Principal Audience Research Articles

Sciducio: a practical framework for guiding the development and leadership of the academic research environment.

The goal of this paper is to introduce Sciducio, a practical framework for guiding the development and leadership of an academic research environment. The principal audience for this framework is new academics, that is individuals beginning a tenure-track position in the U.S or a lecturing position elsewhere in the world. However, we also believe this framework will be of use to established academics searching for structure, academics moving to a new institution, and can serve as a training tool for doctoral and postdoctoral mentees. We briefly describe the theory supporting Sciducio, outline the framework and its individual components (blocks), then provide suggested instructions for use. We provide suggested instructions (i.e., descriptive rather than prescriptive), because there is no one-size-fits-all approach for ensuring success. Sciducio incorporates three domains (Plan, Manage, and Deliver), encompasses eight blocks, and is intended to fit on one-sheet of paper or one screen. The Plan domain includes the blocks: value, strategy, and leadership. The Manage domain includes the blocks: activities, key resources, and finances. The Deliver domain includes the blocks: solution and channels. Considering each of the framework blocks is complex, we cannot provide full justice to each component. This paper serves as a general overview and subsequent papers will be more topic specific. Additionally, we encourage others to contribute to and advance this framework.

Positive Psychology in Christian Perspective: Foundations, Concepts, and Application

Positive Psychology in Christian Perspective: Foundations, Concepts, and Application

Drawing Spaniards in the Philippines: Displacement, Brutalization, and the Dissident Eye of Ignacio del Villar

This article explores the Spanish colonization of the Philippines and their colonial culture and society as portrayed in the comic strips by Ignacio del Villar, a Spanish cartoonist who drew for Philippine colonial magazines in Spanish. His pictures, whose principal audience was the Spanish-speaking community of Manila in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, satirize the alienation of the Western individual in the Philippines. His mockery of the generalized colonial attitude of “monarch of all I survey” links del Villar with dissident colonial accounts, as discussed by Mary Louise Pratt in Imperial Eyes. This article inquires on the reasons why del Villar seemingly veered away from traditional colonial discourses, resulting in the mockery of the self-image of social superiority that Spanish residents in the Philippines strived to maintain in a complex society where class and origin were difficult notions to define.

39th and 40th Annual Meetings of the Japanese Society for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (JSBMS): New Applications of Mass Spectrometry in Biomedicine.

Aims and Topics Although this meeting had no special theme, there was general interest in advanced pathology diagnosis, a major interest of the Society, covering a variety of biomedical applications. Over 250 participants attended the meeting, an increase compared with the previous year. The program comprised one special lecture, one invited talk, one Encouragement Award Lecture, four symposiums comprising a total of 12 presentations, 49 general subject papers (seven oral and 42 poster presentation), a technical workshop (eight papers), and two luncheon seminars. In addition, more than 100 students attended a training session organized by JSBMS on health care and mass spectrometry with the purpose of obtaining “Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Certification”. The JSBMS annual meeting has as principal audience doctors and researchers in basic and clinical medicine, who account for over 80% of Society membership, and researchers in the development of mass spectrometry instrumentation and techniques (11 %).

Engineering and Costs of Dual Water Supply Systems

Fresh water is becoming an ever more valuable and scarce resourcenowadays, and any method or approach that can contribute to the saving of fresh water resources is therefore beneficial. Dual water supply systems are water supply distribution systems employing two sources, consisting of one fresh water system for potable use, and another system of either seawater, untreated raw fresh water, or treated / reclaimed wastewater for toilet flushing purposes. The purpose of this book is to discuss the engineering and cost aspects of dual water supply systems drawing on the author's experience obtained in Hong Kong, where dual water supply systems have been used for fifty years. The book is suitable for use as a text book or reference book at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. University undergraduate students and postgraduate students in water science, civil engineering, environmental engineering and environmental science or management will be the principal audiences. Practicing engineers, managers and other practitioners in these fields will also find this an invaluable reference source. This title belongs to Water Research Foundation Report Series ISBN: 9781843391326 (Print) ISBN: 9781780402062 (eBook)

Museum Review: Berlin Museum of Medical History

Museum Review: Berlin Museum of Medical History James M. Edmonson Medical museums that inspire by example are lamentably few in number. A shining exception is the Berlin Museum of Medical History, which despite its comparative youth has set a high standard for such institutions. Its benchmark is set high not just by the caliber of artifacts and specimens, but also by its success in contextualizing those objects. Individually arresting or intriguing items that catch the eye or inspire a shudder gain enhanced meaning by well-conceived and well-presented displays. (As chefs say, presentation is everything.) Rather than recreate the look of an old medical museum, the Berlin Museum of Medical History uses its collection to show how a new scientific approach emerged and shaped the healer’s mission. The Berlin Museum of Medical History opened in 1998 in the Pathological Museum built a century earlier to accommodate the pathologic-anatomical specimens amassed by Rudolph Virchow from deceased patients at the adjacent Charité Hospital. Virchow presented this collection to visually demonstrate the course of particular diseases, and to elucidate specific indicators and mechanisms of disease in cellular pathology. Principal audiences for this museum included students attending Virchow’s lectures, who could then deepen their understanding of disease phenomena, and laypeople interested in “looking beneath the skin” and thus developing a new understanding that informed individual behavior in relation to health and disease. The Virchow museum’s public galleries fell on hard times during World War I, and thereafter they served chiefly only a student population, albeit in a much less inspired manner following its founder’s death in 1902. Bombing in World War II further sealed the fate of the museum. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Berlin Museum of Medical History. Image courtesy of James Edmonson. [End Page 331] From these ashes rose the Berlin Museum of Medical History. The façade of Virchow’s building survived, but it has been reconfigured within to showcase surviving specimens from Virchow’s collection. It goes beyond this, however, to “enter the world of the sick who have turned to medicine in the face of a threat to their health in hopes of help with their recovery.”1 Within the main introductory gallery, visitors learn about the scientific study of nature beginning around 1700, with a focus on how anatomists and pathologists delved into the body to fathom its structure and function. It further explores how new perceptions shaped clinical care and treatment through the early twentieth century, that period when medicine indeed became “modern.” Social and political dimensions are included, most arrestingly in gallery presentations of medicine’s twisted course under National Socialism in the 1930s and 1940s. Perhaps the gallery that most moved and impressed me was a hospital ward featuring ten installations, each devoted to a particular disease or medical event (birth, wartime trauma, etc.). Each began with the case history of a Charité patient and thus brought a distinctly personal element to the interpretation of the medical past. Each installation stands on a platform roughly four feet by twelve feet. At one end a waist-high panel presents the patient’s story, at times very poignantly, via period clinical records, ephemera, and personal effects. At the other end one finds a taller glass vitrine with pertinent instruments, related medical treatises, and associated medications. Between stands a medical or surgical furnishing— obstetric chair, hospital bed, military field litter—related to the infirmity, injury, or malady presented. Label copy in English and German contextualizes each story succinctly and informatively. From a conceptual, visual, and design standpoint, it all works superbly well. In addition to the excellent permanent galleries, the Berlin Museum of Medical History hosts periodic temporary exhibitions and programs that connect its historical collections to contemporary audiences, both lay and medical. When I visited in 2011, an exhibition on nursing titled “Who cares?” was on display and was done in a fashion equal to exhibits in the permanent galleries. In summary, I would heartily commend the Berlin Museum of Medical History to my colleagues in the AAHM. No future visit to Berlin would be complete without seeing it. Visit its website, portions of which are in...

Die Lieder des Evangelischen Gesangbuchs, Band. 1: Kirchenjahr und Gottesdienst (EG 1-269). Kommentar zu Entstehung, Text und Musik by Karl Christian Thust (review)

Die Lieder des Evangelischen Gesangbuchs, Band 1: Kirchenjahr und Gottesdienst (EG 1-269). Kommentar zu Entstehung, Text und Musik. By Karl Christian Thust. Kassel: Barenreiter, 2012. [484 p. ISBN 9783761822456. i39.95.] Appendix, glossary, bibliography.Karl Christian Thust brings a wealth of experience as a pastor, church musician, and scholar to bear in this commentary on hymns of the Evangelisches Gesangbuch (Leipzig: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 1995), the principal hymnal used by the Lutheran Church in Germany. Designed as a companion volume for the Evangelisches Gesangbuch, Die Lieder des Evangelischen Gesangbuchs closely follows both the struc- ture and content of the hymnal. The com- mentary simply mirrors the numbering of the Evangelisches Gesangbuch, making for ease of use as a companion volume to the hymnal.This first commentary volume covers the first half of the Evangelisches Gesangbuch, with hymns for the church year (numbers 1-154, including sections for Advent, Christmas, New Year, Epiphany, Passion, Easter, Ascension, Pentecost, Trinity, spe- cial days, penitential days, and the end of the church year) and service music (num- bers 155-269, including sections for proces- sion and recession, liturgical songs, word of God, baptism and confirmation, Eucharist, confession, weddings, gathering and send- ing, and ecumenical songs). This will be followed by a second volume addressing the remaining hymns in the Evangelisches Gesangbuch, comprised of biblical songs (numbers 270-315) and other hymns un- der the title Faith-Love-Hope (num- bers 316-535).Die Lieder des Evangelischen Gesangbuchs serves well its stated principal audience of pastors, church musicians, and interested laypersons who are living with the hymns of the Evangelisches Gesangbuch week by week. Thust treats each hymn in detail, explain- ing the hymn's history, reception, and uses in the liturgy, while providing insightful analyses of poetry, music, and theological content. The volume fulfills well its stated purpose to provide a better understanding and deeper appreciation of the hymns of the church:Um sie besser verstehen und wertschatzen zu konnen, bedarf es des- halb theologischer Hintergrundinfor- mationen und hilfreicher Hinweise auf die Zeitumstande der Entstehung, auf Sprache und Melodie, auch wegen des oft problematischen Gebrauchs be- kannter Kirchenlieder eines gescharften kritischen Blickes. (p. 7)Other than a brief foreword, a glossary, and a short bibliography, the bulk of the volume consists of commentary on each hymn individually. Thust's analyses of both text and music are detailed and insightful, based on his vast knowledge of hymnody and on extensive research. Thust employs similar categories of study throughout the volume, though not all categories are ad- dressed for every hymn and he treats the order of the categories flexibly so that the flow of commentary for each hymn is clear. As expected, some hymns are treated in more detail than others, based, for exam- ple, on the length of hymn or the extent of historical detail available about it.Thust employs the following categories in his commentary:* Entstehung: This section briefly provides the basic details of the hymn's origin.* Inhalt: Often one of the longest sec- tions of the commentary, Thust here provides an overview of the theological content of the hymn, followed by a stanza-by-stanza discussion of key words and phrases and of relationships to Bible verses or theological concepts.* Sprache: In this section, Thust focuses on poetic analysis of the hymn, includ- ing treatment of structure, meter, rhyme scheme, etcetera. …

The Eugenics Society's Outreach to the Labour Movement in Britain, 1907-1945

This article argues that the Eugenics Society sought the best possible relations with the labour movement between its founding in 1907 and 1945. It examines how the Society regarded socialism, Labour, and workers. At the local and individual levels, relations were often very good. Starting in 1910 with some lectures to the Fabians and other socialist groups, by the mid-1930s the working class had become the Society's principal audience. It was wedded to party-political neutrality. However, in order to shed its bourgeois reputation, it promoted Labour supporters within the Society. There is evidence for this from 1928 onwards. It also tried to make eugenics appealing to socialists. In this way, it hoped to gain support for voluntary sterilization after 1931 from the Party which was the most sceptical about its benefits. More generally, it wished to overcome Labour hostility. Eugenics accordingly became more progressive. This is exemplified by the Society's emphasis in the 1930s of increasing the birth rate of healthy, upstanding, and intelligent people of whatever social class. Prior to that, it had been obsessed with differential fertility, and had regarded economic status as an indicator of social worth.

“Leisure to Make Rhymes”: St. Thomas More as English Poet

Part One SCHOLAR, LAWYER, HUMANIST, WIT, Lord Chancellor for Henry VIII, martyr and canonized saint, Thomas More was also probably the most prolific writer of English literature in the early Tudor period, as the now completed Yale Edition of his writings attests. (1) His reputation as an author has of course been chiefly associated with his Latin masterpiece, Utopia (1516), (2) one of the seminal works of the Western literary tradition, which has provided both name and model for the numerous ideal commonwealths that have been imagined, and on occasion attempted in practice, from that day up to the present. His History of King Richard III, (3) written (c. 1514) in both English and Latin versions in order to reach More's two principal audiences of fellow countrymen and continental humanists, marks the beginning of modern historical writing in England; though unfinished and unpublished in More's lifetime, it found its way into the sixteenth-century chronicles and served as the principal source for Shakespeare's play. More's early classical studies resulted not only in his Latin epigrams, many translated from Greek originals, but in the translations undertaken with Erasmus of some works of Lucian, (4) the master of Greek dialogue who proved to be fruitful stimulus for the original work of both great humanists, in particular for the Utopia and for Erasmus's Encomium Moriae (The Praise of Folly), (5) the title of which is punning tribute to his friend. Much of the literary activity of More's mature years, which were largely absorbed by affairs of state, was concerned with the controversies of the early Reformation, beginning with his Latin Responsio (1523) to Martin Luther's attacks on Henry VIII's treatise on the sacraments. (6) The best of this work is certainly the first written in English, A Dialogue Concerning Heresies (1529; 1531), (7) in which More employs his favorite literary form to discredit the religious innovations entering England from the continent. Described by C. S. Lewis as perhaps the best specimen of Platonic dialogue ever produced in English, (8) this work was followed in rapid succession by series of polemical works in which the literary dimension is less in evidence: The Supplication of Souls (1529); The Confutation of Tyndale's Answer (1532; 1533), massive two-part sequel to the Dialogue; The Apology of Sir Thomas More, Knight (1532); The Debellation of Salem and Bizance (1532); The Answer to Poisoned Book (1533). (9) A more meditative focus, which had already shown itself in the materials translated and adapted as The Life of Pico (c. 1505) and in the unfinished meditation on the Last Things (c. 1522), (10) was given greater opportunity for expression in the Treatise on the Passion (1533-34), (11) written after More's retirement from public life, and particularly in the important works written after he was imprisoned in the Tower of London in April 1534. His greatest English work, A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation, (12) is classic of prison literature, revealing in fictional form the profound significance of Christian faith in the face of suffering and persecution. More's final work, the Latin DeTristitia Christi (The Sadness of Christ), (13) which survives in holograph manuscript smuggled from his cell, is series of very personal meditations on Christ's agony before the Passion, and provides an intimate picture of More's own mind as he faced impending execution. Not to be omitted from consideration of More's literary works are his letters, (14) in Latin and English, which range from defenses of Christian humanism and the great correspondence with Erasmus, the primary figure of that movement and More's other self, through various letters concerned with political and diplomatic matters to the moving letters to his own family, particularly those written during his imprisonment, (15) which give primary witness to that integrity of conscience that brought More to the block and made him a man for all seasons. …

Water Infrastructure for Sustainable Communities: China and the World

A new model for water management is emerging worldwide in response to water shortages, polluted waterways, climate change, and loss of biodiversity. Cities and towns are questioning the ecological and financial sustainability of big-pipe water, stormwater, and sewer systems and are searching for “lighter footprint” more sustainable solutions. Pilot projects are being built that use, treat, store, and reuse water locally and that build distributed designs into restorative hydrology. This book has been developed from the conference on Sustainable Water Infrastructure for Villages and Cities of the Future (SWIF2009) held in November 2009 in Beijing (China) that brought together an international gathering of experts in urban water and drainage infrastructure, landscape architecture, economics, environmental law, citizen participation, utility management, green building, and science and technology development. Water Infrastructure for Sustainable Communities China and the World reveals how imaginative concepts are being developed and implemented to ensure that cities, towns, and villages and their water resources can become ecologically sustainable and provide clean water. With both urban and rural waters as a focal point, the links between water quality and hydrology, landscape, and the broader concepts of green cities/villages and smart development are explored. The book focuses on decentralized concepts of potable water, stormwater, and wastewater management that would provide clean water. It results in water management systems that would be resilient to extreme events such as excessive flows due to extreme meteorological events, severe droughts, and deteriorated water and urban ecosystem quality. A particular emphasis is placed on learning lessons from the many innovative projects being designed in China and other initiatives around the world. The principal audience for the book is university faculty and students, scientists in research institutes, water professionals, governmental organizations, NGOs, urban landscape architects and planners. This title belongs to Cities of the Future Series . ISBN: 9781843393283 (Print) ISBN: 9781780401485 (eBook)

Evolution of an IS development effort

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to stand back from the debate of success and failure and develop an interpretive account based on narratives of major actors to enable project managers with a rich understanding of a complex organisation.Design/methodology/approachActor network theory (ANT) was the method that was applied to both frame and sum narratives that were gathered from the six subjects along with anecdotal evidence and confidential documents used for this research. Findings – Success is based on the perception of both actors as well as the principal audience of the Commonwealth Games (CWG). Second information systems (IS) success is uniquely associated to an event like the CWG.Research limitations/implicationsMost of the data used for the research was after the conclusion of the games. Therefore usefulness of interpretation may have a time dimension. Probably if the subjects had included spectators and other project managers during the games, the quality of conclusions could have been further enriched.Practical implicationsProject managers of future events may be able to internalise the role of co‐ordination and agreement that is necessary among different actors to achieve success.Originality/valueOriginality of present paper stems from its “unusual” identification of success – as it has attempted to outline distinctions between certainty of success and anything contrary to success. Project managers, organisers and researchers of IS projects are likely to find value in the paper in being able to appreciate the evolutionary nature of IS success.

Meg Wilson, Health Behaviors of Homeless Women: Using a Cross-selectional, Descriptive, and Non Experimental Design

If the housing crisis be lined with any silver at all, it is the possibility of a more nuanced picture of the homeless in America, and especially the homeless woman. While the total number has recently skyrocketed across the sociological spectrum, homeless families headed by single females represent the fastest single growing subgroup, representing some 40% of the total. As this situation is unlikely to change dramatically in the near future, the study by Meg Wilson on Health Behaviors of Homeless Women, recently published in Germany though in English, is a welcome contribution to an understanding of the challenges faced by this endangered population. While its principal target audience is the nursing community, the book is short and readable, easily accessible to a wider audience. By way of background, Dr. Wilson observes that the relationship among the factors contributing to the health and wellbeing of homeless women is insufficiently understood. Her study is designed to explore some of those factors in order to arrive at better practices not only among the assistance community, including especially nurses, but also the subjects themselves. She believes, with good reason, that homelessness is not synonymous with hopelessness. Not only do more effective, compassionate nursing practices contribute a great deal to advancing that difference; the women themselves, the subjects at risk, must find the strength required to emerge from the predicament of a shelter existence. Too often, caregivers assume a paternalistic (or maternalistic) attitude, however unconsciously. No matter how well meaning, such an approach is often counterproductive. This is particularly true in the area of health promotion. Increasingly popular, though still imperfectly understood, ‘‘health promotion’’ refers to behavior motivated by a desire for positive change in a person’s level of wellbeing, to a person’s overall lifestyle and attitude that includes both physical and psychological dimensions. By contrast, what is commonly known as ‘‘health care’’ refers to

El A B C de los prefacios

En este trabajo se presenta un análisis léxico-gramatical y textual de los prefacios de un conjunto de libros escritos originalmente en inglés. En un alto porcentaje, son libros de texto que tienen como audiencia principal estudiantes de los primeros semestres de los programas académicos de ingeniería. Siguiendo el modelo de Bathia (1998), con algunos ajustes, cada prefacio fue analizado en función de los aspectos formales y los distintos movimientos (‘moves’) o secuencias que los autores utilizan para estructurar el texto. El resultado del análisis muestra que en la organización textual de un prefacio en inglés se pueden presentar diversos pasos cuyos nombres comienzan por A,B,C (Audience, Aims, Approach, Author’s expectations, Aids, Acknowledgments, Background, Contents…). El análisis de los prefacios permite identificar dos funciones comunicativas principales: la función informativa y la función didáctica.

Queenship and Sanctity: The "Lives" of Mathilda and the "Epitaph" of Adelheid (review)

Reviewed by: Queenship and Sanctity: The “Lives” of Mathilda and the “Epitaph” of Adelheid Constance B. Bouchard Queenship and Sanctity: The “Lives” of Mathilda and the “Epitaph” of Adelheid. Translated with an introduction and notes by Sean Gilsdorf. (Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press. 2004. Pp. xviii, 221. $24.95 paperback.) Although women, not so very long ago, were assumed to be marginalized in the Middle Ages, recent scholarship has revealed that they can be found all through the sources if one looks for them. In this volume, Sean Gilsdorf makes two medieval women much more visible by translating their vitae. Mathilda and her daughter-in-law Adelheid were both queens of Ottonian Germany, who lived in the second half of the tenth century. In the late tenth and early eleventh centuries, two different "lives" of Mathilda were written—the first most likely by a nun—as well as a briefer "life" (or "epitaph") of Adelheid. Mathilda's second "life" contains many of the events of her later years, which occurred after the first "life" was written, and has a good deal of overlap with the events in Adelheid's "epitaph," so it is appropriate that all these versions appear together. This volume includes the first English translations of the three texts as well as an extensive introduction. Unlike most saintly women, Mathilda and Adelheid were not nuns or recluses but women active in the world. Indeed, the tenth-century author of Mathilda's first "life" had to go back four hundred years, to the holy queen Radegund, to find a good model to use in describing someone who was a queen, a wife, and a mother, as well as an admirable example of sanctity. Mathilda was the wife of Henry the Fowler, first in his line to take the German throne, and had at least five children, while Adelheid married two kings—Lothar of Italy and Otto I of Germany—and also had at least five children, including a king and a queen. The two queens' sanctity was expressed particularly through their support of regular monasticism, especially Cluniac houses; indeed, Adelheid's "epitaph" was written by Abbot Odilo of Cluny. Odilo mentioned a few tomb miracles for Adelheid, but the emphasis in the "lives" was on activities which any powerful secular ruler ought to be able to emulate. The "lives" of these queens thus provide intriguing examples both of powerful medieval women and of a particularly royal form of sanctity. This is an exemplary volume, which should certainly make these relatively overlooked queens much better known. It should immediately find a place in upper-level courses both on medieval women and on medieval Germany. Helpful maps and family trees assure the reader can keep all the people and places straight. Although the principal audience is students who do not read Latin, academic historians should also find the volume very useful. The introduction puts Mathilda and Adelheid into their political and social context as well as discussing issues of textual authorship and dating. The analysis of the role of queens in a patriarchal society and the shifting politics of their time are scholarly contributions in their own right. The endnotes and bibliography are thorough and up-to-date. The appendix includes a detailed discussion of the [End Page 140] evidence for Mathilda's ancestry, a discussion that, while brief, raises important issues about family consciousness. In his translation, Gilsdorf has managed to retain some of the flavor of the original medieval Latin, including the alliteration, while still producing a text that is easy and enjoyable to read. Notes identify the biblical and classical authors from whom the biographers of the queens often borrowed phrases. The series of translated texts from Catholic University Press has so far brought many important works to greater prominence—of which this is one of the more impressive efforts—and one certainly hopes the series will continue. Constance B. Bouchard University of Akron Copyright © 2005 The Catholic University of America Press

Representing African Music: Postcolonial Notes, Queries, Positions (review)

Representing African Music: Post-colonial Notes, Queries, Positions. By Kofi Agawu. New York; London: Routledge, 2003. [xxvii, 266 p. ISBN 0-415-94389-2. $85 (hbk.); ISBN 0-415-94390-6. $23.95 (pbk.).] Music examples, bibliography, index. This is a strikingly original book, promising shod new light both on music from across the African continent, and on the history of Africanist musical discourse. Upsetting apple carts of convention and dispassionate prose, this book, while sure elicit controversy from virtually all corners of contemporary American musical scholarship, should be required reading not only for African music specialists, but ethnomusicologisls of all sorts, popular music scholars, music theorists, and historical musicologists with an interest in the politics of representation. While the principal audience will likely be music scholars in the United States and Europe, Agawu's approach the issues involved in studying African music, his cogent explanation of musical practices, and critical acumen, make this book valuable a broadly interdisciplinary audience including Africanists generally, anthropologists, and scholars of postcolonial theory. Throughout the book Agawu focuses on the importance of a deep engagement with African musical sound and musical texts as an end in itself and as a corrective various exoticizing tropes in the study of African music. book divides roughly into three large sections: an introduction the subject, including a meditation on the relationships of colonialism and a survey of the materials of Africanist musicology; followed by a substantial set of essays on theory and close analysis of African music of various sorts; and finally a concluding section, drawing on the insights and examples of the previous chapters argue strongly against difference in the representation of African music-in his words, Taking an explicitly political stance (p. 152). first section presents a useful overview and finds Agawu at his most compelling. In a moving chapter on colonialism's impact on music in Africa, Agawu draws a much more complicated picture than one finds in older ethnomusicological literature. Gone is the assumption that the colonial presence would somehow overwhelm the local knowledges and practices of African culture, erasing them utterly-Agawu, like most contemporary ethnomusi-cologists, is not concerned about greyout; he sees the process of contact and change as a deeply lopsided, but always partial assimilation of the new the old. He is alert the complexity of the colonial encounter on the ground in West Africa in a way reminiscent of the writing of African philosophers like Kwame Anthony Appiah (for instance, Anthony Appiah, In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture [New York: Oxford University Press, 1992]). That said, Agawu is not reserved in his critique: Of all the musical influences spawned by the colonial encounter, that of tonal-functional has been the most pervasive, the most far-reaching, and ultimately the most disastrous (p. 8). If it is disastrous, Agawu suggests, it is because The vast harmonic resources available in traditional African music . . . remain underappreciated. . . . number, variety, and intricacy of multipart techniques suggest that . . . Africa perhaps has a lot less-if anything at all-to learn from Europe in the house of harmony (p. 10). Ultimately Agawu rejects nativist answers the questions that arise from thinking about African music after colonialism. Instead, he enjoins us, to be fired by the complex and contradictory reality of contemporary Africa pursue a future in which the vastness and potency of our collective musical resources inspires composers and performers aim even higher for excellence in creativity (p. 22). second portion of Representing African Music, and the bulk of the book, extends an argument begun in Agawu's The Invention of 'African Rhythm' (Journal of the American Musicological Society 48 [Fall 1995]: 380-95). …

Virtual tools for complex problems: an overview of the AtlasNW regional interactive sustainability atlas for planning for sustainable development.

AtlasNW Regional Interactive Sustainability Atlas project allows users to explore the north-west region of England both within the present as a gateway to fostering a greater understanding of developmental issues (Explorer) and also into the future using a scenario model based on the Canadian QUEST software (FutureQUEST). The final prototype model will consist of an urban development, resources, transport and air emissions module together with the necessary economic model framework and will be targeted at two principal audiences: regional policymakers; and the general public through a user-friendly awareness-raising tool. This paper focuses on the development of the initial urban development module and offers some preliminary observations from the work to date.

The Red Rooster Scare: Making Cinema American, 1900-1910.

Only once in cinema history have imported films dominated the American market: during the nickelodeon era in the early years of the twentieth century, when the Pathe company's 'Red Rooster' films could be found 'everywhere.' Through extensive original research, Richard Abel demonstrates how crucial French films were in making 'going to the movies' popular in the United States, first in vaudeville houses and then in nickelodeons. Abel then deftly exposes the consequences of that popularity. He shows how, in the midst of fears about mass immigration and concern that women and children (many of them immigrants) were the principal audience for moving pictures, the nickelodeon became a contested site of Americanization. Pathe's Red Rooster films came to be defined as dangerously 'foreign' and 'alien' and even 'feminine' (especially in relation to 'American' subjects like westerns). Their impact was thwarted, and they were nearly excluded from the market, all in order to ensure that the American cinema would be truly American. The Red Rooster Scare offers a revealing and readable cultural history of American cinema's nationalization, by one of the most distinguished historians of early cinema.

Inventions of Difference: On Jacques Derrida

Reviewed by: Inventions of Difference: On Jacques Derrida G. Douglas Atkins Rodolphe Gasché. Inventions of Difference: On Jacques Derrida. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1994. 286 pp. $45.00 cloth, $22.95 paper. For most literary critics, I rather suspect, Rodolphe Gasché’s new book will prove daunting. Steeped in the history of philosophy and blessed with keen analytical powers on frequently dazzling display here, Gasché will prove less formidable to philosophers, who are, after all, his principal audience. He argues cogently that those of us in literature have—owing to our lack of knowledge of philosophy, the conversation it has instigated and sustained, and its multiform strategies—systematically misunderstood Derrida’s works, which (he claims) we have all too easily appropriated and co-opted. But Gasché’s interest lies less in correcting literary critics than in saving Derrida for philosophy. In the event Gasché shows that a literary scholar can do philosophical analysis and “the work of thinking,” and he shows up philosophers because too few of them have treated Derrida with the seriousness that he deserves. Gasché, in fact, opens this “companion volume” to his earlier The Tain of the Mirror, with questions concerning the issues and strategies that have perplexed and irritated philosophers and that students of literature have shown an inability, or at least impatience, to confront solidly: How does one approach works of thought whose singularity has most often provoked either a violent hostility or a mechanical imitation that obscures them from our sight? From what angle does one look at these works, so markedly different from standard modes of thinking and exposition, which not only ponder questions of difference and singularity, but put these questions into action? How does one read works that do not limit themselves to making a point, but also perform and enact it? And finally, what do these works that fail and frustrate given expectations, that meditate on the rules of breaking the rules, expect from the critic? What place do they assign their readers? For what mode of relating do they call? In calm, measured, painstaking, philosophical prose, Gasché tackles these questions and offers responsible answers. Ultimately, his is little less a performative act than Derrida’s, for he answers the philosopher’s [End Page 413] call and responds responsibly, precisely the concern of the last piece (they are all misnamed essays) gathered here, the one toward which the book seems structured to move-it’s called “On Responding Responsibly.” Along the way, Gasché carefully takes up such issues as Derrida’s relation to (the philosophical) tradition, the meaning of difference in his work, the place of reason in it, and where God may figure in it. Though I don’t accept all of Gasché’s charges leveled at literary critics, I come away convinced by much of his argument (happily, he names few names). He succeeds, surely, in establishing Derrida as serious, as worthy of the most thoughtful and scrupulous attention, as participating in the conversation that constitutes, defines, and perhaps even privileges but certainly honors philosophy. Gasché shows himself remarkably learned (though not pedantic)-as much at ease in treating Hegel, Heidegger, and Kant as in moving thoughtfully among Derrida’s texts. Gasché is a skillful deconstructor-his discussion and enactment of deconstruction in the well-known piece “Deconstruction as Criticism,” first published in 1979, may be the most authoritative exposition of the work and implications of the arche-trace yet produced. I come away from it sixteen years later with my understanding clarified and modified-and myself rebuked. I wish I had earlier been able to read it as I do now. I come away from the book as a whole feeling educated, as well as in awe. As he demolishes certain myths concerning deconstruction and establishes Derrida’s place in philosophy, Gasché helps ensure the latter’s importance, which, for various reasons and in various ways, has recently been questioned. I don’t know, though, how many of us in literature will be willing to exert the effort truly to come to terms with this book (Gasché’s point precisely regarding Derrida); and I wonder how many philosophers will even acknowledge its presence. I might have wished...

The Beethoven quartet companion

The Quartet Companion Edited by Robert Winter and Robert Martin. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. 300 pp. $30 THE BEETHOVEN QUARTET COMPANION ADMIRABLY FULFILLS THE TWOFOLD PURPOSE LAID OUT IN THE BOOK'S INTRODUCTION. The first of these is enhancement of the listening experience; the second is enriching our understanding of the That term, cultural context is clearly meant the broadest possible context. It includes not only economic, societal, and historical factors, but also such technical/musicological information as the nature of earlier string instruments and the interplay among a quartet's four performers. Although the entire volume will enhance the listening experience, the book's second part focuses directly on the works themselves. Part II is entirely the contribution of that doyen of program annotators, Michael Steinberg. Readers fortunate enough to have read his notes the program booklets of the San Francisco Symphony, for example, know that he is a most learned, yet most readable (not to say, amusing) guide. In chapters, Steinberg brilliantly analyzes the early, middle, and late quartets. Steinberg also contributes a detailed glossary which by itself is all but worth the price of admission. The entry under Chord, for example, is page long and includes among other subjects inversions and figured bass. An illustration from the Fortepiano Sonata, Opus 27, No. 1, first movement, illustrates the former. Likewise the Circle of fifths is illustrated as well as explained. The same is true for the tunings of the quartet instruments. Sonata form is covered two pages of fascinating analysis. The glossary, sum, is a most useful guide, not only to the terminology utilized by Steinberg's fellow essayists, but also for the uninitiated to an appreciation of music. Perspectives is the title given to the first part of the book which contains five superb essays. The first of these, Joseph Kerman's Beethoven quartet audiences: actual, potential, ideal, is a riveting, enlightening history of the quartet medium during the period spanned by Beethoven's life. The principal audience for the String Quartets, Opus 18, according to Kerman, was the players themselves. They were in the best sense, amateurs, who played same passion which we until recently played bridge. The appearance of the Razumovsky Quartets, Opus 59, marked the emergence of the professionalization of the string Virtuosi string players led by such performers as Beethoven's friend Ignaz Schuppanzigh played not for themselves but for the new and growing audience for chamber music. And finally, the last quartets represent the composer fulfilling his own needs, meeting new musical challenges, expressing his interior vision. At the risk of oversimplification, Kerman writes, one can say that whereas Beethoven's first period the essential audience for his quartets had been the quartet players, and his second period the concert public, the late period the audience was primarily the composer. at the end of his life achieved the privatization of the string quartet. If, as Kerman puts it, we can see three phases the history of the quartet during Beethoven's lifetime the amateur, the public, and the private, the second essay, Performing the quartets their first century by Robert Winter, logically carries the argument on through the nineteenth century. It is a most absorbing story. Winter begins by detailing the contributions of Ignaz Schuppanzigh, who is credited with pioneering of the permanent string quartet and the presentation of regular series of chamber concerts, thereby changing landscape of quartet playing forever. An astounding fact is the youth of the period's leading players. Schuppanzigh was seventeen years old when he presided at Prince Lichnowsky's over colleagues ranging downward to fourteen years of age! …

Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic

'Fanatic', 'dogmatic', 'fundamentalist' - these are the words most often used in the West to describe the Ayatollah Khomeini. The essays in this book challenge that view, arguing that Khomeini and his Islamic movement should be seen as a form of Third World political populism - a radical but pragmatic middle-class movement that strives to enter, rather than reject, the modern age. Ervand Abrahamian, while critical of Khomeini, asks us to look directly at the Ayatollah's own works and to understand what they meant to his principal audience - his followers in Iran. Abrahamian analyzes political tracts dating back to 1943, along with Khomeini's theological writings and his many public statements in the form of speeches, interviews, proclamations and fatwas (judicial decrees). What emerges, according to Abrahamian, is a militant, sometimes contradictory, political ideology that focuses not on issues of scripture and theology but on the immediate political, social, and economic grievances of workers and the middle class. These essays reveal how the Islamic Republic has systematically manipulated history through televised 'recantations', newspapers, school textbooks, and even postage stamps. All are designed to bolster the clergy's reputation as champions of the downtrodden and as defenders against foreign powers. Abrahamian also discusses the paranoia that permeates the political spectrum in Iran, contending that such deep distrust is symptomatic of populist regimes everywhere.