Principal Patterns Research Articles

Software Development for Automated Design of Principal Women Wear Patterns

In this article the review of IT-tools for pattern design is carried out. The problems and disadvantages of the used software are identified and the development of a software for the automated principal pattern design of women's clothing “PIONY”, which has a number of advantages, is described. These include free functionality, three modes of operation (“Guest”, “Shaper”, “Shaper+”), personal account, the ability to save the pattern in the required format and scale. Also, this system allows for an unauthorized user to work in the system, providing him with incomplete functionality ofdesigning a pattern of one product on a standard size in accordance withRussian National Standard GOST. The main advantage of the software is the ability todesign patterns of five items (top, robe, pants, shorts and skirt) according to individual user’smeasurements, taking into account additional parameters (additions, and type of silhouette), and print it in real scale. The software structure is presented in the form of a UML-diagram. It reflects the activities of the administrator and the user. The program part of the functionality is developed using the programming languages JavaScript, PHP, built-in GD Library, which allows creation drawings using graphical primitives and work with image files. Library functions are used to build geometric objects, drawing simple shapes such as lines, circles, which are the pattern elements. A set of hypertext markup HTML and CSS stylingwas usedfor the interface part. The proposed software will allow people who do not have professional knowledge in the field of sewing to design patterns automatically according to individual measurements by entering data and pressing a few buttons.

Experimental and numerical validation of high strain rate impact response and progressive damage of 3D orthogonal woven composites

Advanced three-dimensional (3D) woven composites for aerospace and automotive applications are commonly subjected to complex dynamic environments involving vibrations and impacts, resulting in examining their impact properties is extremely important. This paper first experimentally discussed the influences of strain rates, weft yarn densities and loading directions on the impact performances and failure mechanisms of 3D orthogonal woven composites (3DOWCs). Secondly, full-scale finite element models were developed to predict the stress distribution and interfacial damage evolution process. The predictions were well in agreement with the experimental results. This research revealed that the impact characteristics exhibited strain rate sensitivity. With increasing weft yarn densities, the high strain rate impact behaviors also improved. Particularly, the warp impact strength of 3DOWCs with a weft yarn density of 2 yarn/cm (W5-2) at 812 s−1 was 17.4% and 24.0% higher than that of 3DOWCs with a weft yarn density of 1.5 yarn/cm (W5-1) at 822 s−1. Meanwhile, warp impact strength consistently exceeded to that of the weft impact strength. Additionally, strain rates, weft yarn densities, and loading directions dramatically affected the stress distribution and interfacial damage evolution process of 3DOWCs. Significant warp yarns fracture and matrix cracking were the principal failure patterns in the warp impact, whereas the damage in the weft impact was dominated by localized fracture of weft yarns and interfacial debonding.

Strain Patterns With Ultrasound for Assessment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Vessel Wall Biomechanics

BackgroundAbdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are an important cause of death. Small AAAs are surveyed with ultrasound (US) until a defined diameter threshold, often triggering a computer tomography scan and surgical repair. Nevertheless, 5%–10% of AAA ruptures are below threshold, and some large AAAs never rupture. AAA wall biomechanics may reveal vessel wall degradation with potential for patient-centred risk assessment. This clinical study investigated AAA vessel wall biomechanics and deformation patterns, including reproducibility. MethodsIn 50 patients with AAA, 183 video clips were recorded by two sonographers. Prototype software extracted AAA vessel wall principal strain characteristics and patterns. Functional principal component analysis (FPCA) derived strain pattern statistics. ResultsStrain patterns demonstrated reduced AAA wall strains close to the spine. The strain pattern “topography” (i.e., curve phases or “peaks” and “valleys”) had a 3.9 times lower variance than simple numeric assessment of strain amplitudes, which allowed for clustering in two groups with FPCA. A high mean reproducibility of these clusters of 87.6% was found. Median pulse pressure-normalised mean principal strain (PPPS) was 0.038%/mm Hg (interquartile range: 0.029–0.051%/mm Hg) with no correlation to AAA size (Spearman's ρ = 0.02, false discovery rate-p = 0.15). Inter-operator reproducibility of PPPS was poor (limits of agreement: ±0.031%/mm Hg). DiscussionStrain patterns challenge previous numeric stiffness measures based on anterior-posterior-diameter and are reproducible for clustering. This study's PPPS aligned with prior findings, although clinical reproducibility was poor. In contrast, US-based strain patterns hold promising potential to enhance AAA risk assessment beyond traditional diameter-based metrics.

Cytokine landscape in hospitalized children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome

The etiology of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), frequently observed following COVID-19 infection, remains elusive. This study unveils insights derived from cytokine analysis in the sera of MIS-C patients, both before and after the administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and glucocorticosteroids (GCS). In this study, we employed a comprehensive 45-cytokine profile encompassing a spectrum of widely recognized proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines, as well as growth factors, along with other soluble mediators. The analysis delineates three principal cytokine-concentration patterns evident in the patients’ sera. Pattern no.1 predominantly features proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-15, IL-1ra, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10/ IP-10), and IL-10) exhibiting elevated concentrations upon admission, swiftly normalizing post-hospital treatment. Pattern no. 2 includes cytokines (IL-17 A, IL-33, IFNγ, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and programmed death ligand (PD-L1)) with moderately elevated levels at admission, persisting over 7–10 days of hospitalization despite the treatment. Pattern no. 3 comprises cytokines which concentrations escalated after 7–10 days of hospitalization and therapy, including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-13, platelet-derived growth factor AA/BB (PDGF AA/BB). The observed in cytokine profile of MIS-C patients showed a transition from acute inflammation to sustaining inflammation which turned into induction of humoral memory mechanisms and various defense mechanisms, contributing to recovery.

Dietary Variability in the Varna Chalcolithic Cemeteries

This article presents the results of AMS radiocarbon dating, stable isotope analysis, and FRUITS dietary modelling to investigate dietary variability among sixty individuals buried at Varna in the mid-fifth millennium bc. The principal pattern was the isotopic clustering of some forty-three per cent of the population, which suggests a ‘Varna core diet’, with the remainder showing a wider variety of isotopic profiles. While there is a slight trend for heightened meat and fish consumption among male individuals compared to female and undetermined individuals, the authors found no clear correlation between dietary variation and the well-attested differentiation in material culture in the graves. Three children had isotopic profile and estimated diets unmatched by any of the adults in the sample. Two scenarios, dubbed ‘regional’ and ‘local’, are presented to explain such dietary variability at Varna.

Study on temperature regulation function of green spaces at community scale in high-density urban areas and planning design strategies

In recent years, the frequency of extreme high-temperature events has gradually increased. To better understand the impact of urban green space coverage's spatial pattern on land surface temperature (LST), this study selected three sample areas along the urban-rural gradient in Shanghai. Using LST inversion and resampling methods, LST data for different grid sizes were obtained for spring, summer, and winter in the 2010s, 2015s, and 2020 s. A boosting regression tree model was employed to determine the key indicators affecting LST and effective cooling thresholds. The impact of green quality, structure, and pattern at the community scale on LST was discussed, providing feasible suggestions for green space planning and design in different urban spaces. The study found significant differences in the spatial patterns of green areas and LST among the three sample regions. The quantity and integrity of green spaces in the Huangpu, Minhang, and Songjiang sample areas have progressively improved, with overall green coverages of 19 %, 38 %, and 43 %, respectively. As grid size increases, the relative influence of fractional vegetation coverage (FVC) on LST generally decreases, whereas the relative influence of green structure and patterns gradually increases. Taking the summer of the 2020 s as an example, the influence of FVC on the three study sample areas was 80.79, 83.36, and 87.18 at a 30 m grid size, which decreased to 48.87, 40.59, and 47.64 at a 120 m grid size. The green structure's impact rose from 13.09, 15.22, and 10.6–30.01, 51.82, and 38.5; the influence of green patterns increased from 6.12, 1.42, and 2.21–21.13, 7.6, and 13.86. Key indicators affecting LST include FVC (Fractional Vegetation Coverage), AREA (Green Patch Area), PD (Patch Density), COHESION (Patch Cohesion Index), and ED (Edge Density). High temperatures in summer are one of the ecological issues that need special attention in Shanghai's green space design. Setting the green space proportion to 35 % while avoiding fragmentation and low vegetation coverage can achieve effective cooling. This study's main advancement lies in utilizing machine learning algorithms to identify the principal green spatial pattern impact factors and key thresholds influencing LST at the community scale in Shanghai. The related results and proposed strategies provide a research framework and strong basis for special regulations in urban green space system planning concerning urban thermal environments. They offer references for urban renewal and new town planning to address climate change and urban high-temperature issues, such as clear requirements for optimal green space area at the community scale, community park spatial layout and quantity regulations, and urban park planning design suggestions. This study also highlights obstacles in the practical application of planning and design strategies, which can help avoid difficulties in implementing planning policies. It attempts to set goals for community-scale vegetation planning in China from a policy perspective and provides relevant recommendations.

A humeral intracondylar fissure elevates maximum principal bone strain in the humeral condyle and lateral epicondylar crest in French Bulldogs.

To investigate whether a humeral intracondylar fissure (HIF) alters bone strain in the French Bulldog humerus, we developed a quantitative CT-based 3-D finite element (FE) model for virtual mechanical testing. We hypothesized that higher strains would be seen in the intracondylar region and lateral epicondylar crest if there was a HIF. Patient CT scans from 3 (n = 3) French Bulldogs were selected. Dog 1 had a closed distal physis and no HIF. Dog 2 had an open distal humeral physis but no HIF. Dog 3 had an open distal physis and a HIF. A 3-D FE model was built for FE analysis, and pressure was applied to the humerus over the region that contacts the radial head. The maximum principal bone strain patterns differed in each of the models. A path of strain concentration mimicking the typical pattern of a lateral condylar fracture was only found in dog 3. Maximum principal strain exceeded 1% in parts of the lateral epicondylar crest in all 3 dogs. We developed a patient-specific, quantitative CT-based 3-D FE model for virtual mechanical testing. We accepted our hypothesis. Strain concentration occurred in the intracondylar region and along the lateral epicondylar crest only when a HIF was present. The presence of a HIF in French Bulldogs elevates maximum principal bone strain in this region and alters its path in an FE model, which suggests an increased risk of a lateral humeral condylar fracture.

Unsupervised pattern identification in spatial gene expression atlas reveals mouse brain regions beyond established ontology

The rapid growth of large-scale spatial gene expression data demands efficient and reliable computational tools to extract major trends of gene expression in their native spatial context. Here, we used stability-driven unsupervised learning (i.e., staNMF) to identify principal patterns (PPs) of 3D gene expression profiles and understand spatial gene distribution and anatomical localization at the whole mouse brain level. Our subsequent spatial correlation analysis systematically compared the PPs to known anatomical regions and ontology from the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas using spatial neighborhoods. We demonstrate that our stable and spatially coherent PPs, whose linear combinations accurately approximate the spatial gene data, are highly correlated with combinations of expert-annotated brain regions. These PPs yield a brain ontology based purely on spatial gene expression. Our PP identification approach outperforms principal component analysis and typical clustering algorithms on the same task. Moreover, we show that the stable PPs reveal marked regional imbalance of brainwide genetic architecture, leading to region-specific marker genes and gene coexpression networks. Our findings highlight the advantages of stability-driven machine learning for plausible biological discovery from dense spatial gene expression data, streamlining tasks that are infeasible by conventional manual approaches.

Heritability of functional gradients in the human subcortico-cortical connectivity

The human subcortex plays a pivotal role in cognition and is widely implicated in the pathophysiology of many psychiatric disorders. However, the heritability of functional gradients based on subcortico-cortical functional connectivity remains elusive. Here, leveraging twin functional MRI (fMRI) data from both the Human Connectome Project (n = 1023) and the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (n = 936) datasets, we construct large-scale subcortical functional gradients and delineate an increased principal functional gradient pattern from unimodal sensory/motor networks to transmodal association networks. We observed that this principal functional gradient is heritable, and the strength of heritability exhibits a heterogeneous pattern along a hierarchical unimodal-transmodal axis in subcortex for both young adults and children. Furthermore, employing a machine learning framework, we show that this heterogeneous pattern of the principal functional gradient in subcortex can accurately discern the relationship between monozygotic twin pairs and dizygotic twin pairs with an accuracy of 76.2% (P < 0.001). The heritability of functional gradients is associated with the anatomical myelin proxied by MRI-derived T1-weighted/T2-weighted (T1w/T2w) ratio mapping in subcortex. This study provides new insights into the biological basis of subcortical functional hierarchy by revealing the structural and genetic properties of the subcortical functional gradients.

DISPERAL OF THE LILIACEAE REPRESENTATIVES IN RELATION TO THE STRUCTURE OF THEIR REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

The Liliaceae family is a terminal one in the order Liliales sensu APG IV (2016) and consists of 15 genera with more than 700 species. The family’s geographical range covers most of the Northern hemisphere and extends through several natural zones, from forest tundra (Gagea species) to tropical forests (Tricyrtis imeldae Guthnick), within three continents, i. e. Eurasia, North America and Africa. Most Liliaceous genera occur both in Eurasia and North America. Representatives of Liliaceae develop coenocarpous fleshly indehiscent berries or dry dehiscent capsules. In most cases, multi-seeded berries themselves are a diaspore, whereas in the case of capsules, the seeds are normally a diaspora. The capsules play a vital role in seed dispersal. Structural adaptations of fruits allowed representatives of Liliaceae to spread into the territories that make up the modern range of the family.The aim of the study is to determine the principal patterns of fruit development for the representatives of Liliaceae with different types of dissemination. The study is based on the investigation of morphological and anatomical structure of fruits which is related to geography, ecology and biology of the Liliaceae taxa dissemination.The study has revealed that the wind is the most typical and widespread agent of dissemination for the investigated representatives of Liliaceae. The specialized capsules responsible for anemochory, i.e. auto-anemochory and anemochionochory (mainly in representatives of the ground cover of deciduous forests in temperate and subtropical climatic zones of the Holarctic Kingdom), are characteristic of representatives of the Lilioideae subfamily. Unlike the capsules supporting the anemochory, which actively participate in dissemination, the primary function of capsules of baromyrmecochorous representatives of Liliaceae is seed production rather than their dispersal, which is reflected in the anatomical structure of the capsules, with numerous intercellular spaces in the pericarp and almost complete lack of its lignification. The endozoochory of fleshly berries of Liliaceae is effective for dispersal by long-distance transport, primarily by birds. Supposedly, the ornitochory prevents dispersal among a large number of ecosystems, which is echoed in the ranges of Clintonia, Prosartes and Streptopus genera, representatives of the ground cover of coniferous and broadleaf forests of the Holarctic Kingdom.

Distinct propagating and standing modes of tropical intraseasonal variability as represented by the two principal oscillation patterns

Although the tropical intraseaonal variability (TISV), as the most important predictability sources for subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) prediction, is dominated by Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), its significant fraction does not always share the canonical MJO features, especially when the convective activity arrives at Maritime Continent. In this study, using principal oscillation pattern (POP) analysis on the combined fields of daily equatorial convection and zonal wind, two distinct leading TISV modes with relatively slower e-folding decay rates are identified. One is an oscillatory mode with the period of 51 days and e-folding time of 19 days, capturing the eastward propagating (EP) feature of the canonical MJO. The other is a non-oscillatory damping mode with e-folding time of 13.6 days, capturing a standing dipole (SD) with convection anomalies centered over the Maritime Continent and tropical central Pacific, respectively. Compared to the EP mode, the leading moisture anomalies at low level to the east of convection center are diminish for the SD mode, and instead, the strong negative anomalies of moisture and subsidence motion emerge in the tropical central Pacific area, which may be responsible for the distinct propagation features. Without filtering methods used, timeseries of the two POPs could be applied to the real-time monitoring of EP and SD events in the phase-space diagram. The two modes can serve as the simple and objective approach for a better characterization for diverse natures of TISV beyond the canonical MJO description, which may further shed light on dynamics of the TISV and its predictability.

A STUDY ON UNDERSTANDING THE STATE AND DIRECTION OF HR AS AN OCCUPATION THROUGH INSTITUTIONAL THEORY – THE CASE OF JAPAN 1.

Using institutional theory as a lens, this study explores how the field of human resources (HR) has changed in Japan. An understanding of the influences influencing the HR profession can be gained through an examination of institutional theory, which studies how routines, conventions, and institutions come to be recognized as authoritative standards for social behavior. This study aims to identify the institutional elements driving HR in Japan by looking at historical data, contemporary practices, and developing trends. The sociocultural, economic, and legal contexts that influence HR practices are explored in depth in this study. It draws attention to the ways that globalization, technology improvements, and demographic changes are posing a threat to long-standing Japanese work norms, such as lifelong employment and promotions based on seniority. By employing a blend of qualitative and quantitative techniques, such as conducting interviews with HR specialists, administering surveys, and examining secondary data, the study pinpoints the principal patterns and influences propelling transformations in HR positions and duties. Keywords: Institutional theory, sociocultural, HR practices, demographic changes, Japanese work norms.

The geometry of interpersonal synchrony in human dance

Collective synchronized behavior has powerful social-communicative functions observed across several animal taxa.1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Operationally, synchronized behavior can be explained by individuals responding to shared external cues (e.g., light, sound, or food) as well as by inter-individual adaptation.3,8,9,10,11 We contrasted these accounts in the context of a universal human practice-collective dance-by recording full-body kinematics from dyads of laypersons freely dancing to music in a "silent disco" setting. We orthogonally manipulated musical input (whether participants were dancing to the same, synchronous music) and visual contact (whether participants could see their dancing partner). Using a data-driven method, we decomposed full-body kinematics of 70 participants into 15 principal movement patterns, reminiscent of common dance moves, explaining over 95% of kinematic variance. We find that both music and partners drive synchrony, but through distinct dance moves. This leads to distinct kinds of synchrony that occur in parallel by virtue of a geometric organization: anteroposterior movements such as head bobs synchronize through music, while hand gestures and full-body lateral movements synchronize through visual contact. One specific dance move-vertical bounce-emerged as a supramodal pacesetter of coordination, synchronizing through both music and visual contact, and at the pace of the musical beat. These findings reveal that synchrony in human dance is independently supported by shared musical input and inter-individual adaptation. The independence between these drivers of synchrony hinges on a geometric organization, enabling dancers to synchronize to music and partners simultaneously by allocating distinct synchronies to distinct spatial axes and body parts.

Dietary and Lifestyle Characteristics and Metabolic Disorders in Reproductive-Age Women: Explorative Study in Peshawar Pakistan

Background: In rural areas, women significantly contribute to both household and agricultural activities. Their involvement in diverse tasks impacts their health, emphasizing the need to study how their lifestyle, dietary habits, and stress levels relate to metabolic health. Objective: This cross-sectional study aims to examine the relationship between lifestyle, dietary diversity, psychological stress, and metabolic indicators among rural women of reproductive age. Methods: Data were collected from 300 women aged 20 to 40, free from chronic conditions, using standardized subjective and objective measures. These included assessments of nutritional status, psychosocial factors, dietary habits, physical activity, sleep duration, body composition, blood pressure, and fasting glucose levels. Dietary patterns were analyzed using Principal Component and Factor Analysis via SPSS. Results: The average age of the participants was 27 years. Mean weight was 61.7 ± 14.2 kg and mean height 156.3 ± 5.7 cm. About 31% were overweight and 13% underweight. The average Perceived Stress Score was 14.9, with 47.5% experiencing low stress and 8.5% high stress. Dietary diversity was low for 42.5% of the women. Sedentary lifestyles correlated strongly with adverse metabolic indicators. Principal dietary patterns identified were savory cereals, dairy-based vegetables, and high-fat red meat. High-fat red meat consumption showed strong correlations with increased BMI and visceral body fat. Conclusion: Lifestyle factors, psychological stress, and dietary patterns, especially high consumption of red meat and fat, significantly influence metabolic health among rural women.

The efficacy of low frequency repetitive transcial magnetic stimulation for treating auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia: Insights from functional gradient analyses

BackgroundAuditory Verbal Hallucinations (AVH) constitute a prominent feature of schizophrenia. Although low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has demonstrated therapeutic benefits in ameliorating AVH, the underlying mechanisms of its efficacy necessitate further elucidation. ObjectiveThis study investigated the cortical gradient characteristics and their associations with clinical responses in schizophrenia patients with AVH, mediated through 1 Hz rTMS targeting the left temporoparietal junction. MethodFunctional gradient metrics were employed to examine the hierarchy patterns of cortical organization, capturing whole-brain functional connectivity profiles in patients and controls. ResultsThe 1 Hz rTMS treatment effectively ameliorated the positive symptoms in patients, specifically targeting AVH. Initial evaluations revealed expanded global gradient distribution patterns and specific principal gradient variations in certain brain regions in patients at baseline compared to a control cohort. Following treatment, these divergent global and local patterns showed signs of normalizing. Furthermore, there was observed a closer alignment in between-network dispersion among various networks after treatment, including the somatomotor, attention, and limbic networks, indicating a potential harmonization of brain functionality. ConclusionLow-frequency rTMS induces alternations in principal functional gradient patterns, may serve as imaging markers to elucidate the mechanisms underpinning the therapeutic efficacy of rTMS on AVH in schizophrenia.

Dermatoglyphic palmar pattern variations in congenitally deaf and mute subjects

Background: Dermatoglyphics have the unique merit of retaining all their peculiarities unchanged throughout life, and afford in consequence an incomparably surer criterion of identity than any other bodily feature. The rationale for studying dermatoglyphic features is derived from the fact that development of dermal ridges and congenital deafness seems to develop at around the same time. Methods: The material for the study consisted of palm prints of congenitally deaf and mute children of 100 subjects with congenital deafness and muteness between 5-21 years of age and 50 control of similar age group with normal hearing and speech were chosen. The principal patterns of thenar/ I interdigital, interdigital II, interdigital III, interdigital IV and hypothenar area were noted. Position of axial triradius, ‘atd’ angle, pattern of palmar Flexion Creases, presence as well as pattern of the Simian Line and the Sydney Line were recorded. Results: The percentage of open field was maximum in subjects in thenar / interdigital area I. and in interdigital area IV. The mean a-b, c-d and atd angle ridge palmar ridge count was less in subjects in comparison to controls. Highly statistically significant results were obtained between subjects and control for the simian crease pattern when both hands were considered together in which the percentage of transitional type was more than the typical simian crease in subjects. Conclusion: When combined with other clinical and investigative features, dermatoglyphic study can serve as a diagnostic impression and can be advocated as a useful screening device.

Measuring SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in neighborhood wastewater

Longitudinal wastewater sampling during the COVID-19 pandemic was an important aspect of disease surveillance, adding to a more complete understanding of infection dynamics and providing important data for community public health monitoring and intervention planning. This was largely accomplished by testing SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in samples from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). We evaluated the utility of testing for virus levels upstream from WWTP within the residential neighborhoods that feed into the WWTP. We propose that monitoring virus dynamics across residential neighborhoods could reveal important public health-relevant information about community sub-group heterogeneity in virus concentrations. Principal resultsVirus concentration patterns display heterogeneity within neighborhoods and between neighborhoods over time. Sewage SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations as measured by RT-qPCR also corresponded closely to verified COVID-19 infection counts within individual neighborhoods. More importantly, our data suggest the loss of disease-relevant public health information when sampling occurs only at the level of WWTP instead of upstream in neighborhoods. Spikes in SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in neighborhoods are often masked by dilution from other neighborhoods in the WWTP samples. Major conclusionsWastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) employed at WWTP reliably detects SARS-CoV-2 in a city-sized population but provides less actionable public health information about neighborhoods experiencing greater viral infection and disease. Neighborhood sewershed sampling reveals important population-based information about local virus dynamics and improves opportunities for public health intervention. Longitudinally employed, neighborhood sewershed surveillance may provide a 3–6 day early warning of SARS-CoV-2 infection spikes and, importantly, highly specific information on subpopulations in a community particularly at higher risk at different points in time. Sampling in neighborhoods may thus provide timely and cost-saving information for targeted interventions within communities.

Association of Human Milk Fatty Acid Composition with Maternal Cardiometabolic Diseases: An Exploratory Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Human milk fatty acids derive from maternal diet, body stores, and mammary synthesis and may reflect women's underlying cardiometabolic health. We explored whether human milk fatty acid composition was associated with maternal cardiometabolic disease (CMD) during pregnancy and up to 5 years postpartum. Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from the prospective CHILD Cohort Study on 1,018 women with no preexisting CMD who provided breast milk samples at 3-4 months postpartum. Milk fatty acid composition was measured using gas-liquid chromatography. Maternal CMD (diabetes or hypertension) was classified using questionnaires and birth records as no CMD (reference outcome group; 81.1%), perinatal CMD (developed and resolved during the perinatal period; 14.9%), persistent CMD (developed during, and persisted beyond, the perinatal period; 2.9%), and incident CMD (developed after the perinatal period; 1.1%). Multinomial logistic regression was used to model associations between milk fatty acid composition (individual, summary, ratios, and patterns identified using principal component analysis) and maternal CMD, adjusting for pre-pregnancy anthropometry and race/ethnicity. Results: Medium-chain saturated fatty acids (MC-SFA), lauric (C12:0; odds ratio [OR] = 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.60-0.89) and myristic acid (C14:0; OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.66-0.97), and the high MC-SFA principal component pattern (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.76-0.96) were inversely associated with perinatal CMD. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids adrenic acid (C22:4n-6) was positively associated with perinatal (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.01-1.44) and persistent CMD (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.08-2.25). The arachidonic (C20:4n-6)-to-docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) ratio was inversely associated with incident CMD (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.28-0.96). Conclusions: These exploratory findings highlight a potential novel utility of breast milk for understanding women's cardiometabolic health.

The Internet of Things (IoT) in World Practice: Review and Analysis

This article explores the contemporary realm of the Internet of Things (IoT) and its influence on society and the economy. The primary emphasis lies in examining the principal patterns within the realm of IoT, encompassing the escalation of connected device quantities and the utilisation of 5G networks. The article encompasses various facets, including an overview of the evolution and possibilities of IoT, encompassing the advancement of intelligent urban areas and the influence of 5G networks. The analysis of threats and vulnerabilities related to this technology focuses on detecting common flaws, including weak passwords, unsecured network services, and inadequate privacy measures.&#x0D; Furthermore, the essay presents concrete hazards in diverse sectors that employ IoT technology. Particular emphasis is given to potential cybersecurity vulnerabilities in healthcare, manufacturing, agriculture, retail, transport and logistics, energy, and smart cities. These businesses have distinct challenges and hazards due to incorporating IoT technologies.&#x0D; The authors also analyse the substantial financial commitment to IoT and its profound influence on the worldwide economy, including data on the expansion of the IoT market and investments in IoT technologies and smart cities. The findings emphasise that the Internet of Things (IoT) substantially influences society and the economy. However, it necessitates meticulous consideration of cybersecurity and privacy concerns. The authors underscore the significance of creating efficacious cyber security policies to safeguard against the possible hazards presented by IoT technology.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Characterizing Spatial Structure in Climate Model Ensembles

Abstract This paper presents a methodology that is designed for rapid exploratory analysis of the outputs from ensembles of climate models, especially when these outputs consist of maps. The approach formalizes and extends the technique of “intermodel empirical orthogonal function” analysis, combining multivariate analysis of variance techniques with singular value decompositions (SVDs) of structured components of the ensemble data matrix. The SVDs yield spatial patterns associated with these components, which we call ensemble principal patterns (EPPs). A unique hierarchical partitioning of variation is obtained for balanced ensembles in which all combinations of factors, such as GCM and RCM pairs in a regional ensemble, appear with equal frequency: suggestions are also proposed to handle unbalanced ensembles without imputing missing values or discarding runs. Applications include the selection of ensemble members to propagate uncertainty into subsequent analyses, and the diagnosis of modes of variation associated with specific model variants or parameter perturbations. The approach is illustrated using outputs from the EuroCORDEX regional ensemble over the United Kingdom.