Primrose Oil Research Articles

Analysis of Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Capacity of Evening Primrose Oil during Refining

Evening primrose oil is a rare oil, which is rich in linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid and linolenic acid and many other unsaturated fatty acids that are beneficial to human body. It has extremely high nutritional value and health care function, so it can play a role in the inhibition and prevention of some diseases. This topic proposed by means of evening primrose oil in the refining process, the sample of different refining link to the physical and chemical properties, volatile components and antioxidant capacity test and analysis, aims to explore the evening primrose oil, in the process of production of nutrient losses, and causes of its nutrient loss, to improve the quality of evening primrose oil, grease to provide scientific theory basis. The main research contents are as follows: (1)The national standard method was adopted to determine the main physicochemical indexes of evening primrose oil in different refining processes, and the changes were analyzed. The changes of fatty acid content and composition of evening primrose oil during refining were determined and analyzed. (2)DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and ORAC in vitro antioxidant evaluation methods were used to determine the changes of antioxidant capacity of evening primrose oil during the refining process, and Pearson bivariate correlation analysis was used to obtain the correlation between the contents of tocopherol, total phenol, phytosterol and squalene in evening primrose oil and antioxidant capacity.

Inhibition of Colon Cancer Cells Proliferation and Invasion by Etoposide Loaded on Nano-Suspensions Containing Black Currant Seed and Evening Primrose Oils

Formulating etoposide into a nanoemulsion based on combining two natural oils, Ribes nigrum (black currant) seed oil and organic evening primrose oils may improve its antineoplastic activity in cancer cells. The present study aimed to synthesize, characterize and in vitro evaluate the cytotoxic effect of formulating etoposide-loaded (black currant) seed oil and organic evening primrose oils on Colorectal Carcinoma colon cancer cells. The anti-proliferation and anti-invasion effects of the produced formula on Colorectal Carcinoma were investigated by the cell counting kit-8 and the collagen-based cell invasion assay, respectively. Mitochondrial staining kit, annexin Fluorescein isothiocyanate double staining, and nucleosome detection were used to discriminate the stages of apoptosis. According to the dynamic light scattering results, formulating etoposide-loaded (black currant) seed oil consisted of nanodroplets with z-average diameters of 144.6±5.3 nm and mean surface charge of -0.081±0.001 mV. Only (1.7±1.3) µM of formulating etoposide-loaded (black currant) seed oil was able to cause 50 % reduction in the Colorectal Carcinoma cellular growth which was strikingly lower than that of free- formulating etoposide (18.1±2.5 µM) by around ten-fold. The superior apoptotic effect of Formulating etoposide Ribes nigrum (black currant) seed oil and organic evening primrose oils relative to free- formulating etoposide on the Colorectal Carcinoma cells was ascertained by the enhanced mitochondrial depolarization, higher nucleosomal ratio and increased amount of early and late apoptotic cellular populations. The Formulating etoposide Ribes nigrum (black currant) seed oil and organic evening primrose oils treatment impeded the invasion of colorectal carcinoma cells by (54.8±1.2) %, which was greater than the free- formulating etoposide treatment that deterred only (35.1±1.2) % of the invaded cells. In conclusion, the incorporation of formulating etoposide into a nanoemulsion formulated from the bioactive natural oils potentiates its antitumor activity in colon cancer cells.

Effect of Evening Primrose Oil on Postmenopausal Psychological Symptoms: A Triple-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial.

ObjectivesPsychological symptoms of menopause may impose a negative effect on the quality of life of menopausal women. Thus, the management of these symptoms can improve the quality of life and psychological health of such woman. The present study aimed to determine the effect of evening primrose on psychological symptoms in menopausal women.MethodsIn this triple-blind randomized clinical trial, the effect of the evening primrose oil on postmenopausal psychological symptoms was investigated. The subjects were 100 menopausal women, referred to a healthcare center in Dastena city (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran), who were randomly assigned to two groups. The intervention group used two 1 g pearls of evening primrose oil daily. The study instruments included a sub-scale of Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). Menopause data were analyzed using an independent t-test and Friedman test by the SPSS software. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsThe two groups were balanced in demographic characteristics and psychological disorder severity before the intervention. The median (interquartile range) MRS score in the intervention group before the intervention and 2 and 4 weeks after the intervention were 11 (10–12), 6 (5–7), and 3 (2–4), respectively, and in the placebo, they were 11 (9–11), 10 (9–11), and 11 (10–12). A significant reduction was observed in the intervention group compared with the placebo group 2 and 4 weeks post-intervention.ConclusionThe use of evening primrose oil can decrease postmenopausal psychological symptoms.

The Effect of Evening Primrose Oil Capsule on Hot Flashes and Night Sweats in Postmenopausal Women: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

ObjectivesMenopause is associated with complications that could decline women's health during this period. Therefore, some of its complications, such as hot flashes and night sweats, must be treated or alleviated.MethodsThis randomized controlled trial included postmenopausal women who were referred to health centers in Hamadan from May 2018 to April 2019. The hot flash and night sweat questionnaires were completed by the researcher a week before and 8 weeks after the intervention. The intervention group took one capsule (1,000 mg) of evening primrose oil twice daily, while the control group received the same amount of placebo. Finally, the results were analyzed using Stata 13.ResultsThe mean scores of duration, frequency, and severity of hot flashes did not significantly decrease in both groups after the intervention compared with before the intervention, and no statistically significant difference was observed (P > 0.05). However, the intervention group had lower frequency and severity of night sweats after the intervention than the control group, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05).ConclusionEvening primrose oil effectively decreased the frequency and severity of night sweats.

An alternative yogic approach for cyclical mastalgia-A narrative review.

Background:Mastalgia or breast pain common benign breast disorder in women in her reproductive life. Mastalgia estimate prevalence 41–71%. It affects to overall quality of life and associated with anxiety, stress, and other psychological factors.Objective:The purpose of the study was to conduct a review of alternative therapy in the management of mastalgia.Method:A review was conducted using search terms cyclical mastalgia (CM), yoga therapy, breast treatment, primrose oil, oestrogen, progesterone and all the probable term in national and international data repositories such as PubMed, Scopus, science direct, google scholar, web of science in English language.Result:The review of alternative therapies in the management of CM suggests that most of the studies used primrose oil, vitamins, and physical activity. There are very few studies conducted in relation to yoga and cyclical mastalgia. Further, most of the studies explored effect of alternative therapies on psychological outcomes. None of the studies investigated efficacy of these therapies on hormonal changes.Conclusion:Evidence suggests that biochemical clinical trial is effective with side effect, primrose oil and seeds treatment is less effective. One evidence-based study with integrated yoga therapy should be considered in the management of cyclical mastalgia. More high-quality trial with yogic approach needed to first line management of patients presenting with CM.

Borage oil intake by overweight young adults: no effect on metabolic rate; beneficial effects on plasma triglyceride and HDL cholesterol readings.

Some research has raised the possibility that gamma linolenic acid (GLA) can increase resting metabolic rate (RMR), which can help with weight control. However, in overweight young adults with a family history of obesity, no effect on RMR was seen after a 6 weeks treatment with borage oil (880 mg GLA per day) or evening primrose oil (540 mg GLA per day). On the other hand, borage oil did lower plasma triglyceride readings and raise HDL cholesterol readings (mean starting values in normal range for triglycerides, borderline low for HDL). No effect was seen for body mass index, plasma total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, or glucose. Thus, in the type of subjects studied here, borage oil, a source of GLA, did not show promise as a weight control aid, but could help prevent undesirable readings for two blood lipid measures.

Consensus Update for Systemic Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis

BackgroundIn 2015, the Korean Atopic Dermatitis Association (KADA) working group published consensus guidelines for treating atopic dermatitis (AD).ObjectiveWe aimed to provide updated consensus recommendations for systemic treatment of AD in South Korea based on recent evidence and experience.MethodsWe compiled a database of references from relevant systematic reviews and guidelines on the systemic management of AD. Evidence for each statement was graded and classified based on thestrength of the recommendation. Forty-two council members from the KADA participated in three rounds of voting to establish a consensus on expert recommendations.ResultsWe do not recommend long-term treatment with systemic steroids forpatients with moderate-to-severe AD due to the risk of adverse effects. We recommend treatment with cyclosporine or dupilumab and selective treatment with methotrexate or azathioprine for patients with moderate-to-severe AD. We suggest treatment with antihistamines as an option for alleviating clinical symptoms of AD. We recommend selective treatment with narrowband ultraviolet B for patients with chronic moderate-to-severe AD. We do not recommend treatment with oral antibiotics for patients with moderate-to-severe AD but who have no signs of infection. We did not reach a consensus on recommendations for treatment with allergen-specific immunotherapy, probiotics, evening primrose oil, orvitamin D for patients with moderate-to-severe AD. We also recommend educational interventions and counselling for patients with AD and caregivers to improve the treatment success rate.ConclusionWe look forward to implementing a new and updated consensus of systemic therapy in controlling patients with moderate-to-severe AD.

Formulating etoposide in a nanoemulsion containing polyunsaturated fatty acids potentiates its anti-proliferation and anti-invasion activities against the ovarian cancer cells

Incorporation of etoposide (ETP) into nanoemulsion (NE) containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may potentially augment its antiproliferation effect on the cancer cells. The current study aimed to examine the <i>in vitro</i> antitumor activity of a novel formulation (ETP-BC/EP-NE) produced by combining the anticancer drug (ETP) with NE (BC/EP-NE) consisting of the black currant seed and organic evening primrose oils. The produced formulas were physically characterized using zetasizer measurements. Their cytotoxic effect was testified at concentrations ranges from 0.0001 to 5 μM using CCK-8. Apoptotic and anti-invasion effects were evaluated using the assays of mitochondrial membrane potential, annexin V-FITC double staining, DNA fragmentation, and collagen-based cell invasion. According to the zetasizer characterization, the nano-suspensions of ETP-BC/EP-NE have z-average diameters of 87.63 ± 3.30 nm with an average surface zeta potential of −0.605 ± 0.003 mV. A reduction of 50% in the growth of SK-OV-3 cells was found at a distinctly lower concentration of ETP-BC/EP-NE (IC₅₀ = 0.04 ± 0.2 μM) than that of ETP (IC₅₀ = 4.75 ± 0.1 μM). Results indicated that ETP-BC/EP-NE had a greater apoptotic effect than ETP on SK-OV-3 cells, which was attributed to the larger amount of late apoptotic cells (41.9 ± 1.05%), higher loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and more intensive fragmented DNA. The ETP-BC/EP-NE treatment suppressed the cellular invasion by 55%, whereas ETP impeded the cellular invasion by only 3%. Formulating ETP with PUFAs in NE had ameliorated the efficacy of ETP.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Evening Primrose and Extra Virgin Olive Oil on Arthritc Rats

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Evening Primrose and Extra Virgin Olive Oil on Arthritc Rats

Moisturizing effect of skin patches with hydrophobic and hydrophilic electrospun fibers for atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (eczema), one of the most common disease and also most difficult to treat, is seeking for novel development not only in medicine but also in bioengineering. Moisturization is the key in eczema treatment as dry skin triggers inflammation that damages the skin barrier. Thus, here we combine electrospun hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) and hydrophilic nylon 6 (PA6) with oils to create patches helping to moisturize atopic skin. The fibrous membranes manufactured using electrospinning: PS, PA6, composite PS – PA6 and sandwich system combining them were characterized by water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) and fluid uptake ability (FUA). To create the most effective moisturizing patches we use borage, black cumin seed and evening primrose oil and tested their spreading. We show a great potential of our designed patches, the oil release tests on a skin and their moisturizing effect were verified. Our results distinctly reveal that both fiber sizes and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of polymer influence oil spreading, release from membranes and WVTR measurements. Importantly, the direct skin test indicates the evident increase of hydration for both dry and normal skin after using the patches. The electrospun patches based on the hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymers have outstanding properties to be used as oil carriers for atopic dermatitis treatment.

A comparative study of centchroman versus evening primrose oil in treatment of mastalgia

Background: Breast pain or mastalgia is one of the most common symptoms presenting to general surgeons. Approximately 60-70% of the women experience some type of breast pain at some point of their lives. Mastalgia may be classified as cyclical and non-cyclical. In cyclical mastalgia the pain intensity is changing during the menstrual cycle. In non-cyclical mastalgia there is no other obvious cause present, the pain is considered to be originating from the breast and the pain remains unchanged during the menstrual cycle. If the pain persists there are a variety of pharmacological agents for treatment of mastalgia. These include 3-6 months course of low dose tamoxifen (10 mg) or evening primrose oil. Other agents include bromocriptine and danazol but are obsolete now days. Newer treatments include centchroman and topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory preparations. In pursuit of finding an effective safe and economical agent to treat it, plan to compare centchroman to evening primrose oil as treatment of mastalgia.Methods: In this study, two groups with 40 patients each will be taken and treatment will be given for 12 weeks and follow up to 24 weeks will be done without medication to assess sustained response or recurrence of mastalgia.Results: Centchroman is a non-steroidal drug found to be effective in the treatment of mastalgia with early and better relief in a time period of 3 months with minimal side effects as compared to evening primrose oil.Conclusions: This study has demonstrated that Centchroman therapy offers safe, effective and economical alternative to Evening Primrose oil for treatment of mastalgia.

Efficacy and Safety of Nutraceutical on Menopausal Symptoms in Post-Menopausal Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Background Menopausal symptoms severely reduce the quality of life of post-menopausal women worldwide. Nutraceuticals are widely prescribed as a viable and safer alternative and complementary approach to standard therapies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of a nutraceutical in post-menopausal women. Methods The study was designed as a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Post-menopausal women aged 45–60 years old were enrolled and randomly assigned to either treatment (n = 50) or placebo group (n = 51). The intervention, a proprietary combination of soy isoflavone, black cohosh, chasteberry and evening primrose oil extracts, and the placebo, were administered to each group for total of 12 weeks. Menopausal symptoms, endocrine profiles, and blood chemistry were evaluated at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks of the study. Results Nutraceutical supplementation demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in hot flushes and sweating (p < 0.0001), sleep problems (p < 0.0005), depressed mood (p = 0.0004) and irritability symptoms (p < 0.0003) compared with the placebo group. There were no significant differences in hormonal levels between the test and placebo groups, however levels of C-reactive protein were significantly decreased. Moreover, serum LDL-C and triglyceride levels were significantly lower than baseline levels in the treatment group at 6- and 12-week timepoints. No adverse effects were reported during the treatment. Conclusion These data indicate that a nutraceutical containing a combination of four medicinal herbs effectively and safely improved menopausal symptoms, as well as general health indicators, in post-menopausal women.

Two- and Three-Dimensional Spectrofluorimetric Qualitative Analysis of Selected Vegetable Oils for Biomedical Applications.

Vegetable oils obtained from different plants are known for their beneficial effects on prophylaxis and supportive treatment of a great deal of inflammatory-mediated conditions. Their wide range of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and the presence of other ingredients (e.g., tocopherols, chlorophylls), provide them with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer properties, which are worth being exploited. In this study, we have carried out the spectrofluorometric analysis of selected vegetable oils, namely apricot (Prunus armeniaca) kernel oil; blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) seed oil; argan (Argania spinosa) nut oil; kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) seed oil; grape (Vitis vinifera) seed oil; evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) oil and meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba) seed oil, with the purpose to detect their fluorescent ingredients for further identification and bioactivity comparison. The obtained two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) emission spectra offered a complete description of the fluorescent components of the mixture and revealed different features for studied oils.

Comparison of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and oil of evening primrose in management of mastalgias; A randomized controlled trial.

Objectives: To compare the effects of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs over oil of evening primrose in mastalgias in terms of frequency of pain. Study Design: Randomized Controlled Trail. Setting: Department of Surgical at Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi. Period: January 2016 to June 2016. Material &amp; Methods: A total of 160 consecutive female patients, ages 17-45 years with history of breast pain for last 2-3 months (cyclic and noncyclic), were presenting in surgical OPD with symptoms of mastalgias between January 2016 to June 2016 included in the study. Patients allocated in two groups, Group A received topical NSAID in 0.5% Piroxicam gel for local application to affected area twice daily for three months and Group B was given oil of evening primrose (OEP) capsules (Efamol) 500mg twice daily for three months. Patients mastalgia pain was recorded by using VAS scale at baseline (1st day) and at end of treatment (3rd month). Pain calculated by compared in terms of mean, standard deviation between groups and independent sample T test was used. Percentage compare the efficacy of response of two therapies among group A and group B chi-square distribution was used. Results: One hundred and sixty (160) patients were recruited in this study. The mean ages of the patients were 27.54±7.53 years with minimum 17 and maximum 45 years. Out of 160 patients, 115 (71.9%) were younger than 30 years of age and 45 (28.1%) were between 30 and 45 years of age. Results showed significantly lower pain in patients using topical NSAIDs as compared to OEP capsules (p=0.000). Conclusion: Topical NSAIDs are more significant and show more improvement in reduction of pain in both cyclic and noncyclic mastalgia patients as compared to oil of evening primrose.

Effect of the chemical refining process on composition and oxidative stability of evening primrose oil

Effect of the chemical refining process on composition and oxidative stability of evening primrose oil

The Effects of Evening-Primrose Oil on Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background:Evening primrose oil (EPO) has been a treatment option for reducing menopausal symptoms, but evidence for its use is inadequate.Objective:The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of EPO in treating menopausal symptoms among peri and postmenopausal women.Study design:This is a systematic review with meta-analyses of randomised clinical trials (RCTs).Methods:We searched CENTRAL, Medline, Embase and trial registries for relevant RCTs. The methodology and reporting were carried out grounded on references from the Cochrane collaboration and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses statement. Review Manager version 5.3.5 was used to perform all the statistical analyses.Results:Five RCTs, recruiting a total of 402 peri and postmenopausal women were identified. EPO did not reduce the frequency of daily vasomotor symptoms (MD 0.01 episodes, 95% CI -0.54 to 0.57, P=0.960), frequency of daytime hot flash episodes (MD -0.51 episodes, 95% CI -2.05 to 1.03, P=0.510), frequency of night sweat episodes (MD 0.33 episodes, 95% CI -0.48 to 1.13, P=0.430) and severity of vasomotor symptoms (SMD -0.45, 95% CI -1.56 to 0.66, P=0.420) in comparison to control. EPO was associated with a minimal reduction in the severity of overall menopausal symptoms in comparison to control (SMD -1.18; 95% CI-2.18 to -0.18, P=0.02). There were insufficient data to pool results for musculoskeletal symptoms, mood, sexuality, sleeping disorders and quality of life.Conclusion:EPO may reduce the severity of overall menopausal symptoms but is not effective to reduce the frequency and severity of vasomotor symptoms. The evidence quality ranged from very low to moderate. Further research is needed to enhance related evidence.

ASO Author Reflection: Getting Closer to Solving the Mystery Behind Mastalgia: Evening Primrose Oil and Factors Affecting Its Therapeutic Efficacy.

ASO Author Reflection: Getting Closer to Solving the Mystery Behind Mastalgia: Evening Primrose Oil and Factors Affecting Its Therapeutic Efficacy.

Clinical Factors Affecting the Therapeutic Efficacy of Evening Primrose Oil on Mastalgia.

Saturated fatty acid esters may cause mastalgia via hypersensitivity of breast epithelium to circulating hormones. Evening primrose oil (EPO) may restore the saturated/unsaturated fatty acid balance and decrease sensitivity to steroidal hormones or prolactin. Conflicting results exist regarding EPO treatment for mastalgia. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of EPO and factors affecting its efficacy in treatment of mastalgia. The study included 1015 patients, ages 14-82 (mean age 42.21 ± 10.8), admitted to Acibadem Breast Clinic between January 2015 and March 2018. The patients were divided into group I (n = 581) treated with EPO (1300mg, twice a day) and group II (n = 434) treated with paracetamol (500mg, twice a day). The visual analog scale was used to assess EPO's therapeutic efficacy, compared with paracetamol, measured at admittance, 2weeks, and 6weeks. Clinical factors affecting the efficacy of EPO were analyzed. The therapeutic efficacy of EPO on mastalgia was significantly higher than with paracetamol (p < 0.001). Factors significantly affecting the efficacy of EPO treatment were hormone replacement therapy (HRT), IUD-with-levonorgestrel, iron deficiency, overt hypothyroidism, and Hashimoto thyroiditis (p < 0.01). Replacement of iron or thyroid hormone efficiently treated mastalgia in patients that did not respond to EPO treatment. Side effects (allergy, anxiety, blurred vision, constipation, and nausea) were rare and not statistically significant (p = 0.88). EPO can be used in the treatment of mastalgia without significant side effects. HRT, IUD-with-levonorgestrel, iron deficiency, overt hypothyroidism, and Hashimoto thyroiditis significantly affect the efficacy of EPO on mastalgia.

Optimization of extraction and deamidation of edible protein from evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) oil processing by-products and its effect on structural and techno-functional properties

The optimization of ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction and enzymatic deamidation by protein-glutaminase (PG) on evening primrose seed cake (EPSC) protein and its effect on structure (amino acid composition, secondary structure and electrophoresis pattern) and techno-functional properties (water-holding and oil-binding capacities, solubility, emulsifying and foaming properties) of EPSC protein were evaluated. The optimum conditions of the both processes were measured using response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum yield (26.4%) and protein content (86.1%) were reached at the optimized extraction conditions. Optimal conditions of PG deamidation based on reaching a high degree of deamidation (DD) with a simultaneously low degree of hydrolysis (DH). Under these conditions, DD and DH were 39.40 and 2.11%, respectively. Ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction and enzymatic deamidation by PG have great potential to produce edible EPSC protein with modified techno-functional characteristics that can be used for several aims in the food and pharmaceutical applications.

Drug Treatment of Raynaud's Phenomenon of the Nipple.

Drug Treatment of Raynaud's Phenomenon of the Nipple.