Linguistic Principles Research Articles

Փոխաբերության ճանաչողական էությունը

Metaphors by their complex semantic structure never cease to attract the attention of linguists, philologists and literary scholars and are often found as central objects of examination in different studies. In the course of the development of science, metaphors having not only linguistic nature but also being phenomena expressing peculiarities of mental processes, have been studied in the fields of psychology, cognitive science, cognitive linguistics. The fact that metaphors are omnipresent serves as a reason for their study not only for the purpose of examining imaginative language and speech elements typical of the works of fiction but also for the exploration and description of human psychological portrait and understanding. In the present article an attempt is made to clarify and examine the essence of metaphors as well as the psychological and cognitive motives for their creation. From a psychological perspective, the object of examination consists in the explanation of the nature of metaphor emergence in human brain. The cognitive peculiarities of their mechanism of operation are presented in the article as well. With the objective of accomplishing a comprehensive and profound examination of metaphors, the consideration of the achievements in the fields of psychology and conginitive science, i.e. adherence to inter-disciplinary approach, which implies application of the well-defined principles of both linguistics and other sciences, is essentially important and topical.

Employing the R2L methodology with translanguaging to support written production of the daily routine genre

This paper presents a pedagogical action research project conducted at a Chilean tertiary education institution which explores the teaching of written production in English as a foreign language (EFL). It examines the application of the Reading to Learn (R2L) methodology, based on the principles of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), which provides systematic support for students to produce a variety of genres. The intervention consists of two phases in which the R2L methodology is employed for teaching the daily routine genre. In this study, the R2L methodology focuses on allowing students to develop the necessary linguistic resources for the production of both first-person singular and third-person singular daily routines. To facilitate this, the intervention utilizes two teaching tools: the steps of the R2L methodology and translanguaging. The findings reveal that the R2L methodology alongside translanguaging significantly improved students' ability to produce well-structured and purposeful daily routines, incorporating a range of linguistic choices.

Illocutionary Speech Acts of Articulating Commands in the Movie “Marvels”: An analysis of Linguistics Principles

Speech acts play a crucial role in human communication, allowing individuals to perform actions through language. The application of speech act is crucial especially in communication because it is an action of communication. Therefore, this study investigates the various forms of illocutionary acts, with a particular emphasis on directive speech acts, as presented in the film "The Marvels" from the Marvel Cinematic Universe. This study uses qualitative methodology to deeply analyze the use of directive speech acts in The Marvels. This qualitative approach is appropriate because it emphasizes a detailed examination of the dialogue, context, and pragmatic functions of language in the narrative. By focusing on the meaning and purpose behind the directive speech acts used by the main characters, this study aims to uncover patterns, relationships, and insights that cannot be easily measured. Utilizing Searle's theory of speech acts, Grice's conversational implicature theory, and the situational context framework proposed by Halliday and Hasan, the research explores the way the characters' dialogues are shaped by these linguistic principles. The analysis focuses on how the context of the dialogue influences the illocutionary force of the characters' interactions, revealing the intricate ways in which meaning is conveyed. The findings highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to understanding communication in film, showing that the study of language within specific contexts can enhance people’s appreciation of character interactions and narrative development. This research contributes to the broader field of linguistic analysis in literature and offers valuable insights for students and scholars.

Generative approach to the structure of negative sentences in Albanian

Abstract This paper examines the components of negative sentences in Albanian from the perspective of generative linguistics. Main aim is to analyze the functions and positions of negative elements in the structure of Albanian sentences, providing a comparison with other languages to highlight the universal features and specificities of Albanian. The focus of the analysis are the main negative particles such as “ nuk ”, “ s ’”, “ mos ”, and “ as ”, which are used to express simple and compound negation, including double and intensive negation. Elements such as “ nuk ” and “ s ’” are positioned immediately before the verb to express a simple negation and operate in a C-command relation that blocks the placement of other elements between them and the verb. In the syntactic structure, their position is above the subject and immediately before the predicate, blocking any other element from being placed between them and the verb. While “ mos ” is used mainly in the imperative, subjunctive and imperative moods, taking position before the modal particle or auxiliary verb to control the actions of the verb. “ As ” reinforces negation and can be positioned before the verb or other constituents to create polynegative structures. Comparisons with languages such as Italian and English emphasize that Albanian has developed polynegative structures, which allow the use of multiple negative elements without violating the grammaticality of the sentence. This analysis suggests that Albanian, through complex negation structures, complies with some of the universal principles of generative linguistics, while simultaneously maintaining special features that challenge some assumptions of standard generative syntax.

Exploring Syntactic Ambiguity and Deep Structure Transformations in the translations Rumi's Mystical Poetry: A Generative Grammar Perspective

This paper aims at understanding how the element of mysticism in the selected work of Rumi can be explored via linguistic theory principles such as generative grammar and syntactic ambiguity. By deconstructing surface and deep structures, this study unveils the intricate interplay between language and meaning in six poems: “The Guest House”, “The Marriage of True Minds”, “Where There is Ruin”, “Silence is the Language of God”, “Only Breath” and “Out Beyond Ideas”. These poems are analyzed to decode the mystical meanings hidden in linguistic ambivalences. In “The Guest House”, the metaphor that applies to human life as a ‘guest house’ is studied under the view of syntactic doublet, which corresponds to Sufi conceptions of tenderness and receptiveness. In “The Marriage of True Minds”, love and unity are aligned, which shows how conditional syntax accords with the Sufism perspective of love. This research demonstrates how Rumi’s syntactical creativity supports the theoretical frameworks of multiple readings under the light of mystic wisdom. The insights established in this research yield the concept of analyzing the structure of Rumi’s poem, as well as the relation between language and spirituality.

CEILE: A Corpus of Free Indirect Style in Spanish—Structure, Development and Practical Application

Free indirect style is grammatically defined as a type of discourse typically used in literary texts which combines features of both direct and indirect style. Deictic elements corresponding to the narrator and to the characters overlap in free indirect style, with no specification as to whether the transcribed words refer to the former or the latter. Its unique aspects have caused some specialists to raise controversial issues in terms of characterising this structure. Part of the limitations of previous studies stem from the fact that they have been based on examples taken from specific works and authors, while more objective results could have been obtained if the principles of corpus linguistics had been relied upon, as the methodology allows research hypotheses to be based on meaningful samples of real language. However, the annotation of the existing language corpora for the study of the Spanish language prevents researchers from automatically retrieving samples of free indirect style. In order to bridge this gap, has been created a specific corpus of free indirect style called CEILE: Corpus de Estilo Indirecto Libre en Español (Corpus of Free Indirect Style in Spanish). CEILE has undergone three stages of development before reaching its current online version. This article describes how it has evolved over time, shows some possible uses and provides initial results obtained from its implementation, which significantly facilitates the analysis of this grammatical structure and its study in contrast to other reported speech procedures.

Authorship Analysis, Social Networks and Catalan

This paper presents data that can help determine whether factors such as gender or age can become significant in authorship analysis through X in Catalan. Considering the principles of forensic linguistics (in particular, authorship analysis and idiolectal style), 500 publications have been analyzed from a stylistic point of view, focusing on three discursive aspects: specific features of X, pragmatic variables and stylistic variables. Contrary to what some authors have found for English X users (Cicres, 2015), the paper shows that, in Catalan, emoticons, exclamations or letter multiplication are not distinctive features for gender or age. However, elements such as the concatenation of hashtags, the use of links, the intensification of first-person subject pronouns, the use of capital letters or the use suspension points can be meaningful for age ¾but not for gender. This paper thus constitutes a first step towards finding truly distinctive elements in the use of X in Catalan, even though more studies, with larger corpora, need to be done to confirm these tendencies.

Acculturation

The hypothesis of the history of humanity as a succession of acculturations was more appropriate to linguistic, social and cultural facts and to the continuity of history itself. One of the most assiduously upheld principles in historical linguistics was acculturation. There was no linguistic change without languages in contact, and both the history of languages in contact and linguistic change were part of acculturation, based on social and cultural diffusion, which implied the intrinsic relationship between linguistics, sociology and anthropology. From approximately 1970, the panorama of concern for space in the historiography relating to the Crown of Castile began to change. The entry of anthropology into history was one of the most significant historiographical data. The central idea of ecosystem and the key concept of acculturation were used by some Spanish historians, in order to offer a new interpretation of the behavior of Hispanic-Christian society. Our current working hypothesis has been an application of languages in contact, within a new project of anthropological history on the long process of formation of Hispanic Romance languages. In the history of humanity, the primary principle in the history of languages in contact and linguistic change was the acculturation of human groups.

Response to Ho Dah-an

Ho Dah-an’s 2016 review of our book Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction (2014) contains little discussion of the book’s main themes or proposals: he focuses instead on “errors” which, according to him, “reflect the outdated concepts of the authors and the insufficiency of their basic training.” In this response to Ho’s review, we consider his discussion of these “errors.” On two points (discussed below), he has actually found errors (a faulty interpretation of an entry in the Shuōwén jiězì and one incorrect citation), which we are glad to be able to correct. Neither materially affects our conclusions. The other “errors” that Ho mentions are not errors at all: in most cases they reflect basic misunderstandings on Ho’s part: of our book, of other sources, and of basic principles of historical linguistics. Since some of these misunderstandings relate to general issues in the reconstruction of Old Chinese, we attempt here to correct these misunderstandings in order to set the record straight.

Theory of affective pragmatics under biolinguistics.

This paper introduces a pioneering investigation into affective pragmatics through the perspective of Darwinian Biolinguistics, an interdisciplinary field at the nexus of biological and linguistic principles. Anchored in Darwin's theory of evolution and the latest developments in neurobiology, this study delves into the influence of biological factors---especially those pertaining to the brain's emotional processing on pragmatic communication. The research posits that human emotional responses, inherent in our biological constitution, profoundly influence the usage and interpretation of language in social interactions.

Language Change and Languages in Contact

The hypothesis of the history of linguistics as a succession of paradigms was more appropriate to linguistic facts and to the continuity of history itself than to a substitution of models. One of the most assiduously maintained principles in historical linguistics was the theory of the regularity of linguistic change. However, both the history of languages in contact and linguistic change were part of acculturation, based on social and cultural diffusion, which implied the intrinsic relationship between linguistics, sociology and anthropology. It was not, therefore, a mere linguistic issue, but also a social and cultural one. In this sense, we had to differentiate two interpretations: 1) an autonomous version of the assumption of phonological regularity, and 2) a grammatical version of linguistic change. Within the anthropological history of Hispanic romances there was a linguistic and cultural continuity, based on the successive and diverse historical acculturations (Indo-European, Iberian, Phoenician-Greek, Roman, Christian, Germanic, Visigothic, Byzantine, Islamic, Castilian, Catalan-Aragonese, Hispanic and Anglo-Saxon), with the linguistic and cultural transfers that implied the social and cultural mixing of these groups, and the adaptation to a new sociocultural context. During the second half of the last century, great contributions to historical linguistics were accumulated, which were far from being recognized by historians of the language

Language Change And Languages In Contact

The hypothesis of the history of linguistics as a succession of paradigms was more appropriate to linguistic facts and to the continuity of history itself than to a substitution of models. One of the most assiduously maintained principles in historical linguistics was the theory of the regularity of linguistic change. However, both the history of languages in contact and linguistic change were part of acculturation, based on social and cultural diffusion, which implied the intrinsic relationship between linguistics, sociology and anthropology. It was not, therefore, a mere linguistic issue, but also a social and cultural one. In this sense, we had to differentiate two interpretations: 1) an autonomous version of the assumption of phonological regularity, and 2) a grammatical version of linguistic change. Within the anthropological history of Hispanic romances there was a linguistic and cultural continuity, based on the successive and diverse historical acculturations (Indo-European, Iberian, Phoenician-Greek, Roman, Christian, Germanic, Visigothic, Byzantine, Islamic, Castilian, Catalan-Aragonese, Hispanic and AngloSaxon), with the linguistic and cultural transfers that implied the social and cultural mixing of these groups, and the adaptation to a new sociocultural context. During the second half of the last century, great contributions to historical linguistics were accumulated, which were far from being recognized by historians of the language.

The Ecological Construction Path of English Vocabulary Teaching Based on Markov Chain in the Perspective of Ecological Linguistics

The new curriculum standards have put forward new requirements for high school English vocabulary teaching, and the English vocabulary eco-classroom under the guidance of ecological linguistics theory can precisely make up for the shortcomings in the traditional vocabulary classroom and meet the challenges of the times. However, most of the existing researches on ecological classroom are combined with macro English subjects, and few of them are about English vocabulary teaching. This study takes the principles of ecological linguistics as the theoretical basis to support the conceptual construction and morphological reliance of the vocabulary ecological classroom, supplemented by modal theory as the process orientation of the four major stages in the teaching process, constructs a new vocabulary ecological classroom model based on Markov chain model, and applies the ecological classroom model to high school English vocabulary teaching to verify its teaching effects. The experimental results show that the Markov chain-based high school English vocabulary teaching under the “ecological linguistics” model can help students’ interest in vocabulary learning and promote their vocabulary learning level, accounting for 15% improvement in the learning effect.

Gendered Response to Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Modern Linguistics: Evaluating the Perspectives of Senior Lecturers on Technological Innovations

The incorporation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into contemporary linguistics exhibits a significant and transformational change in the discipline. AI technologies, which include natural language processing (NLP), machine learning, and computational linguistics, have significantly transformed the methods employed by linguists for studying, analyzing, and applying linguistic principles. However, as the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) within modern linguistics has presented novel opportunities, facilitating scholars in their investigation of language at an unprecedented scale and level of intricacy, it is pertinent to understand how language educators; especially, the university lecturers perceive these positive innovations. Nevertheless, the current research is focused on examining the responses of senior lecturers on the integration of AI in modern linguistics. The research objective further centered on gender variation in the responses of these lecturers in regard to technological innovations brought in by the integration of AI in modern linguistics. Using a quantitative research method, a good number of participants who are mainly senior lectures were engaged in an online interview. These participants consisting of forty-six (46) females and thirty-seven (37) males shared their opinions with regard to the focus of the study. Moreover, two important hypotheses were developed for this research and a t-test was conducted to validate these hypotheses. The findings generated from the data analyzed indicated that although there are no significant differences in the perceptions of both male and female lecturers on the integration of AI in modern linguistics, there are some aspects specific to modern linguistics with observable gender variations in responses of the participants. Such aspect includes easy adaption of new AI tools, level of benefits and ethical challenges. Also, while female lecturers address the AI integration in modern linguistics from ethical and beneficial point of view, the male counterparts focused more on accessibility and inclusivity.

PREDICATIVE POSITION OF ADJECTIVES IN ENGLISH AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS WHEN TRANSLATING INTO ALBANIAN

Predicative adjectives play a crucial role in language by providing additional information about the subject of a sentence. This paper explores the significance and characteristics of predicative adjectives in linguistic analysis. The paper examines the syntactic structures and patterns governing the translation of predicative adjectives from English into Albanian language. Through a comparative analysis, this paper investigates how syntactic differences between the two languages influence the placement and construction of predicative adjectives in Albanian language sentences. Furthermore, the paper explores the impact of word order, agreement, and syntactic hierarchy on the translation process. Drawing on linguistic theories and principles, this research clarifies the syntactic adjustments required to maintain grammatical coherence and preserve the intended meaning when rendering predicative adjectives into Albanian. Predicative adjectives in English typically exhibit a relatively minor difference from Albanian translation, with exceptions found among adjectives whose predicative only usage is specific to the English language. Adjectives falling into this category necessitate substantial adjustments during translation, often resulting in their representation not solely as adjectives but also as nouns, verbs, or adverbs within the translated context. By shedding light on the syntactic complexities of translation, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the challenges and strategies involved in conveying predicative adjectives across linguistic boundaries.

UNPACKING MULTILINGUAL INDONESIAN ISLAMIC HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS ENGLISH AND ITS PROMISES

Issues regarding attitudes and perceptions about English and its cultural politics have been widely and significantly reported in literature. As an international language, English signifies multiple and complex benefits and challenges. This paper aims to extend the discussion by interrogating students’ attitudes and unpack their views towards promises of English in Indonesian Islamic higher education (HE) settings. Participants in this study were undergraduate English Literature students who had engaged with the introductory principles of (Critical) Applied Linguistics (CPL). Data was collected through questionnaires (with closed and open-ended questions) from 58 participants, 19 males and 39 females, and semi-structured interviews with four students. The findings elucidated different views on varieties of English as students showed a quite moderate view of varieties of English from non-inner circle countries instead of treating them as something deficient. Dependency on native speakers’ English variety, however, seems to be negotiated in that the participants view intelligibility as more important in communication than, for instance, correctness. Moreover, students in the present study view speaking English with a local accent as something acceptable. Although not absolutely certain, they still presume that having competence in English can offer better hope in their future.

Kto jest szczupakiem w czeskim stawie? Metafora pojęciowa polityka to staw w czeskim dyskursie politycznym

In this article, the author analyzes the conceptual metaphors politics is a pond, a politician is a carp and a politician is a pike in Czech political discourse. The investigation is based on the theory of conceptual metaphor and follows the principles of ethnolinguistics and cognitive linguistics. The author shows how the specific features of these conceptual metaphors relate to the Czech linguistic worldview and proposes metaphorical mapping that conveys salient features of the target domain (politics and politicians). The conceptual metaphor politics is a pond helps the speaker to depict a problematic domestic political situation that needs to be changed. The metaphors a politician is a carp and a politician is a pike are usually used to create the “friend-foe” opposition in political discourse. The conceptual metaphor a politician is a carp discloses the passivity and laziness of politicians and their inability or unwillingness to change the current situation. On the other hand, the conceptual metaphor a politician is a pike can be used to indicate both the positive qualities of a politician (activity, energy, initiative) and the negative ones (greed, selfishness, cruelty). The use of culturally specific conceptual metaphors allows a politician to establish close contact with the audience to increase the number of loyal voters.

Rhetorical Functions of Lexical Collocations in the Inaugural Speech of President Bola Ahmed Tinubu

In political communication, inaugural speeches are pivotal, signifying the start of a leader’s term and a new chapter in a nation’s history. These serve as a momentousoccasion where the leader outlines their vision, pledging to guide the country to prosperity and unity. This study delves into the inaugural speech delivered by PresidentBola Ahmed Tinubu upon assuming the highest office in Nigeria in May 2023. Through a meticulous analysis of lexical collocations, the study uncovers the underlying linguistic intricacies, thematic emphasis, and rhetorical strategies employed by President Tinubu in his address, to gain insights into the rhetorical techniques used to connect with the audience and convey his vision as well as the impact of his address on political discourse and public perception. Downloading the speech from the Punch Newspaper website, the analytical approach followed the principles of lexical collocation theory and systemic functional linguistics. The analysis reveals eight strategic rhetorical purposes in President Tinubu’s use of lexical collocations in his speech. These functions encompass appeals to religiosity, political sensibility, national pride, patriotism, unity, hope, calls to action, policy clarification, and exemplifying an inclusive government. His language choices resonate with the audience, eliciting emotions and nurturing a national sense of pride and identity. The analysis of President Tinubu’s inaugural speech contributes to a better understanding of his linguistic legacy and communication strategies during his tenure in office. It becomes a part of the historical record, revealing the president’s approach to governance and leadership.

The Imperative Need for Writing Skills and Competence in English for Vocational Learners: A Comprehensive Literature Review

The focus of this research includes aspects of language, linguistics, and literature skills, as well as their impact on human resource management and public organizations. Through qualitative descriptive analysis methods, this study reveals that language skills, including grammar, vocabulary, and syntax, are the main foundation of writing competence. The results of this study show that linguistics and exposure to literature play an important role in developing writing excellence. Linguistic principles enrich students' understanding of sentence structure and coherence, while exposure to literature stimulates creativity and enriches writing styles. The integration of these components into the vocational curriculum is a practical strategy to strengthen overall writing skills. In addition, this study highlights the importance of writing competence in the context of human resource management. Students with strong writing skills are better equipped to make convincing job applications and communicate effectively in the context of human resource management. This demonstrates the need for vocational institutions to work with career services to provide the guidance and resources needed by students to succeed in HR-related communication. This research confirms that clear and effective written communication is very important in public organizations. Good writing skills ensure transparency, accountability, and accessibility of information within this organization.

The Dialectical Relationship of the Arbitrariness and Iconicity of Linguistic Semiotics

The enduring debate surrounding the arbitrariness and iconicity of linguistic signs centers on the relationship between form and meaning, or signifier and signified. This study aims to clarify the dialectical relationship between these two foundational principles in linguistics. Historically, arbitrariness, as proposed by Ferdinand de Saussure, posits that the connection between a linguistic sign's form and its meaning is conventional and lacks inherent justification. Conversely, iconicity suggests a natural or motivated connection between form and meaning, a view supported by cognitive and functional linguistics. This paper critically reviews the historical and contemporary arguments from both camps, highlighting significant contributions from scholars such as Saussure, Peirce, and Haiman. Through a comprehensive analysis, it is demonstrated that arbitrariness and iconicity are not mutually exclusive but coexist at different levels within language systems. The paper argues for a nuanced understanding that considers both synchronic and diachronic perspectives, ultimately suggesting that these two principles can complement each other, providing a deeper insight into the nature and function of linguistic signs. This study contributes to the broader discussion on the inherent characteristics of language, with implications for linguistic theory, language teaching, translation, and cognitive science.