Principal Control Research Articles

Continuity of Mitochondrial Budding: Insights from BS-C-1 Cells by In Situ Cryo-electron Tomography

Abstract Mitochondrial division is a fundamental biological process essensial for cellular functionality and vitality. The prevailing hypothesis that dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1) provides principal control in mitochondrial division, in which it also involves the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the cytoskeleton, does not account for all the observations. Therefore. the hypothesis may be incomplete. Our previous study in HeLa cells led to a new hypothesis of mitochondrial division by budding. To follow-up our previous study, we employed in situ cryo-electron tomography to visualize mitochondrial budding in the intact healthy monkey kidney cells (BS-C-1 cells). Our findings reaffirm single and multiple mitochondrial budding, consistent with our observations in HeLa cells. Notably, the budding regions vary significantly in diameter and length, which may represent different stages of budding. More interestingly, neither rings nor ring-like structures, nor the wrapping of ER tubes was observed in the budding regions, suggesting mitochondrial budding is independent from Drp1 and ER. Meanwhile, we uncovered direct interactions between mitochondria and large vesicles that are distinct from small mitochondrial-derived vesicles and extracellular mitovesicles. We propose that these interacting vesicles may have mitochondrial origins.

Reconciling Archean organic-rich mudrocks with low primary productivity before the Great Oxygenation Event

The organic carbon content of ancient rocks provides a fundamental record of the biosphere on early Earth. For over 50 y, the high organic content of Archean (>2.5 Ga) mudrocks has puzzled geologists and evolutionary biologists, because high biological primary productivity was unexpected for the nascent biosphere before the rise of O2. Here, we took a different approach to resolve this apparent paradox, by studying the accumulation rates of Archean organic-rich mudrocks. We evaluated the sedimentation rates of three sections of the Mount McRae Shale and Jeerinah Formation (2.68 to 2.48 Ga, Pilbara Craton, Australia) with new and recently published U-Pb zircon ages from intraformational ash beds. For comparison, we compiled Phanerozoic (<500 Ma) data from comparable depositional settings and developed an idealized model that considers the sedimentation rates for predicting rock organic content. We found that organic-rich Archean mudrocks were deposited under exceptionally low sedimentation rates (~1 m/Ma), in sharp contrast to organic-rich rocks from the Phanerozoic Eon (10 to 100 m/Ma). Constrained by observations, model results indicated that the Archean data reflect low primary productivity (~100-fold lower than during the Phanerozoic) and enhanced preservation under anoxic conditions, with the principal control on organic carbon content provided by dilution with inorganic sediment. Thus, the high organic carbon content which is typically attributed to high productivity instead reflects slow accumulation, high preservation, and minimal inorganic dilution-reconciling the geological evidence with a slow carbon cycle cadence during Archean time.

A study on identifying representative trips for mobility service design

AbstractRecently, with growing interest in urban mobility patterns, the demand for collecting and analysing origin‐destination (OD) data is increasing. Due to the large scale and dimensionality of OD data, there are two issues in analysing the data: big‐data storage and major pattern extraction. To deal with two issues at the same time, this study suggests a principal control analysis‐based major demand identification method to improve the usability of microscopic OD data. Especially, this study focuses on finding principal components that preserve major patterns from OD data with small random noise so that the data can be effectively used for mobility service design. The proposed method is applied to smart card data of Seoul and Sejong and extracted major demand patterns from peak‐ and non‐peak hour data of these cities. The degree of daily regularity, reconstruction accuracy, and compression rate of the reconstructed data is analysed varying sets of principal components. The obtained results show that the major demands contain a low volume and a large volume of demand and with lower‐order principal components, major demands can be efficiently extracted by removing randomly appearing small‐volume demand. In addition, the trade‐off behaviour is observed between the degree of daily regularity and reconstruction accuracy depending on the compression rate. Based on the observations, it can be found that the loss of major demand patterns could be prevented when targeting a reconstruction accuracy of 90–95% and the proposed method can reduce the data size while preserving major mobility patterns.

Improved chronostratigraphy and fine-tuned timing for Late Triassic palaeoenvironmental changes in SW Britain using coupled magnetic polarity and carbon isotope stratigraphy

Understanding the synchronicity of global climatic, environmental, and biotic events around the Norian-Rhaetian boundary (NRB) is problematic because of major international differences in biochronology. We instead use magnetostratigraphic and global carbon isotopic changes to produce more precise global correlation. This work focusses on the base and top of the Rhaetian, with principal age control from a new late Norian to latest Rhaetian magnetostratigraphy from Lavernock (southern Wales) which can be directly correlated to the proposed NRB sections at Pignola Abriola (Italy) and Steinbergkogel (Austria). A disconformity exists in the Lavernock section in its late Norian part (Branscombe Mudstone Formation), but the NRB interval is largely complete. The magnetostratigraphy and a composite δ13Corg stratigraphy from three British sections, demonstrate synchronous changes in both terrestrial and marine records. This analysis indicates the older proposed definition of the NRB from Steinbergkogel is in the upper few metres of the Branscombe Mudstone Formation, while the younger NRB definition from Pignola Abriola is in the upper parts of the Blue Anchor Formation. The latest Rhaetian magnetostratigraphy from Lavernock records reverse magnetochrons UT26r and UT28r which closely pre-date and post-date the widely recognised Marshi and Spelae carbon isotope excursions, respectively. Magnetochrons UT28r and UT27r were previously recognised at St Audrie's Bay (SW England), with relationships to the Newark Supergroup which tightly constrain the first phase of CAMP eruptions to overlap the Spelae excursion. The carbon isotope excursions present in the Blue Anchor Formation lacustrine successions, demonstrate the likely atmospheric, and global spread of these perturbations.

Investigation of Backpressure Wave Propagation Properties during Gas Kicks in Managed Pressure Drilling

Summary It is often essential to provide backpressure to the wellbore by changing the opening size of the choke valve when a gas kick is detected during managed pressure drilling (MPD), which maintains the pressure in the bottom of the hole. In this study, a mathematical model was developed to explain how backpressure waves spread and weaken in a wellbore during MPD when there is a gas-liquid two-phase flow. The model is founded on a two-phase flow model, which thoroughly accounts for the gravity, shear force, and interphase interactions between the gas and liquid phases. The small perturbation theory was used to compute the backpressure wave’s propagation speed and attenuation coefficient. The outcome showed satisfactory agreement with other scholars’ experimental results. The model was used to study the impacts of the following variables on the backpressure wave propagation properties: void fraction, temperature, pressure, interphase resistance, shear force, density, invading gas composition, displacement of the drilling fluid, rate of intrusion of gas, gas-liquid surface tension, and drilling fluid viscosity. By using an example well, the laws of pressure wave propagation speed, attenuation coefficient, and propagation time with well depth were analyzed. Through evaluative methods in the field of economic management, the principal control variables governing the propagation of backpressure waves were determined. The conclusion is that, in terms of operational feasibility, lower drilling fluid density and reduced drilling fluid displacement are advantageous for a faster propagation of backpressure waves to the bottom of the well.

Hermona Soreq: Revolutionizing neuroscience by elucidating the roles of poly(A) tails, mRNA stability, and acetylcholine in brain-body communication throughout the lifespan

Hermona Soreq, PhD, holds the Endowed Slesinger Professorship of Molecular Neuroscience at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. She is an internationally recognized molecular neuroscientist known for her research into the cholinergic system and the small RNA regulators driving the parasympathetic system in men and women under daily and acute stress responses and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (AD, PD). Her studies have long been focused on the roles of acetylcholine in the mammalian nervous system. In the 1980s, Professor Soreq and coworkers cloned the human cholinesterase genes, identified several disease-related mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may impair their functions, and described the unusual features these mutations conferred on carriers under acute stress, exposure to anticholinesterase poisons and diverse disease conditions, including but not limited to myasthenia gravis, ischemic stroke, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, AD and PD as well as daily stress responses. Soreq further identified microRNA-132 as a principal controller of the cholinergic pathway and studied its impact as well as of other cholinergic-targeted microRNAs as regulators of parasympathetic brain and body functions and neuroinflammation. More recently, she has shifted her interest to the re-discovered transfer RNA fragments (tRFs), and showed that their rapidly declined control over cholinergic transcripts may lead to the fast cognitive deterioration of women living with AD; that they are prominently altered in PD patients’ biofluids and that their levels are sex-relatedly modified in the blood of newborn babies, dependent on pre-delivery stress. Her multi-leveled interests in the stress and sex-related cholinergic aspects of AD, PD, adult, and pre-delivery trauma further reflect the impact on acute stress responses as the kernel of the neuroscience research in the current Israeli landscape and has further enabled her a wide-angle view of diverse cholinergic-regulated states and diseases. We are delighted that Professor Soreq answered the Genomic Press Interview, generously sharing her life's trajectory with our readers.

Review of energy management systems and optimization methods for hydrogen‐based hybrid building microgrids

AbstractRenewable energy‐based microgrids (MGs) strongly depend on the implementation of energy storage technologies to optimize their functionality. Traditionally, electrochemical batteries have been the predominant means of energy storage. However, technological advancements have led to the recognition of hydrogen as a promising solution to address the long‐term energy requirements of microgrid systems. This study conducted a comprehensive literature review aimed at analysing and synthesizing the principal optimization and control methodologies employed in hydrogen‐based microgrids within the context of building microgrid infrastructures. A comparative assessment was conducted to evaluate the merits and disadvantages of the different approaches. The optimization techniques for energy management are categorized based on their predictability, deployment feasibility, and computational complexity. In addition, the proposed ranking system facilitates an understanding of its suitability for diverse applications. This review encompasses deterministic, stochastic, and cutting‐edge methodologies, such as machine learning‐based approaches, and compares and discusses their respective merits. The key outcome of this research is the classification of various energy management strategy (EMS) methodologies for hydrogen‐based MG, along with a mechanism to identify which methodologies will be suitable under what conditions. Finally, a detailed examination of the advantages and disadvantages of various strategies for controlling and optimizing hybrid microgrid systems with an emphasis on hydrogen utilization is provided.

Intelligent cooperative control for flexible landing on small celestial bodies

In view of the potential landing risks in small celestial body landing missions, the concept of flexible landing has been proposed in recent years. By employing a flexible lander with structural compliance to complex surface topography, the risks of rebound or overturning upon touchdown can be reduced. During flexible landing, the overall motion of the flexible lander is controlled by several nodes embedded in the flexible structure. Due to the flexible deformation, the motion among the nodes is intricately coupled, posing challenges to the control algorithm design. To address this problem, an intelligent cooperative control method for flexible landing is proposed in this paper. By decomposing the flexible internal force into a low-order principal term with specific physical interpretation and an unmodeled high-order residual term, the coupling relationship among the nodes is characterized. On this basis, the low-order dynamics system is reconstructed into a piecewise affine system, upon which a multi-node cooperative optimal controller is designed. A long-short-term memory recurrent neural network is further established to compensate for the unmodeled high-order term. Through the combination of the low-order principal control and the high-order intelligent compensation, a feasible approach for achieving flexible landing is obtained. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control method is verified via 433 Eros-based flexible landing simulations.

Controls on Early Cretaceous South Atlantic Ocean circulation and carbon burial – a climate model–proxy synthesis

Abstract. Black shale sediments from the Barremian to Aptian South Atlantic document the intense and widespread burial of marine organic carbon during the initial stages of seafloor spreading between Africa and South America. The enhanced sequestration of atmospheric CO2 makes these young ocean basins potential drivers of the Early Cretaceous carbon cycle and climate perturbations. The opening of marine gateways between initially restricted basins and related circulation and ventilation changes are a commonly invoked explanation for the transient formation and disappearance of these regional carbon sinks. However, large uncertainties in palaeogeographic reconstructions limit the interpretation of available palaeoceanographic data and prevent any robust model-based quantifications of the proposed circulation and carbon burial changes. Here, we present a new approach to assess the principal controls on the Early Cretaceous South Atlantic and Southern Ocean circulation changes under full consideration of the uncertainties in available boundary conditions. Specifically, we use a large ensemble of 36 climate model experiments to simulate the Barremian to Albian progressive opening of the Falkland Plateau and Georgia Basin gateways with different configurations of the proto-Drake Passage, the Walvis Ridge, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The experiments are designed to complement available geochemical data across the regions and to test circulation scenarios derived from them. All simulations show increased evaporation and intermediate water formation at subtropical latitudes that drive a meridional overturning circulation whose vertical extent is determined by the sill depth of the Falkland Plateau. The densest water masses formed in the southern Angola Basin and potentially reached the deep Cape Basin as Walvis Ridge Overflow Water. Palaeogeographic uncertainties are as important as the lack of precise knowledge of atmospheric CO2 levels for the simulated temperature and salinity spread in large parts of the South Atlantic. Overall temperature uncertainties reach up to 15 °C and increase significantly with water depth. The ensemble approach reveals temporal changes in the relative importance of geographic and radiative forcings for the simulated oceanographic conditions and, importantly, nonlinear interactions between them. The progressive northward opening of the highly restricted Angola Basin increased the sensitivity of local overturning and upper-ocean stratification to atmospheric CO2 concentrations due to large-scale changes in the hydrological cycle, while the chosen proto-Drake Passage depth is critical for the ocean dynamics and CO2 response in the southern South Atlantic. Finally, the simulated processes are integrated into a recent carbon burial framework to document the principal control of the regional gateway evolution on the progressive shift from the prevailing saline and oxygen-depleted subtropical water masses to the dominance of ventilated high-latitude deep waters.

Theoretical Research and Shaking Table Test on Nominal Aspect Ratio of the Isolated Step-Terrace Structure

With the installation of rubber isolation bearings in the upper and lower ground layers, an isolated step-terrace structure was created. Considering the ultimate bearing capacity of the rubber bearing under tension as the critical condition, a comprehensive framework was established to evaluate the overturning failure mechanisms present in isolated step-terrace structures. The bound of nominal aspect ratio was identified as the principal control index within this framework, which incorporates critical parameters such as height ratio (α), width ratio (β), vertical tensile stiffness to compressive stiffness ratio (γ), seismic coefficient (k), and nominal vertical compressive stress (σ0) to provide a thorough analysis of the structural responses and potential failure scenarios. In order to further investigate this matter, a scaled model of an isolated step-terrace concrete frame structure featuring two dropped layers and a single span within an 8° seismic fortification zone was meticulously crafted at a 1:10 similarity ratio. Subsequently, a series of shaking table tests were conducted to analyze the structural response under seismic excitation. The findings indicate that: utilizing the bound of nominal aspect ratio as a metric to gauge the anti-overturning capacity of isolated step-terrace structures is a justified approach. In instances where the height ratio remains constant, the bound of nominal aspect ratio for both positive and negative overturning trended upward with an increase in the width ratio. Notably, the bound of nominal aspect ratio for positive overturning consistently registered lower values compared to that of the negative overturning, underscoring the heightened susceptibility of step-terrace structures to positive overturning. Moreover, in scenarios characterized by higher height and width ratios, the structural integrity remained unscathed by any overturning effects arising from insufficient tensile strength in rubber bearings. Furthermore, the bound of nominal aspect ratio exhibited an ascending trend as the seismic coefficient, nominal vertical compressive stress, and vertical tensile stiffness to compressive stiffness ratio decreased. The outcomes derived from the shaking table test not only confirm the impressive seismic performance of the structure, but also, by closely examining the instantaneous stress variations within the upper and lower isolation layers of the model, substantiate the existence of a positive overturning hazard in scenarios marked by higher seismic coefficients (k). This observation aligns seamlessly with the theoretical projections, thereby substantiating the efficacy of the structural overturning failure theory through direct empirical verification.

The Linac Extension Area at the Advanced Photon Source

The Linac Extension Area has been developed into a beamline area for testing accelerator components and techniques. Beginning commissioning activities in February 2023, we have delivered the first electron beam to the Linac Extension Area at the Advanced Photon Source at 425 MeV. In the present work, we summarise the principal accelerator components and review safety controls of the Linac Extension Area.

Adaptive Control for Suspension System of In-Wheel Motor Vehicle with Magnetorheological Damper

This study proposes two adaptive controllers and applies them to the vibration control of an in-wheel motor vehicle’s (electric vehicle) suspension system, in which a semi-active magnetorheological (MR) damper is installed as an actuator. As a suspension model, a nonlinear quarter car is used, providing greater practical feasibility than linear models. In the synthesis of the controller design, the values of the sprung mass, damping coefficient and suspension stiffness are treated as bounded uncertainties. To take into account the uncertainties, both direct and indirect adaptive sliding mode controllers are designed, in which the principal control parameters for the adaptation law are updated using the auto-tune method. To reflect the practical implementation of the proposed controller, only two accelerometers are used, and the rest of the state values are estimated using a Kalman observer. The designed controller is applied to a quarter car suspension model of an in-wheel motor vehicle featuring an MR damper, followed by a performance evaluation considering factors such as ride comfort and road holding. It is demonstrated in this comparative work that the proposed adaptive controllers show superior control performance to the conventional proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller by reducing the vibration magnitude by 50% and 70% for the first and second modes, respectively. In addition, it is identified that the second mode (wheel mode) of the in-wheel motor vehicle is more sensitive than the first body mode depending on the mass ratio between the sprung and unsprung mass.

Kontribusi Pengawasan Kepala Sekolah terhadap Kinerja Guru SMK Negeri Kota Pariaman

This article aims to describe teacher performance, principal control, and the contribution of principal control to teacher performance. The type of research is a correlational quantitative research. The study population amounted to 298 teachers, the sample was taken 84 teachers using Proportional Stratified Random Sampling technique. Data were collected with a Likert scale model questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability. The data were analyzed used by the Product Moment Correlation formula. Results of study show that the value of 0.535 is greater than 0.215 at a significant level of 5%. Teacher performance is good with an average achievement level of 89.41% of the ideal score. Principal control is good with an average achievement level of 80.09% of the ideal score. Furthermore, after testing the Coefficient of Determination, the result is 0.286. The results indicate that the hypothesis that there is a significant contribution of principal control to teacher performance can be accepted, which is 28.6%, while 71.4% is influenced by other factors.

High-precision servo control design and optimization for dicing semiconductor wafer

The dicing of semiconductor wafers is an essential component for fabricating electronic circuits. A servo control approach with high-precision and stability was designed to enhance the positioning accuracy and stability for dicing semiconductor wafers. The principal control and dicing processes were studied. The High Definition closed-loop control algorithm was designed, and the control parameters were optimized. The control performance was enhanced using the PID + Feedforward + NOTCH filter control algorithm. The error detection of linear and rotation axes was designed to compensate servo axis errors by using the laser interferometer and control card. After error compensation, the positioning accuracy and repeatability of the Y-axis were 2.031 μm and 1.889 μm. That of the C-axis were 0.00423°, and 0.00347°. The dicing experiment revealed the maximum chipping width was <10 μm and the dicing channel width was <42 μm. The designed servo control system ensured the high-precision and stable dicing of semiconductor chips.

Pore-scale water–gas distribution and gas permeability of natural gas hydrate reservoirs in the South China Sea

Challenges in water drainage within natural gas hydrate reservoirs in the Shenhu area of the South China Sea, characterized by high clay content and strong hydrophilicity, significantly hinder natural gas recovery. Examining the effects of gas pressure and liquid/gas saturation on gas permeability reveals essential insights for increasing gas production potential. We report gas displacement experiments on clayey-silt sediment samples, alongside X-ray computed tomography imaging, that reveal critical findings: a notable increase in flow rate and permeability as displacement pressure nears compaction pressure, highlighting the role of pressure management in enhancing recovery; water displacement from varying pore sizes under different pressures, highlighting the influence of pore size on fluid dynamics, and structural changes, including microfracture formation and a significant fracture that enlarges total pore space by about 15%, which collectively suggest methods to improve gas flow and recovery. Moreover, our analysis identifies average throat length, fractal dimension, and succolarity as principal controls on gas permeability, indicating the substantial impact of microstructural properties on extraction efficiency. These outcomes offer valuable strategies for optimizing natural gas hydrate reservoir development in the South China Sea, emphasizing the need for meticulous pressure and saturation control and in applying a deep understanding of microstructural dynamics.

Influence of magma flux on magma storage depths along the Reykjanes Ridge

Quantitative thermomechanical models of mid-ocean ridge magmatic systems focus on spreading rate variations as the principal control on crustal thermal structure and the distribution of melt storage. The Reykjanes Ridge (RR), a slow-spreading portion of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has a near-constant spreading rate, but crustal thickness varies by a factor of two. Therefore, magma flux to the ridge varies independently of spreading rate. Here, we investigate the role of magma flux on storage depths along mid-ocean ridges (MORs) and constrain the roles of mantle melt generation rate and spreading rate on oceanic crustal magmatic systems.Using pyOPAM, an open-source Python script written to carry out olivine–plagioclase– augite–melt (OPAM) thermobarometry, with an uncertainty of 1.2 kbar and 9.7°C, samples between 64°N and 52.5°N are compared. The distribution of median OPAM pressure and temperature estimates are compared with calculated magma flux rates across the area of interest.The section of the RR immediately south of the subaerial Reykjanes Peninsula has a median OPAM pressure of 3.7 kbar, and estimated magma flux of 8.82 × 10−6 km3 km−2 y−1. The southern end of the RR has a median storage pressure of 4.8 kbar, and magma flux of 4.58 × 10−6 km3 km−2 y−1. In comparison, The Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone to the south has a median OPAM estimate of 6.3 kbar and calculated magma flux of 2.71 × 10−6 km3 km−2 y−1. Despite important local variation, median final magma storage depths and temperatures before eruption increase southwards along the RR. This finding indicates that magma storage depths at mid-ocean ridges are controlled predominantly by magma flux rather than spreading rate alone. Increasing magma flux drives the shallowing of cooler, final magma storage depths, and decreasing magma flux increases magma storage depths and temperature.

Principal dimensions of laryngeal vocal control in a computational model of voice production

Voice production is constrained by laryngeal physiology and physics. Such constraints may present themselves as principal dimensions that are shared among speakers in how they produce and perceive voice. In this study, we attempt to identify such principal dimensions in voice outcome measures and the underlying laryngeal control mechanisms in a three-dimensional computational model of voice production. A large-scale voice simulation was performed with parametric variations in vocal fold geometry, stiffness, glottal gap, and subglottal pressure. Principal component analysis was applied to data combining both the laryngeal control parameters and acoustic and aerodynamic voice outcome measures. The results showed two dominant dimensions of vocal control. The first dimension describes interaction between respiration and vocal fold adduction in a way that increases glottal flow amplitude and vocal intensity at the cost of decreasing high-frequency harmonic production. The second dimension mainly describes control of medial surface thickness and glottal closure, which allows simultaneous increase in vocal intensity and high-frequency harmonic production but also increases risk of vocal fold injury. A third dimension with a reduced weight describes control of the fundamental frequency. The importance of these principal control dimensions to vocal expression of emotion and vocal health is discussed.

Petrographical and petrophysical characterization of pre-salt Aptian carbonate reservoirs from the Santos Basin, Brazil

Reservoir quality in carbonates is influenced by various factors such as the depositional environment, burial history and diagenesis processes. Understanding these geological heterogeneities is essential for successful petroleum exploration. This study characterizes Brazilian pre-salt reservoirs and aims to understand how their heterogeneity impacts reservoir quality. We analysed carbonate samples from the Barra Velha Formation (Santos Basin) through an integration of petrographical and core plug descriptions, petrographical facies characterization, porosity and permeability measurements, and image analysis to identify the principal controls on porosity and permeability, pore-size distribution, and groups with similar petrophysical properties using the hydraulic flow unit (HFU) concept. Five facies groups were recognized: Spherulitestone (F1); Shrubstone (F2); Intraclastic Grainstone (F3); Intraclastic Packstone, Spherulitestone with mud and Shrubstone with mud (F4); and Shrub–Spherulite Intercalations and Bioclastic Grainstone (F5). The analysis of porosity and permeability showed that their variations are associated with pore type and cementation rate. Greater contributions of inter-aggregate, interparticle and vugular porosity, combined with a reduced amount of cement, results in higher porosity and permeability but an increase in cement tends to reduce the porosity and permeability. Among the facies groups, F2 and F3 exhibited the best porosities and permeabilities, followed by F1, F4 and F5. From image analysis, small pores (1.5 × 10 −5 –0.01 mm 2 ) are the most common in all rocks. However, these small pores contributed significantly to total porosity only in F4 and some samples of F3. For F2 and F3, the large pores (from 0.01 mm 2 to a maximum of 19.62 mm 2 ) are the main contributors, while F5 has a homogeneous contribution. Finally, the data were grouped into five HFUs: HFU1 and HFU2 represent the zones with the best reservoir quality, primarily composed of F2 and F3.

Research and Industrial Test of Anti-Freezing and Dust Suppression Agent for Truck Roads in Open-Pit Mines in Inner Mongolia, China

To effectively resolve the inherent conflict between dust control and ice prevention on truck roads during North Surface Coal Mine winters, initially, via monomer preference experiments, the optimal monomers for wetting, moisturizing, and condensing functions were identified as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (B), glycerol (N), and polyacrylamide (R). In parallel, through compound synergistic experiments, the constituent elements of an anti-freezing agent were determined, referred to as F. Subsequently, a four-factor three-level orthogonal test was conducted employing the monomers B, N, R, and the anti-freezing agent F. This evaluation focused on four principal control parameters: penetration rate, evaporation resistance, viscosity, and freezing point. The results led to the identification of the optimal antifreeze and dust suppressant formulation, designated as B2N3R1F3. Within the North Open-Pit Coal Mine, the self-developed dust suppressant was applied to the field test section. Multiple parameters were examined for 6 consecutive days, encompassing the water content of the pavement geotechnical soil, the concentrations of total dust and exhaled dust, and the particle size distribution of dust within this road section. The field test results show that: the average water content of the road surface within the dust suppressant test section measured at 12%; the dust reduction efficiency of total dust and exhaled dust is 93% and 91%; the proportion of dust particles with a size exceeding 500 μm increased by 54.6%. These comprehensive findings provide a empirical framework for the effective resolution of the practical challenge of simultaneously managing dust control and frost protection on truck roads within surface coal mines.

Incorporating principal component analysis into Hotelling [formula omitted] control chart for compositional data monitoring

In the manufacturing industry, compositional data (CoDa) is a vital quality characteristic to be monitored. The proposed study has introduced a Hotelling T2 control chart using principal component analysis to monitor CoDa explicitly. The proposed method overcomes the limitations of previous approaches by utilizing isometric log-ratio transformation to map the CoDa into unrestricted real space. A Monte Carlo simulation procedure is employed to evaluate the performance of the proposed multivariate control chart. The simulation involves varying combinations of the number of variables (p) and subgroup sizes to obtain metrics such as the average run length when the process is out-of-control (OOC) and the upper control limit. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the proposed control chart’s statistical performance. These visual aids facilitate a deeper understanding of the method’s effectiveness in detecting OOC conditions in CoDa. Furthermore, two illustrative examples using synchronous machines and components of electronic scrap are provided to illustrate the practical implementation and effectiveness of the Hotelling T2-based principal component control chart for p=5-part and p=12-part CoDa in real-world scenarios.