Principle Of Analogy Research Articles

Study of special adaptation mechanisms and morphological regularities of broiler chickens against the background of pharmacological prevention combined pre-slaughter, heat and transport stress in industrial poultry farming

The study was conducted to investigate the adaptation mechanisms of broiler chickens against the background of pharmacological prevention which includes combined pre-slaughter, heat and transport stress in industrial poultry farming. In summer, from clinically healthy Ross 308 chickens three groups of 95648 ± 931 chickens were formed on the principle of analogy. The first group was a control group and it was fed with complete feed. The second group was the first experimental group and it was fed with complete feed which included the anti-stress supplementary feed PIK-antistress at a dose of 1270 g per 1 ton of feed 5 days before slaughter. The third group was the second experimental group and it was fed with the anti-stress supplementary feed PIK-antistress which included L-carnitine at a dose of 1700 g per 1 ton of feed 5 days before slaughter. 38 days later broiler chickens were slaughtered. 3 main periods were commonly studied: the period after fasting, the period after transporting the chickens to the slaughter site and the period just before slaughter. Adaptation processes were developing during the slaughter of broiler chickens in summer. The processes are characterized by increasing the level of the ratio of heterophils to blood lymphocytes on average 2.8 times. The use of the complex food additive PIK-antistress and PIK-antistress in combination with L-carnitine can reduce the activity of stress-implementing mechanisms and increase the survivability of chickens by 3.20 and 4.58 %, respectively and the European productivity index by 32 and 45 units. All the data obtained are consistent with the morphometric studies of the adrenal glands while against the background of the use of anti-stress prophylaxis an increase of core area was noted by 43.0 % and 36.0 % and respectively against the background of a decrease of the area of the cytoplasm of the cortical cords by 11.2 % and 22.8 %, respectively, which indicates stabilization of metabolic processes in the cell.

A local–global principle for nonequilibrium steady states

The global steady state of a system in thermal equilibrium exponentially favors configurations with lesser energy. This principle is a powerful explanation of self-organization because energy is a local property of configurations. For nonequilibrium systems, there is no such property for which an analogous principle holds, hence no common explanation of the diverse forms of self-organization they exhibit. However, a flurry of recent empirical results has shown that a local property of configurations called "rattling" predicts the steady states of some nonequilibrium systems, leading to claims of a far-reaching principle of nonequilibrium self-organization. But for which nonequilibrium systems is rattling accurate, and why? We develop a theory of rattling in terms of Markov processes that gives simple and precise answers to these key questions. Our results show that rattling predicts a broader class of nonequilibrium steady states than has been claimed and for different reasons than have been suggested. Its predictions hold to an extent determined by the relative variance of, and correlation between, the local and global "parts" of a steady state. We show how these quantities characterize the local-global relationships of various random walks on random graphs, spin-glass dynamics, and models of animal collective behavior. Surprisingly, we find that the core idea of rattling is so general as to apply to equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems alike.

Study on analogy principle of overall cooling effectiveness for high temperature cooling structure considering thermal radiation heat transfer

With the continuous advancement of aero-engine technology, the performance of hot-end components such as combustion chambers and turbines has significantly improved, leading to a rapid increase in the working environment temperature surrounding these components and an increasingly prominent thermal radiation effect. Due to the non-gray body characteristics and spectral selectivity of thermal radiation, it is difficult to replicate the actual working environment of turbine components under laboratory conditions, causing many scholars to ignore or simplify the thermal radiation effect. Focusing on the overall cooling effectiveness of hot-end components such as turbine guide vanes, this paper proposes a method for modeling the overall cooling effectiveness of cooling structures under radiation-convection coupling conditions by matching parameters such as Burger number (Bu) and Boltzmann number (Bo). Based on the impingement effusion plate model and turbine guide vane model, this study investigates the matching of the overall cooling effectiveness under full coupled heat transfer for cooling structures in high and low operating conditions in laboratory settings. Additionally, the effects of momentum ratio, temperature ratio, and gas composition on the overall cooling effectiveness are examined. The results indicate that this matching method can provide important references for the design of hot-end components such as turbine blades.

METHODS OF FORECASTING GRAIN CROP YIELD INDICATORS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE INFLUENCE OF METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN THE INFORMATION-ANALYTICAL SUBSYSTEM

Forecasting crop yields is one of the key challenges for the agricultural sector, especially in the context of a changing climate and unstable weather conditions. Kazakhstan, possessing significant territories suitable for growing grain crops, faces many challenges related to the effective management of agricultural activities. In this regard, yield forecasting becomes an integral part of planning and decision-making processes in agriculture. Information and analytical subsystems that integrate yield forecasting methods allow agribusinesses to estimate future production more accurately, minimise risks associated with climate change and optimise resource use. An important component of such systems is the consideration of weather conditions, as weather factors have a direct impact on crop growth and development. The purpose of this article is to develop and evaluate modern methods of forecasting grain yields taking into account the influence of weather conditions, as well as their integration into information-analytical subsystems to improve the accuracy of agricultural forecasting. To achieve this goal, the article addresses the following tasks: to analyse existing methods of yield forecasting and identify their advantages and disadvantages, to develop forecasting models, including machine learning methods such as gradient bousting and recurrent neural networks, to validate the developed models on the basis of historical data using cross-validation methods, to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed methods and compare them with basic models such as linear regression and simple average, to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed methods and to compare them with the basic models such as linear regression and simple average. This article reviews modern methods of forecasting grain crop yields in Kazakhstan, as well as technologies used in information-analytical subsystems. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the influence of meteorological conditions on yields and the development of models that take this factor into account. The presented review and research results are aimed at improving the existing approaches to the management of agricultural processes under conditions of growing uncertainty caused by climate change. The article explores an important scientific task related to the development of methods for step-by-step forecasting of agrometeorological factors and grain yields, relying on the principle of analogy.

Effects of ivermectin-containing drug in recommended and increased doses on adult dogs and cats

The purpose of the research is to study the effects of ivermectin-containing drug in recommended and increased doses on adult dogs and cats.Materials and methods. The drug tolerance on dogs and cats was studied on 24 clinically healthy animals that were divided into experimental groups of 6 animals each, according to the principle of analogs, at the Podolsk Experimental Production Base of the VNIIP – FSC VIEV. The drug was administered seven times with a 3-day interval at a therapeutic dose of 0.2 mg of ivermectin per 1 kg of body weight to the first experimental group; and 0.6 mg of ivermectin per 1 kg of body weight to the second experimental group. The overall health status of the dogs and the cats was monitored daily, and blood samples were taken on days 20 and 34 of the experiment to study some morphological and biochemical parameters. Statistical data was processed in Microsoft Excel 2016 using the paired Student's t-test for dependent samples.Results and discussion. The studied ivermectin-containing drug had no negative effects on the adult dogs and cats’ overall health status, physiological status and behavior, or morphological and biochemical blood parameters. When using the drug in a threefold increased dose, three dogs and one cat showed depression which spontaneously disappeared within 48 hours. In addition, the animals from the second experimental group developed an allergic reaction, decreased functional activity of the liver and kidneys, and metabolic processes intensity, and red blood system destabilization. On day 34 of the experiment, the above changes were absent in the dogs and the cats, which indicates the restored physiological and biochemical status in the experimental animals.

Evaluation of the slaughter indicators of the Edilbaevsky sheep breed depending on the milk productivity of sheep

Relevance. Increasing the milk productivity of ewes is an important factor for improving the meat qualities of the offspring. The study of the influence of the milk productivity of ewes on the results of the control slaughter of rams of the Edilbaev breed, as well as the morphological and chemical composition of lamb, will allow optimizing the technology of growing and fattening young animals to obtain high-quality meat.Methods. A scientific and economic experiment was carried out. The material for the experiment was sheep at the ages of 4 and 7 months. 3 groups of sheep were formed, obtained from abundant dairy queens with milk productivity per lactation (120 days) — 89.55 liters (group I of sheep), medium-dairy — 71.6 liters (group II), low-dairy — 48.4 liters (group III). To conduct the experiment, in accordance with generally accepted methods, young animals were selected according to the principle of analogues, taking into account gender, age, type of birth (males), and body weight.Results. The results obtained indicate that an increase in the milk productivity of ewes leads to an improvement in the meat qualities of rams of the Edilbaev breed. Lambs born from ewes with high milk productivity have higher slaughter weight, slaughter yield and meat quality compared to rams born from ewes with lower milk productivity. These data can be used to develop optimal technologies for growing and fattening young animals to produce high-quality meat.

МЕТОДЫ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ РАДИАЦИОННОГО БАЛАНСА ПОЧВЕННОГО И РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО ПОКРОВА СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ УГОДИЙ

In this article, an analysis of calculation methods for determining the radiation balance and photosynthetically active radiation of soil and vegetation cover of agricultural land is conducted. The lack of continuous actinometric observations of solar radiation and radiation balance at meteorological stations in the Eurasian region leads to the widespread use of empirical and semi-empirical models based on climatic and geographical indicators. Mathematical models based on climatic indicators, which vary in spatial and temporal aspects and are formed on the basis of the principle of natural analogies, provide reliable and accurate data. However, calculation methods that use geographical indicators do not have physical and mathematical meaning, resulting in significant errors in the data. The aim of the research is to analyze indirect methods to identify their physical and mathematical justification. The need for the development of quantitative methods for assessing the effective use of photosynthetically active radiation to improve forecasting and management of agricultural land is emphasized.

Calculation method for the dynamic temperature distribution of winding area in dry-type on-board traction transformer

Dry-type on-board traction transformers have attracted considerable attention because of their lightweight and flameproof characteristics. The temperature distribution of winding areas is a critical indicator for representing operation performance. This study developed a calculation model for the dynamic temperature distribution of winding areas in dry-type on-board traction transformers under time-varying environments. First, a dynamic temperature calculation model was proposed based on the principle of thermoelectric analogy. Next, for addressing the transient outlet temperature of air ducts in the model, the influences of environment parameters and air duct size on heat dissipation were investigated, and a calculation model for the transient outlet temperature was proposed. Finally, the validity of the proposed dynamic temperature calculation method was verified experimentally, and the method was compared with conventional computational fluid dynamics numerical simulation using line data. The results revealed that for various structural parameters and time-varying operation scenarios, the proposed method could accurately obtain the temperature distribution in the winding area and could save more than 99% of the time cost compared with the conventional method.© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ЯБЛОЧНОГО ЖМЫХА В КОРМАХ НА ОБЩИЙ ГОМЕОСТАЗ ОРГАНИЗМА ПЕРЕПЕЛОВ

Apple pomace is a valuable raw material containing a sufficient amount of dietary fiber, minerals and biologically active substances. This paper describes the results of an experiment to study the effect of apple pomace added to feed on the general blood parameters of Texas breed quails. The experiment lasted 21 days in the veterinary clinic of the Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering named after N.I. Vavilov, according to the principle of analogues, three experimental groups were created, ten heads in each group, with different amounts of pomace in the feed, as a percentage: group 1 - 8 %, group 2 - 10 %, group 3 - 15 %. A control group was also formed, receiving a diet without pomace. The diet of the experimental groups consisted of complete granulated food for quails, to which was added apple pomace from a local manufacturer - ACSSC «Khvalynsky Sad». The apple pomace was obtained from the Berkutovskoye apple variety and dried using a Russian convective dryer Ezidri Ultra FD1000 Digital. A blood test was done before the start of the experiment and after, at the Veterinary Hospital Scientific Research Center on a PCE-90Vet hematology analyzer. According to the results of the experiment it was established that the best indicators of homeostasis in the body of quails were in the second experimental group, which was supplemented with 10 % apple pomace.

Recurrent grammatical errors in student Russian-to-English consecutive interpreting

Interpreting student errors have little been accorded full-scale treatment. The objective of the article is, then, to provide a classification of and explain some of the most recurrent grammatical errors made by students in Russian-to-English consecutive interpreting. Our findings suggest that all grammatical errors in student consecutive interpreting fall into four groups: errors in the use of articles; errors in the use of tenses; errors in the use of voice; and errors in the use of number. Among the key sources of grammatical errors in consecutive interpreting are inadequate linguistic competence and performance, i.e. tendency to transfer grammatical patterns specific to a native language into a foreign language, unpredictable syntax, quick speech motor actions; and psychological and cognitive factors, i.e. principles of analogy, severe time constraints. Error analysis in student consecutive interpreting can make a positive contribution into the practice of training interpreters as it reveals the problem triggers. Additionally, inquiries in error analysis can make valuable contributions in a linguistic typology of interpreting errors in typologically and structurally different languages, i.e. language-specific and language-pair specific errors.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ КЛИНИКО-ГЕМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ И ИММУНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ ПРИ ОЦЕНКЕ ПРОТИВОРАДИАЦИОННОЙ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ТЕРАПЕВТИЧЕСКОГО СРЕДСТВА НА ОСНОВЕ МИКРООРГАНИЗМА FUSOBACTERIUM NECROPHORUM

Purpose: To study clinical, hematologic and immunologic parameters in assessing the anti-radiation efficacy of the therapeutic agent based on the microorganism Fusobacterium necrophorum. Material and methods: The studies on determination of the anti-radiation efficacy of the strains of microorganisms killed by gamma-irradiation were carried out on sexually mature sexless white mice and white rats with live weight of 18–20 and 180–200 g, respectively, divided into experimental and control groups according to the principle of analogs. Modeling of acute radiation sickness was carried out on a Puma gamma unit with a radioactive source of cesium-137 at a dose of LD100/30. As potential anti-radiation drugs we used inactivated by irradiation on the gamma unit Explorer preparations of microbial origin F. necrophorum strain 8. necrophorum strain 8TS630501 at doses of 15, 20, 25 and 30 kGy. The tested preparations were injected subcutaneously in the volume of 0.2 cm3 to white mice and 2.0 cm3 to white rats 3 days after radiation exposure. Results: It was experimentally established that complete sterilization of the microbe occurs at doses of 25 and 30 kGy. The culture of F. necrophorum, irradiated at doses of 25 and 30 kGy and administered to animals 3 days after external radiation exposure, promoted survival, preservation of 60 to 80 % of lethally irradiated white mice and rats. At the same time the recovery of leukocytes and hemoglobin number was slow and continued until the end of the study. In animals treated with the developed therapeutic agents, there was also a decrease in the number of T-cells, but it was less pronounced than in the irradiation control group. The number of B-lymphocytes was affected similarly to T-lymphocytes. The minimum of the number of B-lymphocytes in the experimental groups was noted at 14 days. Studies on the intensity of the process of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the content of malonic dialdehyde in peripheral blood of gamma-irradiated, treated and intact rats, it was found that in the irradiated control group there is a significant increase in the LPO index in blood in relation to biological control and treatment groups. Conclusion: It has been established that the highest anti-radiation efficacy is possessed by a therapeutic agent of microbial origin (RNF-30), which was obtained by gamma-irradiation at a dose of 30 kGy of the culture of F. necrophorum.

METHOD OF LEGAL REGULATION AND TURNOVER OF LOW-RISE HOUSING STOCK IN RUSSIA

Purpose of the study. This article is a continuation of the author’s study of the legal regime of low-rise housing stock in Russia. The purpose of the current study is to highlight the distinctive features of such features of the legal regime as the method of legal regulation of legal relations (imperative/dispositive) and the ability of objects to be circulated. Conclusions. The analysis showed that when considering these features of the legal regime in relation to the low-rise housing stock of Russia, the application of the principle of analogy of law is characteristic, expressed, in particular, in the complementary use of both imperative and dispositive methods of legal regulation. The study of the ability of objects to turn over as a sign of the legal regime made it possible to note the absence of clear distinguishable characteristics of low-rise housing stock, with the exception of the allocation of apartment buildings within the framework of social tenancy agreements into a separate category.

Influence of complex enzyme drug and phytase on growth, digestibility and use of nutrients of wheat and soya compound feed and mineralization of the drumstick in broiler chickens

Plant feeds contain anti-nutritional factors. Thus, non-starchy polysaccharides are poorly digested and can serve as a barrier to enzyme access to nutrients. Phytate can form a complex with other divalent cations (Ca, Mn, Mg, Fe, Zn), amino acids. Phytate is the largest reserve of phosphorus in plants, but this compound cannot be effectively absorbed by poultry, which requires the inclusion of expensive inorganic sources of phosphorus in feed. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the possible effects of separate and combined inclusion of the complex enzyme drug Sunzyme (matrix as an ingredient) and the phytase-containing enzyme drug Sunface 5000 (matrix in nutritional value) on the digestibility and absorption of nutrients of wheat and soybean compound feed by broiler chickens. During the experiment, 204 day-old broiler chickens were divided according to the principle of analogues into 4 groups of 51 heads in each. The broiler chickens of the control group received compound feed without enzyme drugs, the 1st experimental group received compound feed with Sanzyme (matrix as an ingredient), the 2nd experimental group received compound feed with Sanzyme (matrix as an ingredient) and Sunface 5000 (matrix in nutritional value), the 3rd experimental group received compound feed with Sunface 5000 (matrix in nutritional value). Compound feeds were fed from one day to 42 days of age. In order to determine the digestibility of the main nutrients in compound feeds of broiler chickens aged 35–42 days, a physiological experiment was carried out based on the results of which a animal science analysis of the fed compound feeds and litter was carried out using generally accepted methods. When studying feed and litter, the mass fraction of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, fiber, nitrogen-free extractives, ash, calcium and phosphorus were determined. It was found that compared with the control group broiler chickens received Sunzyme and Sunface 5000 had higher coefficients of digestibility and nutrient utilization of wheat and soybean compound feeds and as a result achieved a high average final live weight with low feed intake per unit of gain during the rearing period.

СИГНАЛЬНА МАКРОМОДЕЛЬ ОПТОПАРИ НА СТРУКТУРАХ ОРГАНІЧНОЇ ЕЛЕКТРОНІКИ

The paper is devoted to the basic approaches to the realization of the macromodel of optocouplers on organic structures for sensor devices. It is shown that the use of such structures is largely limited due to the time drift of parameters and temperature instability. In the course of the research, the possibility of compensating for these parameters directly during the operation of organic optocouples by measuring and analyzing the parameter drift was established. For this purpose, specialized built-in in-situ diagnostic systems and controlled signal transducers are used. In order to verify the functioning and optimize the parameters of signal transducers of built-in in- situ diagnostic systems, the paper describes the main approaches and the result of the implementation of the optocouple macromodel. The macromodel provides the ability to specify the components of sensor electronics optocouplers in accordance with the approaches and syntax of SPICE modeling and reflects parametric modulation with changes in ambient temperature, time instability, and flicker noise. The macromodel consists of five modules that describe the processes and specify the characteristics of the optocoupler: the light emitter (LED), self-heating of the optocoupler structure by the supply current, the optical medium or active layer of the optosensor, time drift and flicker noise, and the light receiver (photodiode or photoresistor). The modules are represented by substitution schemes of electrical components in accordance with the principle of functional analogy. The main approaches to specifying the parameters of macromodel components and examples of parametric studies based on it are considered. The use of the developed model makes it possible to obtain the values of compensation parameters for operational adjustment, in accordance with the operating conditions and properties of organic structures.

Indicators of tasting evaluation of broiler meat quality under the influence of feed factor

Poultry meat occupies a large share in human nutrition. The issues of the taste of broiler chicken meat as a food product under the infl uence of feeding, in our opinion, have not been suffi ciently studied. The purpose of the research was to study the indicators of tasting evaluation of the quality of broiler chicken meat under the infl uence of the feed factor. Four series of studies were carried out on the organoleptic evaluation of the quality of meat of broiler chickens of the cross Sibiryak 2C that eceived feed with various feed ingredients. Groups of broiler chickens were formed at one day old according to the principle of analogues. Experimental feeds were fed from one day to 42 days of age. In order to determine the organoleptic evaluation of the quality of meat of broiler chickens under the infl uence of the feed factor, the poultry was slaughtered at 42 days of age, followed by tasting of the broth and boiled meat. In the fi rst experiment, the use of camelina presscake made it possible to obtain high-quality broth and meat (the overall score was 0,2–1,0 points higher than the control). In the second study, fl axseed presscake was used in feeding broiler chickens. A positive relationship was noted between the introduction of 15 and 20 % fl axseed presscake and the indicators of organoleptic evaluation of the quality of boiled meat, but the higher the percentage of input of the feed protein ingredient, the lower the evaluation of meat quality according to a set of indicators. During the third experiment on the use of various vegetable oils, a positive eff ect was discovered from the increased introduction of rapeseed, rubsen-seed, linseed or soybean oils into the compound feed. It was found according to the results of the fourth research that the introduction of 25 % rapeseed presscake or 25 % rapeseed fl our into compound feed allowed us to obtain broth and meat with the highest tasting scores.

Clinical and experimental substantiation of the use of reduced concentrations of FSH during superovulation in highly productive cows

The purpose of the studies was to substantiate the use of reduced concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone to induce superovulation in highly productive cows and heifers. The research was carried out in one of the farms in the Leningrad region. After analyzing breeding cards and based on ultrasound visualization of the reproductive organs, promising animal embryo donors were selected - cows after the first calving and heifers that had reached physiological maturity, Holstein breed. According to the principle of analogues, groups of experimental animals Ⅰ and Ⅱ were formed, which included cows, and groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ, which included heifers, eight and six animals each, respectively. To induce multiple ovulation, hormonal treatment regimens were used, presented in Table 1. Hormonal treatment regimens were compiled in accordance with methodological recommendations on the procedure and conditions for applying the method of cattle embryo transplantation, as well as in accordance with the results of previously conducted studies and analysis of literary sources. As a result of the studies, it was established that all experimental animals responded equally to the hormonal regimen recommended by the manufacturer of exogenous gonadotropins and the experimental regimen, with a reduced concentration of the latter. It was revealed that there were no significant differences in the number of corpora lutea in the groups of cows and heifers when using a standard scheme for stimulating polyovulation and with a reduced content of follicle-stimulating hormone. There was also no difference between the experimental groups of cows and heifers in the number of embryos obtained. Analyzing the data obtained, we can conclude that it is advisable to use reduced concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins to stimulate multiple ovulation in highly productive cows and heifers.

The effect of carbetocin on the mammary gland of pigs

Carbetocin (deamino-1-monocarba-(2-Omethylthyrosine)-oxytocin) refers to a prolonged-acting, synthetic analogue of oxytocin, has pharmacodynamic properties similar to natural oxytocin. Drugs containing carbetocin have been used in the pathology of childbirth and the postpartum period. However, there is limited information in the literature on the effect of this pharmacological agent on the mammary gland of animals. The aim of the presented experimental work was to study the effect of carbetocin on the mammary gland of sows in the postpartum period. The studies were performed on the main sows in the early postpartum period. According to the principle of analogues, the animals were divided into 2 groups: experimental and control. Carbetocin was parenterally administered to sows of the experimental group at a dose of 0.07 mg with an interval of 24 hours, and uterotonic agents were not used in the control group. In animals of the experimental group, the time of induced secretion of breast secretions after administration of cabetocin was recorded. The concentration of immunoglobulins in colostrum (milk) of all studied animals was determined using a Brix refractometer. It was found that after carbetocin injection, the average duration of excretion of mammary gland secretions in sows had no significant differences during 1 and 2 days after delivery and amounted to 363.00±8.40 and 355.50±8.51 minutes, respectively. Its free release in animals occurs within 4-7 hours after administration of a prolonged oxytocin analog. The use of carbetocin in sows in the postpartum period does not lead to an increase in the amount of immunoglobulins in colostrum or transitional milk, regardless of the proportion of the mammary gland. At the same time, a significant decrease in immune proteins is recorded after 24 hours to the initial level.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE KAPPA-CASEIN GENOTYPE ON THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF MILK

The nutritional property of milk depends on its chemical composition and a high degree of digestibility (95-98%) of all organic substances. The composition of milk includes more than 200 components that are complex in chemical structure, many of which nature has not repeated in any other products. Milk protein, fat and lactose are the main components that directly affect the taste and technological properties of milk. The actual content of the main components in commercial milk can vary in wide ranges: protein from 2.8 to 3.6%, fat from 2.8 to 6%, lactose from 4.5 to 4.8%. To determine the polymorphism of kappa-casein genes and evaluate economically useful traits in animals with different genotypes of kappa-casein, only 60 cows were selected, including 20 Holstein cows, 20 Alatau cows and 20 black-and-white cows. The polymorphism of kappa-casein genes was evaluated by PCR analysis. For further research, 3 subgroups of cows were formed in each group according to the principle of analogues, the results of genotyping and kappa-casein gene. The first group included cows with the AA kappa-casein genotype, the second – the AB genotype, and the third – the BB genotype.

“Enzimsporin” probiotic effect on the growth, vitality and physiological state of sterlet in the RAS

Despite the great interest in the use of probiotics to strengthen the immune characteristics of animals, there is not enough work on this issue, so we set ourselves the goal of studying the physiological state and immune status of sterlet grown in the ultrasound, which was fed with the addition of the probiotic “Enzimsporin”. A control group and three experimental groups were selected for the experiment, individuals were selected according to the principle of analogues of 50 in each group. For 60 days, the sterlet of the experimental groups was fed with the addition of probiotic in dosages of 1, 1.5 and 2 g/kg. Based on the combination of high linear-weight indicators and survival, we evaluated the hematological characteristics of individuals in the group that received a probiotic dosage of 1 g/kg of feed. In this experimental group, the number of erythrocytes and leukocytes in the blood did not significantly differ. When using a probiotic in a fish leukogram, the proportion of immature myeloid cells, including rod-shaped neutrophils, decreases from 3.1% to 0.6%. At the same time, there were no significant differences in the proportion of mature segmented neutrophils. The use of probiotics significantly increases the amount of lysosomal cationic protein in neutrophils to a value of 1.94 units of blood compared to the control group, whose values were 1.05 units, which indicates a favorable state of cellular immunity and a high immune status of fish in this group as a whole.

Adaptive changes in immunological, hematological and metabolic profiles of pregnant cows

Pregnancy triggers a series of complex interactions within the body, involving both the immune system and metabolic processes. In the case of pregnant cows, these mechanisms are essential for supporting the developing fetus and maintaining the overall health of the mother. The aim of the work was to study the hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters of cows at different periods of pregnancy. Research was conducted on cows (Bos Taurus) of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. Groups were formed based on the principle of analogs. The research was carried out using the methodology of group-period experiments. The control group consisted of non-pregnant cows. The first observation period was conducted on pregnant cows with confirmed pregnancy (30 days). The second observation period was carried out at 90 days of pregnancy, the third at 180 days of gestation, and the fourth at 270 days. Laboratory studies included immunological research conducted in the specialized laboratory of immunology for reproduction animals. The first notable observation was the gradual increase in the population of CD3+ lymphocytes from the beginning of gestation, which remained stable until the 90th day of pregnancy and then gradually decreased. The population of B cell immune cells CD22+ had its peculiarities: dynamic and stable growth from the start of pregnancy until the middle of the second trimester (180 days), followed by a gradual decrease until the onset of labor. The redistribution of T and B lymphocytes occurred with dynamic fluctuations in the number of undifferentiated 0-lymphocytes. The processes of transformation and adaptation of homeostasis affected both enzyme activity and indicators of mineral metabolism. Thus, from the beginning of pregnancy (from the 30th day of gestation), the experimental cows showed a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity (P < 0.05), alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.05), and aspartate aminotransferase activity (P < 0.05). During the pregnancy of cows, body changes occur. From the early period of gestation throughout the entire period of embryogenesis, changes in the system of hematopoiesis, alterations in the activity of enzymes, exchange of Ca and P, accompanied by changes in immunological reactions take place. These processes are adaptive and ensure the maintenance of the homeostasis system. The perspective of further research will aim at studying changes in immunological and biochemical parameters during physiological pregnancy and when it is complicated.