding the authority of localgovernments in distributing Covid-19 social assistance in Indonesia is reviewed from the firstpoint of view, the basic rules for distributing Covid-19, namely general rules governing thesource and mechanism for distributing social assistance funds as well as arrangementsregarding the delegation of authority to local governments given by the central governmentbased on the principles of decentralization and deconcentration in terms of the provision ofsocial assistance. Second, more specific rules regarding the distribution of social assistanceby provincial/district/municipal governments have been regulated in each regionalregulation and each has different forms and mechanisms for distributing social assistance..
 Keywords Legal Policy, Local Government, Social Assistance, Covid-19.

РОЗВИТОК ОБ’ЄДНАНИХ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД У КРАЇНАХ ЄС В УМОВАХ РЕФОРМИ МІСЦЕВОГО САМОВРЯДУВАННЯ

The author of the article has outlined the problem of finding the most optimal model of the state for of government, because the necessary condition for stable development of society and effective functioning of the state is to ensure the balance between national interests and the interests of the population of regions and territorial communities. The preconditions, political history and periods of the formation of decentralized power in most European medieval states, scientific positions of national and foreign legal scholars on the expediency of implementing decentralization have been analyzed. It has been found out that the vast majority of Western European countries abdicate the unitary state model by introducing decentralization. The leading idea of reforming is to move the center of solving local issues to the local and, in particular regional level that is achieved by optimizing relations between different levels of territorial organization of power. National traditions, formation and functioning of public agencie in the past, specific features of administrative and territorial structure of the state, existence of autonomous territories, multiethnic population have a significant influence on the formation of the constitutional system on the basis of decentralization in the EU countries. The positive experience Poland, France, Italy, Latvia, Germany and Denmark has been studied. The author has theoretically substantiated that the principle of decentralization has been successfully implemented in the practice of the European Union countries. It has been indicated that the prerequisite for the successful implementation of decentralization processes to create an effective model of governance within the system of decentralized government of Ukraine is: the establishment of the rule of law principle; recognition and guarantees of local self-government; equal legal protection of all forms of ownership; democratic and effective electoral legislation; independence, efficiency, accessibility and transparency of the judicial system, functioning of administrative justice institutions; perfect budget process and high financial discipline; availability of adequate social standards; developed public sector and stable tendency towards its development.

DAVLAT BOSHQARUVINI NOMARKAZLASHTIRISH KONSEPSIYASIDA PRINSIPLARNING TUTGAN O‘RNI

This article analyzes the role of decentralization in the modernization of public administration, the essence of the concept of decentralization of public administration, the principles of decentralization of public administration, methods of influencing public administration, the method of management, the form of organization of public administration, as well as the transfer of a certain amount of authority, the principle of decentralization of public administration. In addition, the ultimate goal of the redistribution of public administration functions is important as the principle of decentralized public administration, which serves to create the opportunity to make optimal management decisions based on the common interests of the population, the balance of interests at the state, regional (regional) and local levels. The article considers the possibility of self-government at the level of local administrative-territorial units, as well as the formation of the institution of decentralization.

ДЕЦЕНТРАЛІЗАЦІЯ ЯК ІСТОРИЧНЕ ЯВИЩЕ ТА ПРОЦЕС: КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ ТЕОРІЇ ТА ПРАКТИКИ

The article is devoted to the study and analysis of the evolution of local government institutions. The article identifies the factors of decentralization and the conditions for the formation of municipalism in Ukraine. The author’s opinion is substantiated that the Ukrainian history of local self-government has passed the corresponding stages of self-organization, legitimization and formation, active progressive development, Soviet and modern periods. The author of the article argues that the traditions of local self-government in Ukraine are much older than the traditions of the state. The history of Ukraine shows that when Europe was still dormant on the ruins of the Roman Empire, civilized cities and towns with their statutes and coats of arms, magistrates were already flourishing in Ukraine. It has been studied that the decentralized system necessarily presupposes the existence and existence of a potentially full-fledged center, if it decides to transfer part of the management functions to local governments. The article pays special attention to “the Principles of Unitarianism, Subsidiarity and Decentralization as a Constitutional Basis of Regional Self-Government of the Republic of Poland”. In particular, the three main principles that determine the territorial organization of the Republic of Poland are considered - the principle of unitarism and decentralization on the basis of the standard definition of the principle of subsidiarity. The author draws attention to the fact that in the historical discourse decentralization is not a one-time or one-time political or administrative action of the state; and it is a long, time- and space-long process that consists of a set of stages that change each other. It is stated and analyzed that in each country these laws are formed and operate in their own way. The system of municipal power is constructed in its own way. Features of political, economic or social development of the country, its democratic traditions, form of government and state system determine the diversity of local self-government systems and organizational manifestations of municipal government. The author proved that for a holistic, comprehensive and objective knowledge of the municipal government it is necessary, along with political, geographical, economic, mental, other internal and external factors, to take into account the historical factor. The author’s position is presented that analyzing the evolution of public self-government and municipalism, it is completely impractical to emphasize the position of the state as an institution that grants or creates the rights of territorial communities to local self-government. It is concluded that this approach traces the evolution of models and forms of decentralization that have been implemented throughout history. This approach also examines the ups and downs of municipalism and democracy in individual countries, the development of relevant theories, the nature of the relationship of municipal government with other actors and institutions of political organization of society.

Essence of Self-governance Illustrated with an Example of the Professional Self-government Body of Legal Counsels (in Poland)

The subject of the article covers the issues concerning the concept of self-government and the constitutionally differentiated types thereof, which realise the principle of decentralisation of public power. The systemic principles of the functioning of the democratic state are defined by the operation of self-governments, including the professional self-government bodies which associate the people who perform the public trust professions. Therefore, it plays a key role both in forming the political system of the state and, consequently, in performing public tasks. The aim of the article is to show the basic features of self-governance which form this concept. It in turn allows to define the essence of self-governance, however, not only abstractly but on a given example – the professional self-government of legal counsels in Poland. The basic thesis of the article is the statement that the self-governance is the best form of exercising power in the democratic systems, which enables the proper performance of the public tasks of major importance. It concerns both the territorial self-governments and professional self-governments, but also, first and foremost, the ones that associate the people who perform the professions of public trust, and the legal counsel is one of such professions.

Comparative analysis of the legislative support for law enforcement agencies in the post-soviet space and Europe

The aim of the study was to determine the most effective model for regulating law enforcement in Europe and the post-Soviet space, as well as to formulate recommendations for the unification and standardization of legislation in this area. The empirical background was statistics on crime rates, premeditated murders by country; provisions of legislation governing the law enforcement activities of 13 countries and international regulations. Methods of system approach, descriptive statistics, descriptive analysis, generalization and prognosis, system selection, comparative method was used. The activities of law enforcement agencies are aimed at ensuring public order, national security and the protection of human rights, freedoms, and interests. Each state has its own law enforcement system, which is clearly regulated. The main indicator of the effectiveness of law enforcement is the crime rate and the level of security in the country. It is concluded that the most effective is the law enforcement model with its fundamental principles of decentralization of law enforcement agencies.

Стратегические корпоративные изменения в условиях развития цифровых двойников управления компаниями

The key postulates of company management, strategic changes in business activity management are considered. Regularities of business behavior, conditions of achievement of business efficiency and limitations of functioning, tasks of macro- and micro-management, principles of centralization and decentralization of management, methods of evaluation of effectiveness of strategy of changes, organizational mechanisms of corporate system action in conditions of innovative transformations are consistently deployed. The necessity of using a digital twin of the management system for solving planning tasks and compliance with proportions and ratios at different phases of the company’s development cycle is substantiated.