Principles Of Choice Research Articles

Two new equivalents of Lindelöf metric spaces

AbstractIn the realm of Lindelöf metric spaces the following results are obtained in : (i) If is a Lindelöf metric space then it is both densely Lindelöf and almost Lindelöf. In addition, under the countable axiom of choice , the three notions coincide. (ii) The statement “every separable metric space is almost Lindelöf” implies that every infinite subset of has a countably infinite subset). (iii) The statement “every almost Lindelöf metric space is quasi totally bounded implies . (iv) The proposition “every quasi totally bounded metric space is separable” lies, in the deductive hierarchy of choice principles, strictly between the countable union theorem and . Likewise, the statement “every pre‐Lindelöf (or Lindelöf) metric space is separable” lies strictly between and .

Determination of Habitual Residence in Chinese Private International Law: Lessons from Extraterritorial Experience

In the 2010 Chinese PIL, habitual residence was recognised as a primary connecting factor of lex personalis, and the law of habitual residence has also become an important principle of choice of law in Chinese PIL. However, the concept of habitual residence is not defined in the 2010 Chinese PIL. In order to facilitate the determination of habitual residence, Article 15 of the 2012 Judicial Interpretation on 2010 Chinese PIL clarifies the concept of habitual residence. Nevertheless, the application of Article 15 in that judicial interpretation not only may lead to rigid and mechanical outcomes, but also result in inability to meet the need of protecting the interests of the child. Therefore, it is necessary to endow judges with discretion in the determination of a person’s habitual residence. It can be seen from the extraterritorial practice that the discretion of judges is not unrestricted. The judges should take a natural person’s centre of life and interests at the starting position, and consider the interests of equality, interests of communication and interests of efficiency of PIL as a whole in the exercise of this discretion. In particular, a natural person’s centre of gravity of pre-existing interests should be regarded as a main thread by the judges during the process of ascertaining habitual residence. In conclusion, the doctrine of a natural person’s centre of gravity of pre-existing interests provides important practical value for the ascertainment of the habitual residence in Chinese PIL.

Choice of provider for out-patient treatment is not working.

In 2012, the coalition government introduced the legal right for National Health Service (NHS) patients in England to choose their mental healthcare provider for out-patient treatment. This was a significant step towards parity of care between mental and physical ill health, and NHS Improvement and NHS England have provided sensible guidance on its implementation. However, several factors prevent the system from working as it was intended: lack of awareness of the principle of patient choice for out-patient treatment; complacency from some trusts and commissioners; mental health trusts operating outside the e-referrals system; misuse of care pathways; lack of direct access by many general practitioners for out-of-area referrals; and delays in authorisation for funding. I describe how I have come to this conclusion and suggest some solutions. Declaration of interest The author is employed by a trust that potentially benefits from 'patient choice'.

MONETARY AND CREDIT FACTORS OF INCREASING DOMESTIC INVESTMENT DEMAND IN THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY

Topic . The article discusses the trends shaping the domestic investment demand in the Russian economy in the context of the regulatory capacity of monetary and credit policy. Purpose . We try to identify factors and conditions that stimulate investment growth in the Russian economy taking into account the active role of the credit system. Methodology . The study is based on the use of systematic, evolutionary and institutional approaches and the artificial neural network method. To calculate data about the volumes and dynamics of investment loans the authors applied the method of indirect calculation using data from Bank of Russia of loans to non-financial enterprises and the Federal state statistics service on the value of business investment in fixed capital, and the share of Bank loans in total sources of financing investments in fixed capital. Result . We discovered some specific features of the influence of the main channels of the transmission mechanism of modern monetary and credit policy of the Bank of Russia on the formation of internal investment demand. The authors understand it as a need, the willingness and ability of economic agentsresidents to the reproduction and accumulation of capital for economic growth based on innovation. According to the obtained results based on analysis of profitability ratios of goods sold (products, works, and services) of main economic activity and interest rates on Bank deposits we found the negative growth trend in the number of main branches of economy, where profitability is lower than the weighted average rate on deposits. Conclusions . We made some suggestions as concerns improving the effects of current monetary and credit policy in the context of forming of internal investment demand. Also, we grounded the principles of choice of strategic priorities of monetary and credit policy adequate to the requirements of sustainable economic growth and interrelated with other components of the macroeconomic policy.

Presenting the primary care team to the public: a qualitative exploration of general practice websites.

Increasing demand and expanded primary care provision, coupled with a reduced GP workforce, present challenges for primary care. New workforce models aim to reduce GP workload by directing patients to a variety of alternative clinicians. Concurrently, the principle of patient choice in relation to healthcare providers has gained prominence. It is, therefore, necessary to provide patients with sufficient information to negotiate access to appropriate primary healthcare professionals. To explore how practice websites present three exemplar healthcare professional groups (GPs, advanced nurse practitioners [ANPs], and practice nurses [PNs]) to patients and the implications for informing appropriate consultation choices. Qualitative thematic analysis of a sample of general practice websites. In total, 79 accessible websites from a metropolitan district in the north of England were thematically analysed in relation to professional representation and signposting of the three identified professional groups. Information about each group was incomplete, inconsistent, and sometimes inaccurate across the majority of general practice websites. There was a lack of coherence and strategy in representation and direction of website users towards appropriate primary healthcare practitioners. Limited and unclear representation of professional groups on general practice websites may have implications for the direction of patients to the wider clinical healthcare team. Patients may not have appropriate information to make choices about consulting with different healthcare practitioners. This constitutes a missed opportunity to signpost patients to appropriate clinicians and enhance understanding of different professional roles. The potential for websites to disseminate information to the public is not being maximised.

Updates in Head and Neck Reconstruction

After reading this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Have a basic understanding of virtual planning, rapid prototype modeling, three-dimensional printing, and computer-assisted design and manufacture. 2. Understand the principles of combining virtual planning and vascular mapping. 3. Understand principles of flap choice and design in preoperative planning of free osteocutaneous flaps in mandible and midface reconstruction. 4. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of computer-assisted design and manufacture in reconstruction of advanced oncologic mandible and midface defects. Virtual planning and rapid prototype modeling are increasingly used in head and neck reconstruction with the aim of achieving superior surgical outcomes in functionally and aesthetically critical areas of the head and neck compared with conventional reconstruction. The reconstructive surgeon must be able to understand this rapidly-advancing technology, along with its advantages and disadvantages. There is no limit to the degree to which patient-specific data may be integrated into the virtual planning process. For example, vascular mapping can be incorporated into virtual planning of mandible or midface reconstruction. Representative mandible and midface cases are presented to illustrate the process of virtual planning. Although virtual planning has become helpful in head and neck reconstruction, its routine use may be limited by logistic challenges, increased acquisition costs, and limited flexibility for intraoperative modifications. Nevertheless, the authors believe that the superior functional and aesthetic results realized with virtual planning outweigh the limitations.

ФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ В СИСТЕМЕ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ РЕАБИЛИТАЦИИ (ЛЕКЦИЯ)

One of the most effective methods in the system of medical rehabilitation is the use of physical exercises to restore patients after diseases and injuries. Muscle loads are an integral part of physical therapy, various health programs, and, finally, sports. All these types of motor activity, depending on the goal pursued, are based on certain principles of choice, purpose and dosage of physical exercises, taking into account their physiological substantiation of the effect on the body under various nosological forms So, any violation in a different link of the neuroreflex pathway of the motor stimulus leads to a change in the process of realization of the body's response to physical exercises. In this connection, it is important and necessary to have a clear understanding of the mechanism of the action of muscle activity, the variability of the formation of locomotion and their effects, the classification of exercises, the approaches used in the construction and conduct of both individual procedures and the course of physical rehabilitation, a qualitative realization of the tactics of managing patients with private methods of their recovery. Besides, it is always necessary to take into account currently allocated physical exercises, so-called potentially dangerous for the body and, therefore, requiring careful correlation with the nosological form of the disease in which they are used.

"Language coach" – інструмент формування та розвитку крос-культурної компетентності

The article reveals the description of a scientific and practical project aimed at developing cross-cultural competence among students of the Borys Grinchenko University of Kyiv. The mechanisms of formation and development of cross-cultural competence among students of the youth are revealed, as well as theoretically, the structural components of the above mentioned competence are researched in order to further successful adaptation of the personality in the process of intercultural communication. These components include: sensitivity to intercultural differences and linguistic understanding. An interactive tool for the formation and development of cross-cultural competence, author's personal diary "Language coach" was developed and tested. The principles and levels of this tool are described. Principles include: principles of conscious learning and conscious choice, interaction, positive attitude, creativity, reflexivity, self-motivation and readiness to act, self-management and monitoring, active and productive action. The content of the co-educational, interactive, creative, activity and reflexive levels of the proposed author's interactive tool is revealed. The peculiarities of the linguistic and socio-cultural component of the indicated instrument are revealed. Italso describes the filling and specificity of the tasks, designed for the 21st day of the diary. Project Duration: February 2017-December 2018. Testing of interactive tools took place during the first semester of the academic year 2018. The participants were students of the 2nd year, numbering 20 people, specialty "Psychology", the Institute of Human Rights of the CUBA. The article provides in detail the format of organization and implementation of the project, interaction with its participants. As a result of the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the empirical part, a psychological portrait of users is created. The advantages and disadvantages of this tool are revealed.

Konjenital Katarakt Cerrahisinde Temel Prensipler ve Göz İçi Lens Seçimi

Katarakt, dünyada pediatrik populasyonda görsel engellenimin belirgin nedenidir ve çocuğun nörobiyolojik gelişimini sıklıkla etkilemektedir. Erken tanı ve uygun cerrahi uygulanması geriye dönüşümsüz ambliyopiden korunmak için kritiktir. Geçtiğimiz yıllardaki cerrahi teknikler ve optik rehabilitasyonda beliren gelişmeler pediatrik katarakt cerrahisinin fonksiyonel ve anatomik sonuçlarını belirgin olarak artırmıştır. Fakat, refraktif büyüme fenomeni ve emetropizasyonun gelişimi oftalmologlar için hâlâ bulmaca olarak devam etmekte ve gelecekteki prospektif çalışmalara olan ihtiyacı vurgulamaktadır. Arka kapsül bulanıklığı ve sekonder glokom, yaşamın erken yıllarında ameliyat edilen çocuklarda uzun dönem gözlemi gerektiren önemli postoperatif komplikasyonlardır. Kataraktın başarılı tedavisi bireysel bakım ve tecrübeli ekip çalışmasına bağlıdır. Bu çalışmada, çocukluk katarakt alanındaki yeni gelişmeleri, etiyoloji, biyometri, intraoküler lens seçimi ve cerrahi teknıkleri de içeren preoperatif değerlendirmenin gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Usage of fuzzy classification of distribution type for small volume samples

volume samples are analyzed. The fuzzy identification method (proposed by Y. M. Klikushyn) which permits identification distributions under condition of small samples was selected for distribution identification.The further research of features and development of fuzzy identification in small volume samples was conducted, the scope of fuzzy identification usage was expended and a research on probability of dispensation differentiation was carried out in the work.The reliability of classifying samples using the generation of reference samples was defined in the work. The research of reliability on one sample showed that the probability of changing linguistic code is quite large. It is recommended to average several samples to increase the likelihood of accurate identification. Number of samples can be determined for a given probability.The research of fuzzy classification included the development of finding fuzzy estimates algorithm for samples of different sizes, finding the necessary and sufficient number of estimates and choice of choice principles of used estimates from the possible range. The correlations for fuzzy estimates based on the specified volume were obtained. Usage of these ratios allowed expanding the scope of fuzzy classification and creating a library of linguistic codes which greatly simplifies its procedure. Recommendations on the samples number required for achieving necessary classification probability were made.

Digital data in New Zealand schools: Policy reform and school leadership

In 1989, New Zealand started to follow an international trend of reforming education policy according to the neoliberal principles of competition, choice and self-managing schools. Since then, the increasing availability of digital data in schools has corresponded with the development of student achievement measurement tools and benchmarking of standards that enable comparison of schools and cohorts of students. More recently, national policy targets for student achievement have been introduced and form the basis of accountability measures. The article uses Hargreaves and Shirley’s ‘Four Ways’ characterisation of education policy change as a framework to examine the influence that national policy has had on the use of data, on power relations between schools and the national policymakers, and on the challenges faced by school leaders. Interviews in 16 schools explored the types of data available in each school, how they are used and how principals, as leaders in these self-managing schools, would like to be able to use the data. Two systemic influences explain the patterns found in the research. The first is the tension principals face between data required for accountability reporting and data needed for school-based decision-making. The second is the issue with regard to economies of scale and marketisation of education that affects equitable access to the knowledge, tools and expertise that enable effective data usage.

Voter preferences and party loyalty under cumulative voting: Political behaviour after electoral reform in Bremen and Hamburg

Many electoral systems constrain voters to one or two votes at election time. Reformers often see this as a failing because voters' preferences are both broader and more varied than the number of choices allowed. New electoral systems therefore often permit more preferences to be expressed. In this paper we examine what happens when cumulative voting is introduced in two German states. Even when we allow for tactical considerations, we find that the principle of unconstrained choice is not widely embraced by voters, although in practice, too, many seem to have preferences for more than just one party. This finding has implications for arguments relating to electoral reform as well as how to conceive of party affiliations in multi-party systems.

Simulation of free boarding process using a cellular automaton model for passenger dynamics

Budget airlines adopt free boarding strategy when conducting passengers to board the airplanes. In such a boarding strategy, passengers are not offered any preassigned seats, and they choose their favorite seats freely once they are inside the airplane. A simulation framework based on cellular automaton is developed to mimic the dynamics of passenger flow in the free boarding process. In the model, each seat in the cabin is assigned a positive value to characterize how desirable it appears to the overall passengers. A logit-based discrete choice principle is applied to formulate the seat choice behaviors of passengers. The influence of the sensitivity parameters on the mean boarding time is discussed to identify the different classes of behavior exhibited by the model. The numerical results illustrate that the new model can qualitatively reproduce some dynamic properties of the free boarding process. Besides, two grouped strategies in a manner of freestyle are proposed, and quantitative comparisons are made with those involve assigned seats.

Mathematical Simulation of Porous Glass Thermal Processes at Annealing Stage

The mathematical model of the porous glass heat field under conditions of complex heat exchange in the process of the technological stage of annealing is presented. The model includes calculations of the radiation, convective and molecular components. The mathematical model is based on the finite element method. The model is realised in the software Ansys. The statement of the problem is given. The object under study, i.e., model structural features, is presented. The method of model structure obtaining, the initials and boundary conditions are given. The theoretical basis of the methods, approaches and of the optimal calculation parameters choice principles are presented. The estimation of the model adequacy by means of the experimental verification is given. The comparison of the obtained data with the experimental results is performed. The relative error of calculation using the developed model does not exceed 15%.

Quotienting the delay monad by weak bisimilarity

The delay datatype was introduced by Capretta (Logical Methods in Computer Science, 1(2), article 1, 2005) as a means to deal with partial functions (as in computability theory) in Martin-Löf type theory. The delay datatype is a monad. It is often desirable to consider two delayed computations equal, if they terminate with equal values, whenever one of them terminates. The equivalence relation underlying this identification is called weak bisimilarity. In type theory, one commonly replaces quotients with setoids. In this approach, the delay datatype quotiented by weak bisimilarity is still a monad–a constructive alternative to the maybe monad. In this paper, we consider the alternative approach of Hofmann (Extensional Constructs in Intensional Type Theory, Springer, London, 1997) of extending type theory with inductive-like quotient types. In this setting, it is difficult to define the intended monad multiplication for the quotiented datatype. We give a solution where we postulate some principles, crucially proposition extensionality and the (semi-classical) axiom of countable choice. With the aid of these principles, we also prove that the quotiented delay datatype delivers free ω-complete pointed partial orders (ωcppos).Altenkirch et al. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 10203, Springer, Heidelberg, 534–549, 2017) demonstrated that, in homotopy type theory, a certain higher inductive–inductive type is the free ωcppo on a type X essentially by definition; this allowed them to obtain a monad of free ωcppos without recourse to a choice principle. We notice that, by a similar construction, a simpler ordinary higher inductive type gives the free countably complete join semilattice on the unit type 1. This type suffices for constructing a monad, which is isomorphic to the one of Altenkirch et al. We have fully formalized our results in the Agda dependently typed programming language.

Economic Well-Being in U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas

In recent years there has been increased interest from economists and policy makers to measure a nation’s economic well-being. This paper extends this development to US Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). An economic well-being index is constructed using indicators of income, education, crime, health and pollution. The analysis allows comparison of a MSA with another and with itself over time. The index is not highly correlated with real gross domestic product per capita and therefore adds value to the discussion of economic well-being in MSAs. However, it is shown that the index may violate social choice principles thereby reducing its usefulness.

Valuation of opportunity costs by rats working for rewarding electrical brain stimulation.

Pursuit of one goal typically precludes simultaneous pursuit of another. Thus, each exclusive activity entails an “opportunity cost:” the forgone benefits from the next-best activity eschewed. The present experiment estimates, in laboratory rats, the function that maps objective opportunity costs into subjective ones. In an operant chamber, rewarding electrical brain stimulation was delivered when the cumulative time a lever had been depressed reached a criterion duration. The value of the activities forgone during this duration is the opportunity cost of the electrical reward. We determined which of four functions best describes how objective opportunity costs, expressed as the required duration of lever depression, are translated into their subjective equivalents. The simplest account is the identity function, which equates subjective and objective opportunity costs. A variant of this function called the “sigmoidal-slope function,” converges on the identity function at longer durations but deviates from it at shorter durations. The sigmoidal-slope function has the form of a hockey stick. The flat “blade” denotes a range over which opportunity costs are subjectively equivalent; these durations are too short to allow substitution of more beneficial activities. The blade extends into an upward-curving portion over which costs become discriminable and finally into the straight “handle,” over which objective and subjective costs match. The two remaining functions are based on hyperbolic and exponential temporal discounting, respectively. The results are best described by the sigmoidal-slope function. That this is so suggests that different principles of intertemporal choice are involved in the evaluation of time spent working for a reward or waiting for its delivery. The subjective opportunity-cost function plays a key role in the evaluation and selection of goals. An accurate description of its form and parameters is essential to successful modeling and prediction of instrumental performance and reward-related decision making.

Required conditionalities in applying public choice theory in the field of public utility services

Adapting public policies on public utilities to collective expectations of the population has always been a challenge for both central and local public authorities in Romania. The present article aims to highlight issues of applicability limits of the theory of public choice. The general objective of this research is to prove that the practicability of public choice requires conditionality of financial affordability. In this regard we use a theoretical analysis on the possibility and conditions of use of the theory of public choice in practice and an empirical analysis based on statistical data which illustrates an up to date comparison of the payment capacity of the sanitation services, adapted to European standards, of the population of the four counties of the Western Region of Romania, Timis, Arad, Caras-Severin and Hunedoara. We considered relevant to our study official statistics on the age structure of the population, employment, unemployment, social assisted individuals, students and pensioners and the average income of all these categories. The analysis results indicate that there are major discrepancies of the payment capacity and financial endurance between the population of the four counties and that the substantiation of charging public services using the principles of public choice would be unsustainable financially for a large part of the population. After clarifying these issues, the main conclusion of the study is that public choice theory application using the majority’s autonomy is possible only through an association of financial affordability barriers. The relevance of the study is to address and propose solutions to the difficult context crossed by Romanian public authorities to find integrated solutions, so as to develop community services at European level, but at the same time to remain in the sphere of needs and payment possibilities of citizens.

Increasing Children's Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Using Nutrition Education and Active Choice Principles

To increase children's fruit and vegetable consumption using nutrition education and active choice principles. The study used pre-/post-intervention comparison design. The intervention utilized a dual module of the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and active choice (AC) for second graders in one school in Northern, NJ. For nine months, the intervention group received a combination of nutrition education and AC; the control group received AC. AC allowed the participants to choose between two fruits and/or vegetables. Variables measured included fruit/vegetable preference, consumption, reciprocal determinism, self-efficacy, behavioral capability, and modeling from SCT. Paired/independent t-tests, chi-square analyses were employed to compare groups. Eighty-nine students participated in the study (intervention=46, control=43): 57% female and 43% males; mean age 7.64 (SD 0.48). No change was observed in fruit consumption. Vegetable consumption and preference differed after intervention between groups: for consumption (self-efficacy), 6.5% increase for intervention and 4.5% decrease for control (p= .01); for preference, 4.3% increase for intervention and 2.4% decrease for control (p=.57). Similarly, knowledge (behavior capability) of fruit/vegetables increased 4.3% in intervention, but decreased 2.4% in control (p=.14). All students were engaged within AC even if they did not take a fruit/vegetable that day. Nutrition education combined with AC had a positive impact on knowledge and vegetable consumption/preference in the intervention group. A longer invention duration with multiple locations may grow the study validity for innovative program to be implemented throughout school districts nationwide.

Trauma‐Informed Day Services: An Initial Conceptualization and Preliminary Assessment

AbstractTrauma‐informed care (TIC) is a systems‐focused philosophy of service delivery based upon principles of choice, collaboration, empowerment, safety and trustworthiness that recognizes the pervasive impact of trauma across the human experience. In a grassroots effort, one organization developed an innovative, trauma‐informed day program to meet the needs of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) who were recently deinstitutionalized. The present study is intended to provide an initial conceptualization and preliminary assessment of TIC within IDD services in order to understand its impact among individuals and staff. The study sought to answer the following questions: Has the program's culture been stable over time? How have individuals’ behaviors changed over time? What have been the experiences of the program's staff members with TIC? Through a mixed methods design, secondary data analysis and semi structured staff interviews were used to assess the impact of TIC. Findings revealed an initial strong presence of choice, collaboration, empowerment, safety, and trustworthiness within the program's culture, with non significant changes at follow‐up. Significant reductions were noted in overall challenging behavior, aggression, and PRN medication usage; while non significant changes were noted in physical interventions with the exception of “other” interventions (i.e., least restrictive) which significantly increased. Three major categories emerged from the qualitative data (making a difference, recognizing progress and compromising factors), illuminating staff satisfaction with work experiences, individuals’ progress, and factors that challenged fidelity to TIC. The study provides a preliminary conceptualization and evidence for the efficacy of the integration of TIC into IDD services despite methodological limitations and concerns regarding the use of physical interventions. Directions for future research are presented.