Principal Axes Research Articles

The Meran-Mauls Fault: Tectonic switching from compression to transpression along a restraining bend of the Periadriatic Fault

The WSW-ENE Meran-Mauls Fault (MMF) represents a break in the broadly E-W trending Periadriatic Fault (PAF), separating the Southern Alps from the N-verging wedge of the European Alps. Understanding the MMF evolution is mandatory to reconstruct the role of the entire PAF during the evolution of the belt since the late Cenozoic.Structural and microstructural analyses and paleostress calculations based on fault-slip data suggest the occurrence of four evolutionary stages for the MMF: 1) top-to-the-SE mylonites; 2) top-to-the-SE brittle faulting; 3) dextral faulting with re-activation of previous structures; 4) N–S compression associated with conjugate sets of mainly strike-slip fault systems. Paleostress reconstructions point to a σ2-σ3 permutation from stage 2 to stage 3, resulting in the switch from pure thrusting to strike-slip, followed by an anticlockwise rotation of the principal stress axes during stage 4, in a strike-slip regime related to N–S compression. Geochronological and thermochronological data point to 39-22 Ma age for stage 1, 22-17 Ma for stage 2, less than 17 Ma for stage 3. Our reconstruction strongly supports the interpretation of the MMF as a restraining bend of the PAF, which was weakly reactivated along its eastern portion as a dextral fault and later displaced by NNE-SSW left-lateral faults.

Genotype by environment interaction and stability analysis of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) genotypes in West Hararghe zone, Eastern Ethiopia

Sweet potato is an important food crop in Eastern Ethiopia, including the West Hararghe Zone. However, the area is still far behind in attaining the required optimum productivity of Sweet potato, this is due to biotic and abiotic factors, inappropriate Agronomic practices and lack of improved variety, to tackle these problems; variety improvement research is the major one. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to estimate the magnitudes of genotype, environment, and genotype by environment interaction effects on Sweet potato genotypes and to identify the high yielder and stable genotypes for wide adaptability in West Hararghe Zone, Eastern Ethiopia. The experiment was carried out at two locations (Mechara on station and Habro district) in three consecutive years (2018–2020) on 20 Sweet potato genotypes using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Additive main effects and multiplicative interactions analysis (AMMI) indicated that the yield performances of genotypes were under the major environmental effects of genotype by environmental interactions. The first two principal component axes (PCA 1 and 2) were significant (p≤0.01) and cumulatively contributed to 73% of the total genotype by environment interaction. In GGE bi-plot analysis using genotypic and environmental scores of the first PCA 1 and lower PCA 2 scores gave high yields (stable genotypes), and genotypes with lower PCA 1 and larger PCA 2 scores had low yields (unstable genotypes), as in the sites tested. Besides, genotypes G3 and G5 were stable across tested locations and gave higher total root yields (43.94t ha-1 and 49.34 t ha-1), respectively). However, G5 was recommended for possible release for wide adaptability in West Hararghe Zone and similar agro-ecology in the country. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. 10(1): 43-52

Effects of graphene layer addition on sensitivity of surface plasmon resonance sensor for immunoglobulin M detection

A novel technique is proposed for detecting immunoglobulin M (IgM) using differential Mueller matrix polarimetry and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor enhanced through the addition of multiple (1–10) thin layers of graphene on the sensing surface. Simulations are first performed to optimize the structure of the SPR device. The feasibility of the proposed sensor is then demonstrated by measuring the principal fast axis angle (α) of linear birefringence (LB) of human IgM serum aqueous solution samples with known concentrations in the range of 0–250 ng/ml. The results shows that α increases linearly over the considered concentration range. However, α reduces with an increasing number of graphene layers. The finest resolution of 7.8 ng/ml is obtained from the sensor incorporating three graphene layers.

Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of the nonlinear flight dynamics system of the flexible body

Free flight of a flexible body, such as large slenderness missiles, is a complex process involving rigid-flexible coupling dynamics. The strong flexible effect and the sensitive rotational characteristics caused by large slenderness ratio provide an extreme environment for the rigid-flexible coupled system. To study the performance of nonlinear flight dynamics system of the flexible body under extreme conditions, the trajectory of javelin model with a slenderness ratio of 98.15 flying in vacuum condition is calculated, and the uncertainty and the sensitivity of the coupled system are analyzed for the first time. The Monte Carlo (MC) method and the non-intrusive polynomial chaos (NIPC) method are compared by quantifying the uncertainty in the coupled system with the random moment of inertia of principal axis (Ixx). The uncertainty in the coupled system is quantified using the second-order NIPC method. It is found that the decoupled method is sensitive to the time step due to the unsynchronization of status variables between the rotational equation and structural equation. In contrast, the coupled method is insensitive to the time step. Ixx, stiffness according to the primary modes, and the initial deformation have the largest influence on the uncertainty of the coupled system. The rotational velocity in x direction (ωx) is significantly sensitive to the random inputs. The total uncertainty region of the ωx gradually expands over time.

Linking household access to food and social capital typologies in Phalombe District, Malawi

Food security remains a major sustainability challenge in many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa. Food security has numerous determinants that are complex and interlinked, with one of them being social capital. Social capital reflects an individual’s, household’s, or community’s social networks, social interactions, and social support systems that can be mobilized in times of need to maintain, among others, livelihoods or food security. This study aims to further understand how typologies of social capital are associated with household food security in Southern Malawi, with a focus on access to food. We unpack social capital into three typologies, namely bonding, bridging, and linking social capital, and establish which one is most strongly associated with household access to food, and whether this varies by the gender of the household head. To achieve this, we analyze secondary data from 382 households collected through the Malawian Fourth Integrated Household Survey (IHS4), using principal axis factor analysis and logistic regression analysis. Our findings demonstrate that bonding and bridging social capital are associated with better household access to food, while linking social capital was associated with lower household access to food. Bonding social capital was most strongly associated for female-headed households and linking social capital for male-headed households, highlighting that there are differences between such households. This work confirms observations from other related studies in Sub-Saharan Africa exploring the interface of social capital and food security. It also highlights the importance of both acknowledging the gender of the household head and of unpacking social capital into its typologies when considering food security.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Self-reported practices Questionnaire on Pureed Diet Preparation (KAP DYS Puree) among Food Handlers in Malaysian Hospitals for Dysphagia Management: Development, Validity, and Reliability Testing

Introduction: This methodological research study aimed to measure content validity and reliability of a newly developed questionnaire of knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported practices towards pureed diet preparation (KAP DYS Puree) among hospital food handlers for dysphagia management. Methods: The study was conducted through face validation, content validation, content reliability and construct validation. A cross-sectional design with convenience sampling was carried out involving 4 panels for face validation, 10 raters for content validity and 161 food handlers participated for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), while 30 food handlers were involved for test-retest reliability. The questionnaire which consisted of 40 items distributed into 3 domains and was assessed and analyzed using modified kappa (k*) for reliability. Results: Content Validity Index revealed the following I-CVI values: knowledge = 0.915, attitudes = 0.922 and self-reported practices = 0.900 and modified kappa values (k*) knowledge = 0.983, attitudes = 0.9214 and self-reported practices = 0.899. The EFA was employed for two dimensions which were self-reported practices and attitudes based on principal axis of factoring with varimax rotation. The factor analysis yielded two factors with a total of 10 items in the attitudes domain and two factors with a total of 9 items in the self-reported practices domain that had satisfactory factor loading (> 0.3). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) values for attitudes = 0.816 and self-reported practices = 0.776. Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant at p < 0.0001 for attitudes and self-reported practices indicating the suitability of this data for factor analysis. Interclass Correlation Index (ICC) values for attitudes = 0.739 and self-reported practices = 0.789. Conclusion: This instrument can be used as a need assessment tool in the development of a comprehensive training module for pureed diet preparations in dysphagia management.

Characterization of Surface–Borehole Transient Electromagnetic Response in Electrical Anisotropic Media

When encountering sedimentary rocks with obvious laminations or fracture development zones, the conductivity of the conductive medium in different directions will change significantly, and the subsurface medium will exhibit macroscopic conductivity anisotropy. To analyze the impact of electrical anisotropy on the surface–borehole transient electromagnetic exploration method, we used the finite element method to investigate the electrical anisotropy surface–borehole transient electromagnetic three-dimensional (3D) forward algorithm, in which we used a tetrahedral mesh to spatially discretize the time–domain Maxwell equation. Then, we discretized it using the second-order backward Eulerian difference method, and we obtained the fields through the PARDISO solver. The validity and correctness of the algorithm were verified through comparison of a one-dimensional (1D) anisotropic model, a complex three-dimensional (3D) isotropic model, and a three-dimensional (3D) anisotropic half-space model. A typical anisotropic geological model was constructed to analyze the effects of anisotropic strata and anomalies in the different principal axis directions on the surface–borehole transient electromagnetic response. The results show that the response of the anisotropic medium is related to the direction of the transmitting source, and the response pattern is complex and volatile. The electrical anisotropic anomaly does affect the amplitude, which should be given special attention when performing surface–borehole transient electromagnetic inversion interpretation.

Morpho-genetic and Yield Characteristics of Different Accessions of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp

Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. is a very important crop cultivated for its seeds, fresh/ dried leaves and young pods. The study evaluated the qualitative and morpho-agronomic characteristics of sixteen varieties of V. unguiculata for their effective utilization in genetic improvement of the species. Treatments were laid out in randomized complete block design and replicated four times. Data from quantitative characters were subjected to analysis of variance. The means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at p<0.05. Data were also subjected to cluster analysis, while the inter-character relationship between the accessions was determined through Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation. The result showed that Tvu-9312, Tvu-7813, Tvu-9287 and Tvu-500 had the highest germination percentage (100%). Tvu-8018 had the shortest days to first flowering (46 days), while the shortest days to 50% flowering (52days) and peduncle lengths (19.88cm) were observed in Tvu-23. TVu-198 had the highest pod lengths (17.35cm), while TVu-8018 had the highest number of pods (4.63). Principal Component Analysis showed that the first three principal axes explained 72.0% of the total variation in the morphology and yield traits. The traits producing most of the observed variations include number of pods per plant, number of primary branches, days to first and 50% flowering. Cluster analysis showed the accessions were heterogeneous and morphologically diverse and clustered into 5 groups. Accessions in the different clusters can be recommended for cultivation or used in the development of improved cultivars of V. unguiculata.

Magnetic-field-controlled growth of magnetoelastic phase domains in FeRh

Magnetic phase transition materials are relevant building blocks for developing green technologies such as magnetocaloric devices for solid-state refrigeration. Their integration into applications requires a good understanding and controllability of their properties at the micro- and nanoscale. Here, we present an optical microscopy study of the phase domains in FeRh across its antiferromagnetic–ferromagnetic phase transition. By tracking the phase-dependent optical reflectivity, we establish that phase domains have typical sizes of a few microns for relatively thick epitaxial films (200 nm), thus enabling visualization of domain nucleation, growth, and percolation processes in great detail. Phase domain growth preferentially occurs along the principal crystallographic axes of FeRh, which is a consequence of the elastic adaptation to both the substrate-induced stress and laterally heterogeneous strain distributions arising from the different unit cell volumes of the two coexisting phases. Furthermore, we demonstrate a magnetic-field-controlled directional growth of phase domains during both heating and cooling, which is predominantly linked to the local effect of magnetic dipolar fields created by the alignment of magnetic moments in the emerging (disappearing) FM phase fraction during heating (cooling). These findings highlight the importance of the magnetoelastic character of phase domains for enabling the local control of micro- and nanoscale phase separation patterns using magnetic fields or elastic stresses.

A way to determine the positive direction of the shear force on the elemental area

This study is devoted to amendment to some concepts related to the construction of Mohr's circles on the plane of variables “normal and tangential components of the stress vector on the elemental area”. As the tangential component is positive by definition (as a square root), we have to talk only about semicircles instead of Mohr's circles. To introduce negative values, we bring in the concept of the positive direction of the shear force connected with the projection on the first principal direction of the stress tensor. The considered approach allows us to determine the direction of the shear force (positive/negative) relatively to the principal axes of the stress tensor on any elemental area with known values of the principal stresses. The same approach is applied to the vector of deformations on the elemental area. To represent the application of these two vectors on the elemental area, we consider the work done by the forces acting (in the form of the Cauchy vector of stresses) on changes in the vector of strains. It is also shown that this work, even in the case of elasticity, does not always lead to an unambiguous result. It does not depend on the loading path only on octahedral elemental areas. The foregoing does not negate the existence of the elasticity potential as a whole (non-potency on one elemental area is annulled by the same non-potency on the other one). All this is important when, based on a set of slip areas, physical theories of plasticity and destruction (slip theories) are constructed.

Stigma Scale Adaptation and Validation for Measuring COVID-19 Stigma.

The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been found to be associated with increased psychosocial problems such as depression, anxiety, stress, and stigma. Many health-related stigma instruments that have been developed are condition-specific; these should beadapted and validated for generic use, across different health conditions. This study was conducted to measure stigma, stress, anxiety, and depression using the COVID-19 Stigma Scale-Modified (CSS-M), amodified version of the HIV Stigma Scale,among the Indian population. A weblink-based online survey was conducted using the adapted CSS-M, along with the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21. Collected data were analyzed with correlation analysis, reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and convergent and divergent validity. With a sample size of 375, the modified scale for COVID-19 stigma showed internal consistency and a good inter-item correlation (Cronbach's alpha0.821). Principal axis factoring with varimax rotation along with alternative parallel analysis established the two factorial structure and had valid composite reliability, discriminate validity, and partial convergent validity. We found that COVID-19 Stigma Scale-Modified is a valid measure to assess COVID-19-related stigma. The scale was found to be internally consistent with a good inter-item correlation, composite reliability, valid discriminate validity, and partial convergent validity. Specific COVID-related validated scales for stigma should be developed in the future.

Validation of the Rainbow Model of Integrated Care Measurement Tool in Parkinson's Disease.

Integrated care is essential for improving the management and health outcomes for people with Parkinson's disease (PD); reliable and objective measures of care integration are few. The aim of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the Rainbow Model of Integrated Care Measurement Tool (RMIC-MT, provider version) for healthcare professionals involved in PD care. A cross-sectional survey was administered online to an international network representing 95 neurology centers across 41 countries and 588 healthcare providers. Exploratory factor analysis with principal axis extraction method was used to assess construct validity. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate model fit of the RMIC-MT provider version. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the internal consistency reliability. Overall, 371 care providers (62% response rate) participated in this study. No item had psychometric sensitivity problems. Nine factors (professional coordination, cultural competence, triple aims outcome, system coordination, clinical coordination, technical competence, community-centeredness, person-centeredness, and organizational coordination) with 42 items were determined by exploratory factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.76 (clinical coordination) to 0.94 (system coordination) and showed significant correlation among all items in the scale (>0.4), indicating good internal consistency reliability. The confirmatory factor analysis model passed most goodness-of-fit tests, thereby confirming the factor structure of nine categories with a total of 40 items. The results provide evidence for the construct validity and other psychometric properties of the provider version of the RMIC-MT to measure integrated care in PD. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

As simple as possible, but not simpler: Revisiting the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) complex PTSD items omitted in the shortened version

BackgroundThe risks of oversimplification of the symptomatology of Complex PTSD (CPTSD) have been highlighted in the literature. ObjectiveTo re-examine 10 items representing disturbances in self-organization (DSO) that were deleted from the original 28-item version of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) when creating the current 12-item version. Participants and settingAn online convenience sample of 1235 MTurk users. MethodsOnline survey comprising the fuller 28-item previous version of the ITQ, Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) questionnaire, and PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). ResultsFirst, averaged endorsement of the 10 omitted items was lower than the 6 retained DSO items (d’ = 0.34). Second, the 10 omitted DSO items accounted for incremental variance over and correlated equivalently to the 6 retained items with the PCL-5. Third, only the 10 omitted DSO items (r-part = 0.12) while not the 6 retained DSO items (r-part = −0.01) independently predicted ACE scores and, eight of these ten omitted DSO items differentiated higher ACE scores even among the subset of 266 participants who endorsed all 6 of the retained DSO items, most with medium effect sizes. Fourth, exploratory principal axis factor analysis differentiated two latent variables within the fuller set of 16 DSO symptoms, with the strongest indicators of the second factor, namely uncontrollable anger, recklessness, derealization, and depersonalization, being unmeasured within the 6 retained DSO items. Moreover, scores on both factors independently predicted both PCL-5 and ACE scores. ConclusionsThere are conceptual and pragmatic advantages to revisiting a more content-valid and comprehensive conceptualization of CPTSD and DSO, partially as may be measured by the recently deleted items from the original and fuller length ITQ.

Single-Crystal Growth of a Cubic Laves-Phase Ferromagnet HoAl2 by a Laser Floating-Zone Method

The successful growth of single crystals of a cubic Laves-phase material HoAl2 with the space group Fd-3m is reported in this study. The crystals were grown by a floating-zone method with five laser diodes as a heat source. Al-rich feed rods were prepared as compensation for heavy evaporation during the growth. The nominal ratio for the feed rods was optimized as Ho:Al = 1:2.5. Single crystals of HoAl2 with a length of 50 mm were first grown in this technique. Obtaining the large-sized crystal by the floating-zone method enabled us to systematically explore the physical properties using the same batch crystal. The crystal possessed a second-ordered ferromagnetic transition at 29 K and a first-ordered spin-reorientation transition at 20 K. The bulk physical properties, such as specific heat, magnetic susceptibility, isothermal magnetization, and thermal expansion measurements, were measured. Additionally, a magnetocaloric effect was evaluated by the magnetic entropy change. We demonstrate that anisotropic physical properties along the principal axes ([100], [110], and [111]) emerged below the magnetically ordered states, in contrast to the isotropic behavior in the paramagnetic state.

The One-Wheel Cubli: A 3D inverted pendulum that can balance with a single reaction wheel

This article presents a novel 3D inverted pendulum that can balance on one of its corners using only a single reaction wheel. This is achieved by a careful design of the mass moment of inertia in such a way that the inertia along the two principal tilt axes is significantly different. The consequence is a time-scale separation of the underlying tilt dynamics, which renders the system controllable. We show that controllability is maximized when the ratio of the two principal inertia values amounts to the square of the silver ratio and discuss a sensor placement that minimizes variance in our tilt estimates. Both of these aspects lead to a principled design of the system. A model is derived from first-principles and used for delay compensation, state estimation, and to design a linear-quadratic regulator that stabilizes the highly underactuated system in its upright equilibrium. Thereby, the modeling and compensation of cantilever deflections, which arise from the lightweight design, is crucial. The article includes experimental results, which underline the efficacy of the system design and highlight an excellent balancing performance of the proposed feedback controller.

Disentangling the confounding spectroscopy of C1 molecules: Without symmetry as a guide, everything is allowed

The spectra of C1 molecules are confounding in that each of the fundamental vibrational modes transform as the same irreducible representation (A) and hence each band consists of a seemingly random distribution of a-, b-, and c-type transitions. This is in contrast to higher symmetry molecules for which band types are readily deduced by simple symmetry rules. Herein, we present a method to simulate the convoluted rotational contours in the gas-phase spectra of C1 molecules by combining existing ab initio calculations with Colin Western’s pgopher rotational contour program. Specifically, ab initio calculations in the NWChem suite of programs were employed to predict the components of the dipole moment derivatives along the principal axes of the moments of inertia. This information was then input into pgopher to model the fundamental band contours as a sum of a-, b-, and c-type transitions. This method was applied to simulate the rotational contour spectra of a series of representative C1 molecules which were then compared against both ab initio stick spectra and experimentally measured broadband IR spectra from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory infrared gas-phase database. In addition to providing further insight beyond what is revealed in a typical stick spectrum, the simulated contours showed good agreement with the measured spectra.

Self and Its Actualization: Panoramic Validity

Objective: The validity of Quranic Orientation Scale (QOS) developed by Khodadady and Dastgahian [1] was explored. They extracted its underlying factors through Principal Axis Factoring (PAF) and rotated them via Promax with Kaiser Normalization (PKN). This study, however, rotated the extracted factors via Varimax with Kaiser Normalization (VKN) to find out 1) which rotational method determines the invariance in the factors extracted from the QOS and 2) which factors rotated with these methods associate positively with English language achievement (ELA). Method: The responses of 1123 grade 4 senior high school students (G4SHSSs) who took the QOS were subjected to PAF and VKN. The extracted and rotated factors were then correlated with the students’ scores on a test measuring their ELA. To standardize the method the word “self” was operationalized by resorting to divine religion and schema theory. Results: VKN is superior to PKN for several reasons. First, it shows QOS enjoys not only factorial but also divine, empirical and theoretical validity. Secondly, the invariance in the QOS items lies in its first factor. Thirdly; the first factor rotated by VKN is broader than that of the PKN in its constituting items. And finally, the first factor rotated by VKN explains G4SHSSs’ self-actualization better than the QOS because its positive association with the ELA is stronger than those of the QOS and PKN. Conclusion: Self is an 11-taxon schema through which G4SHSSs resort not only to God but also to other sapiens to actualize it.

Tip Vortex Meandering Characteristics of a Model Helicopter Rotor with Different Tip Shapes

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation regarding the tip vortex meandering characteristics for a model helicopter rotor with different blade tip shapes. Phase-locked particle image velocimetry measurements are performed at the rotor phase angles between 0 and 72° with 6° increments. The meandering characteristics are presented along the first and the second principal axes of the meandering motion, which are found using the principal component analysis method. For all blades, the results show that the vortex position scattering along the principal axes can be defined with a Gaussian distribution. The scatterings about the second principal axes have a better agreement with the Gaussian distribution, with a fit up to the 95th percentile of the data, than the first axes for all configurations. Streamwise variations of the standard deviation of the meandering motion along the principal axes and the meandering angle, which is the angle between the slipstream and the first principal axis, are analyzed, and a simple empirical meandering model as a function of wake age is proposed. The meandering angle decreases with the vortex age, so the first principal axis becomes more aligned with the slipstream direction () from close to being perpendicular () at the early wake ages.

Flexural Properties of Lattices Fabricated with Planar and Curved Layered Fused Filament Fabrication.

The use of curved layers in fused filament fabrication could lead to various advantages in surface finishing and mechanical properties. Here, the influence of three different structural and manufacturing parameters (volume fraction, raster arrangement, and the use of curved or planar layers) on the mechanical properties of lattice structures under three-point bending is studied. Two different raster arrangements were considered, i.e., those with rasters at planes parallel to the principal axes of the samples and those diagonally arranged, all at four different volume fractions. All different samples were additively manufactured using planar and curved layers. Samples were further dimensionally inspected to refine the computational models before their analysis via finite element simulations. The linear elastic region of the load-displacement curves was further analyzed numerically via finite element models. Predictions with finite element models resulted in good agreement with errors below 10%. Samples with diagonal rasters were 70% softer than those parallel to the principal axes.

THE DETERMINANTS OF HOUSE BUYERS’ PURCHASE DECISIONS IN KOTA BHARU, KELANTAN

The issue of unsold homes in Malaysia has recently caused the housing developers great anxiety. The nationwide issue of unsold homes was caused by the fact that more homes were built than were purchased by customers. As a result, it is important to figure out what factors can influence potential homebuyers to make a purchase. In order to better understand this issue, the study's objective was to determine the factors that influence homebuyers' decisions in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. The study specifically sought to ascertain whether variables including quality, price, location, promotion, and corporate image had an effect on consumers' decisions to purchase homes. Since the nation was dealing with the Covid-19 outbreak, which made face-to-face questionnaire distribution on the ground nearly impossible to carry out, 382 respondents from Kota Bharu, Kelantan, participated in this study through questionnaires disseminated using the Google Form technique. This study used the Principal Axis Factor and Promax Rotation to evaluate the instruments. Before doing a bootstrapped regression analysis, all seven multiple regression assumptions were examined and verified. The findings showed that only location and promotion variables were positive and significantly influencing the house buying decision. These findings led to a number of strategy recommendations that helped the industry develop the best plans for boosting upcoming sales. It is hoped that by identifying the variables influencing homebuyers' purchasing decisions, housing developers can get an understanding of this phenomenon and be better able to plan and build homes that will live up to buyers’ expectations.