Primordial Element Research Articles

“Mãe de primeira viagem não sabia nada”: as vivências de primíparas no parto e puerpério

Objetivo: compreender a vivência de mulheres-primíparas no parto e puerpério. Método: estudo qualitativo, desenvolvido com puérperas primíparas. Os dados foram produzidos por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e submetidos à análise temática. Resultados: os achados das entrevistas foram divididos em duas categorias temáticas. A primeira delas abrange as experiências relativas ao processo de parir e foi intitulada “Não aconteceu nada que eu imaginei”: a vivência de mulheres-primíparas no parto. A segunda denominada de “Parecia que ia ser mais fácil, mas não”: a vivência de mulheres-primíparas no puerpério aborda as vivências das primíparas no puerpério. Conclusões: observa-se que a incompletude de orientações profissionais marcou as vivências de primíparas no parto e puerpério, levando ao medo, insegurança e dúvidas diante desses eventos. Nessa perspectiva, entende-se que a educação em saúde é elemento primordial do cuidado à mulher durante o período gravídico-puerperal, capaz de colaborar para uma vivência positiva de todo esse processo.

Deep Roots and Splendid Boughs of the Global Plant Virome.

Land plants host a vast and diverse virome that is dominated by RNA viruses, with major additional contributions from reverse-transcribing and single-stranded (ss) DNA viruses. Here, we introduce the recently adopted comprehensive taxonomy of viruses based on phylogenomic analyses, as applied to the plant virome. We further trace the evolutionary ancestry of distinct plant virus lineages to primordial genetic mobile elements. We discuss the growing evidence of the pivotal role of horizontal virus transfer from invertebrates to plants during the terrestrialization of these organisms, which was enabled by the evolution of close ecological associations between these diverse organisms. It is our hope that the emerging big picture of the formation and global architecture of the plant virome will be of broad interest to plant biologists and virologists alike and will stimulate ever deeper inquiry into the fascinating field of virus-plant coevolution.

“This Time of Isolation” Or about the Forgotten Meanings of Theatre

Abstract The individual’s alienation, the dehumanizing relationship with the technological advancement, the communication crisis and the entire theoretical field targeting the current collective psychosis are now moving into a pragmatism which is brutal, cruel, and immediate. The pandemic concerns all of us at the same extent, each of us is directly affected; the enemy is reproducing itself and is felt physically, therefore consciously, on a global scale. It is a lesson about another way of “being”, we are challenged to survive to ourselves according to the principle which is so well-rooted in the world of the theatre: “play this, is you can!” But, “this time of isolation” gives something to us as well, not only does it take something from us. It is a good time for reflection. The vulnerability of the human being proves to be, at this point, above all, the sole meaning of the search. Deprived of its primordial element, the gathering, it requires a return to the sacred nature of the beginning. The contextual reassessment must begin from the actor. The indefinite suspension of the humankind’s right to social interaction is transformed, therefore, from a sign of clinical death of the theatre, into a thorough working formula. We are not launching this hypothesis with the intention of establishing postulates, but we are rather trying to make an anticipative exercise on the edge of a hole, which if ignored, can turn into an abyss.

Precision early universe thermodynamics made simple: Neff and neutrino decoupling in the Standard Model and beyond

Precision measurements of the number of effective relativistic neutrino species and the primordial element abundances require accurate theoretical predictions for early Universe observables in the Standard Model and beyond. Given the complexity of accurately modelling the thermal history of the early Universe, in this work, we extend a previous method presented by the author in [1] to obtain simple, fast and accurate early Universe thermodynamics. The method is based upon the approximation that all relevant species can be described by thermal equilibrium distribution functions characterized by a temperature and a chemical potential. We apply the method to neutrino decoupling in the Standard Model and find NeffSM = 3.045—a result in excellent agreement with previous state-of-the-art calculations. We apply the method to study the thermal history of the Universe in the presence of a very light (1 eV<mϕ < 1 MeV) and weakly coupled (λ ≲ 10−9) neutrinophilic scalar. We find our results to be in excellent agreement with the solution to the exact Liouville equation. Finally, we release a code: NUDEC_BSM (available in both Mathematica and Python formats), with which neutrino decoupling can be accurately and efficiently solved in the Standard Model and beyond: https://github.com/MiguelEA/nudec_BSM.

KAJIAN JUMLAH RADIOAKTIFITAS URANIUM DALAM KACANG PANJANG (V. U. SESQUIPEDALIS)

The main objective of the radiation protection is to protect human from ionizing radiation which the source from the human artificial or natural occurring. The Natural Occurring Radioactive Material such as Radon and any primordial element occurred since the beginning of the earth. The Natural Radiation Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) like Uranium, Thorium, Plutonium, and Radon is constantly taken by human through inhalation from the underground (Radon) and Intake from the food (Uranium, Thorium, Plutonium). This interaction of NORM by the Human could give the Internal Exposure. The internal exposure can be measured with the standard giving in the ICRP. The Radioactive Material could get to the body from the digestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. In this paper the intake of digestionis the only intake tract to be studied. The long bean sample is processed which the compound analyse using ICP/MS to obtained the concentration of Uranium – 238. The result obtained is 0.024 µg/kg for the concentration of uranium, with the total intake per day is 4.6 x 10-3 µg. Using the conversion factor, the activity of the uranium in yarn bean obtained is 0.3 µSv. The equivalent dose in the liver assessed by multiplied of chronic intake per day and equivalent dose coefficient. Assumed that the chronic intake of the uranium per day is 4.6 x 10-3 µSv. The committed equivalent dose obtain from assessment is 4 x 10-4 for liver and 1 x 10-3 for kidneys. Using the formula fro EPA to assessed the exceed lifetime risk cancer and obtained 9.21 x10-5 for the intake of uranium by consumption of yarn bean. All of the amount of value obtained from this research was in the safe level.

Prospects and limitations for constraining light relics with primordial abundance measurements

The light relic density affects the thermal and expansion history of the early Universe leaving a number of observable imprints. We focus on the primordial abundances of light elements produced during the process of Big Bang nucleosynthesis which are influenced by the light relic density. Primordial abundances can be used to infer the density of light relics and thereby serve as a probe of physics beyond the Standard Model. We calculate the observational uncertainty on primordial light element abundances and associated quantities that would be required in order for these measurements to achieve sensitivity to the light relic density comparable to that anticipated from upcoming cosmic microwave background surveys. We identify the nuclear reaction rates that need to be better measured to maximize the utility of future observations. We show that improved measurements of the primordial helium-4 abundance can improve constraints on light relics, while more precise measurements of the primordial deuterium abundance are unlikely to be competitive with cosmic microwave background measurements of the light relic density.

Improved BBN constraints on the variation of the gravitational constant

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) is very sensitive to the cosmological expansion rate. If the gravitational constant G took a different value during the nucleosynthesis epoch than today, the primordial abundances of light elements would be affected. In this work, we improve the bounds on this variation using recent determinations of the primordial element abundances, updated nuclear and weak reaction rates and observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). When combining the measured abundances and the baryon density from CMB observations by Planck, we find G_mathrm {BBN}/G_0 = 0.99^{+0.06}_{-0.05} at 2sigma confidence level. If the variation of G is linear in time, we find dot{G}/G_0 = 0.7^{+3.8}_{-4.3}times 10^{-12} , mathrm {year}^{-1}, again at 2sigma . These bounds are significantly stronger than those from previous primordial nucleosynthesis studies, and are comparable and complementary to CMB, stellar, solar system, lunar laser ranging, pulsar timing and gravitational wave constraints.

RADON IN THE WATER

Man and his environment are constantly exposed to the effects of ionizing radiation. Most of this radiation comes from natural and artificial radionuclides and the biggest radioecological problem is the 222Rn radioactive gas. Natural radioactivity comes from unstable radioisotopes that were present during the formation of the Earth, and are present today. According to the research by UNSCEAR(United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation) it is estimated that the radiation dose, which comes from natural radionuclides and to which man is exposed, is 2.4 mSv per year. Natural sources of radioactivity are cosmic radiation and Earth’s crust that contains primordial radioactive elements including those that are sources of radon (uranium). Radon is a natural inert radioactive gas without smell and taste. It is soluble in water and can easily diffuse with the gaseous and aqueous phase and in this way forms significant concentrations. The techniques and methods most commonly used to detect and determine the activities of radon in water are alpha spectrometry, gamma spectrometry and measurement techniques on a liquid scintillation detector. Throughout epidemiological studies, the World Health Organization has provided convincing evidence of the correlation of exposure to indoor radon and the development of lung cancer. Radon and its decomposition products are considered to be the second cause of lung cancer after consuming tobacco.

Refined bounds on MeV-scale thermal dark sectors from BBN and the CMB

New light states thermally coupled to the Standard Model plasma alter the expansion history of the Universe and impact the synthesis of the primordial light elements. In this work, we carry out an exhaustive and precise analysis of the implications of MeV-scale BSM particles in Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) and for Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) observations. We find that BBN observations set a lower bound on the thermal dark matter mass of mχ > 0.4 MeV at 2σ. This bound is independent of the spin and number of internal degrees of freedom of the particle, of the annihilation being s-wave or p-wave, and of the annihilation final state. Furthermore, we show that current BBN plus CMB observations constrain purely electrophilic and neutrinophilic BSM species to have a mass, mχ > 3.7 MeV at 2σ. We explore the reach of future BBN measurements and show that upcoming CMB missions should improve the bounds on light BSM thermal states to mχ > (10−15) MeV. Finally, we demonstrate that very light BSM species thermally coupled to the SM plasma are highly disfavoured by current cosmological observations.

Finding the Brightest Cosmic Beacons in the Southern Hemisphere

Abstract The study of absorptions along the lines of sight to bright high-z QSOs is an invaluable cosmological tool that provides a wealth of information on the inter-/circum-galactic medium, dark matter, primordial elements, reionization, fundamental constants, and general relativity. Unfortunately, the number of bright (i ≲ 18) QSOs at z ≳ 2 in the southern hemisphere is much lower than that in the north, due to the lack of wide multiwavelength surveys at decl. δ &lt; 0°, hampering the effectiveness of observations from southern observatories. In this work we present a new method based on Canonical Correlation Analysis to identify such objects, taking advantage of a number of available databases: Skymapper, Gaia DR2, WISE, and 2MASS. Our QSO candidate sample lists 1476 sources with i &lt; 18 over 12,400 square degrees in the southern hemisphere. With a preliminary campaign we observed spectroscopically 69 of them, confirming 54 new bright QSOs at z &gt; 2.5, corresponding to a success rate of our method of ∼80%. Furthermore, we estimate a completeness of ∼90% of our sample at completion of our observation campaign. The new QSOs confirmed by this first and the forthcoming campaigns (QUBRICS10 survey) will be the targets of subsequent studies using higher resolution spectrographs, like ESPRESSO, UVES, and (in the long term) ELT/HIRES.

A INTERFACE ESTADO – ECONOMIA E REGULAÇÃO JURÍDICA DO MERCADO: DESAFIOS PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL NO BRASIL

O presente artigo versa sobre a interface Estado e Economia, tendo como objeto a Constituição Federal e o Direito Econômico. Investigar-se-ão as faces positiva e negativa dessa relação sistemática. O corte epistemológico desenha-se a partir da análise entre os valores constitucionais, como justiça, ética e humanismo e sua imbricação com o capitalismo enquanto elemento primordial ao progresso material. Justifica-se falar de axiologia constitucional e capitalismo, haja vista as profundas desigualdades sociais e regionais havidas no País, e também pelo fato de ambos serem essenciais à realização do ser humano e ao desenvolvimento sustentável brasileiro. A problemática que emerge é investigar se ocorre uma análise jurídica da economia ou se há submissão do direito à economia. Hipoteticamente, a implantação de um capitalismo humanista é fator de desenvolvimento. O marco teórico assenta-se em modernas teorias humanistas, com utilização do método dedutivo e exaustiva investigação bibliográfica.

O Storytelling como ferramenta de aprendizado ativo

Este artigo destaca a prática do storytelling com o objetivo de analisar sua conexão com a metodologia de aprendizado ativo. Para tanto, apresentamos os debates sobre aprendizado ativo, sua finalidade, estratégias e métodos para apontar as contribuições do storytelling a essa metodologia. Os principais objetivos do artigo são: esclarecer e evidenciar as diferenças entre a atividade de contar histórias como forma de entretenimento e a utilidade dessa prática como estratégia pedagógica, no contexto do aprendizado ativo em áreas em que não tem sido usada, como nas Relações Internacionais. Analisamos a incorporação da prática do storytelling pela metodologia do aprendizado ativo em diferentes níveis de ensino. Concluímos que, dentre as suas contribuições possíveis, destacam-se a retenção de conhecimento no longo prazo e a construção de conexões cognitivas entre o objeto de estudo e a realidade social dos estudantes, podendo promover aprendizado pela empatia e capacidade de autonomia na atitude ativa em busca de solução de problemas, levando-se em conta contextos sociais de diferentes níveis: local, nacional e, também, internacional.

Diffusion coefficients and constraints on hadronic inhomogeneities in the early universe

Hadronic inhomogeneities are formed after the quark hadron phase transition. The nature of the phase transition dictates the nature of the inhomogeneities formed. Recently some scenarios of inhomogeneities have been discussed where the strange quarks are in excess over the up and down quarks. The hadronization of these quarks will give rise to a large density of hyperons and kaons in addition to the protons and neutrons which are formed after the phase transition. These unstable hyperons decay into pions, muons and their respective neutrinos. Hence the plasma during this period consists of neutrons, protons, electrons, muons and neutrinos. Due to the decay of the hyperons, the muon component of the inhomogeneities will be very high. We study the diffusion of neutrons and protons in the presence of a large number of muons immediately after the quark hadron phase transition. We find that the presence of the muons enhances the diffusion coefficient of the neutrons/protons. As the diffusion coefficient is enhanced, the inhomogeneities will decay faster in the regions where the muon density is higher. Hence smaller muon rich inhomogeneities will be completely wiped out. The decay of the hyperons will also generate muon neutrinos. Since the big bang nucleosynthesis provides constraints on the neutrino degeneracies, we revisit the effect of non zero degeneracies on the primordial elements.

Roles of Be7(n,p)Li7 resonances in big bang nucleosynthesis with time-dependent quark mass and a possible Li reduction

Big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) has been used as a probe of beyond-standard physics in the early Universe, which includes a time-dependent quark mass m_q. We investigate effects of a quark mass variation delta m_q on the cross sections of the 7Be(n, p)7Li reaction and primordial light element abundances taking into account roles of 8Be resonances in the reaction during BBN. This resonant reaction has not been investigated although behaviors of low-lying resonances are not trivial. It is found that a resonance at the resonance energy E_r=0.33 MeV enhances the reaction rate and lowers the 7Li abundance significantly when the quark mass variation is negative. Based upon up-to-date observational limits on primordial abundances of D, 4He and Li, the quark mass variation in the BBN epoch are derived. In a model in which the resonance energies of the reactions 3He(d, p)4He and 3H(d, n)4He are insensitive to the quark mass, we find that the Li abundance can be consistent with observations for delta m_q/m_q = (4--8) times 10^{-3}.

The fate of the Assyrian minority in early independent Iraq: a test case of political violence based on rational primordialism

Analyzing ethno-national conflicts is usually not easy in that not all quantitative scientific tools are useful to the student of a conflict based on primordial elements. The burden of studying the outcome of a conflict is all the more complex given that the two conflicting groups might be at two different stages of their political development at any given time during the course of the conflict. In the case of the fate of the [Eastern Christian] Assyrian community in early independent Iraq, the political rationale for decisions taken by each party was drawn from different sociological, historical and political realms. Decisions in times of conflict and their political and historical ramifications are not always rational, since they draw upon primordial/communal considerations rather than the accurate reading of the overall true strategic scene.The violence was an outcome of a combination of primordial differences and rational choice. The Iraqis sought to establish a new sovereign state with minimal disturbances from its Christian minority that they perceived as not belonging to the new nation. As for the Assyrians, they chose violence believing that at least some superpowers would support them. Historically, this rational decision based upon a primordial dispute turned out to be a mistake primarily because of lack of external support, weak internal cohesion of the group, and feeble leadership.

New theoretical results for radiative 3H(p,γ)4He, 3He(2H,γ)5Li, 4He(2H,γ)6Li, 4He(3H,γ)7Li and 4He(3He,γ)7Be captures at astrophysical energies

We have studied the proton capture reaction [Formula: see text]. It plays a role in the nucleosynthesis of primordial elements in the early Universe leading to the prestellar formation of [Formula: see text] nuclei. All results of our researches and more new data from works show that the contribution of the [Formula: see text] capture reaction into the processes of primordial nucleosynthesis is relatively small. However, it makes sense to consider this process for making the picture complete for the formation of prestellar [Formula: see text] and clearing of mechanisms of this reaction. Furthermore, we have considered the [Formula: see text] reaction in the low energy. This reaction also forms part of the nucleosynthesis chain of the processes occurring in the early stages of formation of stable stars. They are possible candidates for overcoming the well-known problem of the [Formula: see text] gap in the synthesis of light elements in the primordial Universe. Continuing the study, we have considered the radiative capture [Formula: see text] at superlow energies, which has a undeniable interest for nuclear astrophysics, since it takes part in the proton–proton fusion chain, and new experimental data on the astrophysical [Formula: see text]-factors of this process at energies down to 90 and 23[Formula: see text]keV and data on the radiative capture reaction [Formula: see text] down to 50[Formula: see text]keV appeared recently. Moreover, radiative capture reactions [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] may have played a certain role in prestellar nucleosynthesis after the Big Bang, when the temperature of the Universe decreased to the value of [Formula: see text].

Organizational philosophy as a vehicle of action in the competitive development of SMEs

The purpose of the study was to analyze organizational philosophy as a vehicle for action in the competitive development of SMEs. Based on a post-positivist paradigm with a hermeneutic phenomenological approach of qualitative design. The information was obtained by means of observation participants and the semi-structured interview to the informants of the four SMEs selected in Colombia. As for the results, were derived the concepts of the managers with respect to the organizational philosophy of SMEs, contemplates the mission, vision, policy strategy, short and long-term goals, also has as main objective to meet a set of rules and regulations to achieve an effective production and projection. It was evident the importance of knowing the strategic elements to develop a culture oriented to the development of SMEs, which is rooted in the principles, corporate values, which must always be considered when developing an activity. After analyzing the impact of the organizational philosophy as a vehicle for action, they argue as final reflections that differentiation is one of the most important axes, so that if all people know the strategic axes will surely have many more chances of having a competitive advantage. With respect to the recommendations, the theoretical orientations had their foundation in the organizational philosophy, which constitutes one of the primordial elements for the correct and successful development of an organization, since it produces a distinction, opinion and competitiveness in the field in which it performs, where it also wants to achieve a position.

МИФОЛОГЕМА ВОДЫ В ЛИРИКЕ ХАЙЦЗЫ (1964-1989 ГГ.)

The article examines the basic water images in the creative work of the famous Chinese XX-century poet Hai Zi. In his poetical cosmos, the primordial element ‘water’ represents both the traditional origins of the poet’s artistic world and the author’s individual worldview. Hai Zi discovers close relation and harmony between the world of nature and a human being. In his poetry, the universals of human life and existence are interpreted within the context of ethno-poetical traditions, which is determined by the poetical language itself, and national mythologemes are of great importance here.

IGUALDADE DE PODER ENTRE HOMENS E MULHERES: REFLEXÕES A PARTIR DA AGENDA 2030 DA ONU

O assunto “empoderamento” da mulher tem sido bastante discutido nos últimos tempos e traz à tona questões sobre desenvolvimento e liberdade, elementos primordiais para a emancipação dos indivíduos, visando à expansão de suas capacidades. O presente trabalho faz uma reflexão sobre Objetivo número 5, ODS nº 5, da Agenda 2030 da Organização das Nações Unidas, ONU, ressaltando sua importância para o desenvolvimento das mulheres e, portanto, para o seu “empoderamento”. Para a discussão dos tópicos constantes no ODS 5 apoiou-se em Amartya Sen, entre outros autores, a partir de sua reflexão sobre a liberdade, e em outro documento da ONU sobre os princípios do empoderamento da mulher. As conclusões apontam para a necessidade de políticas públicas e programas que devem ir além das áreas de saúde, educação e garantia de melhores condições de vida, uma vez que é necessário promover políticas para a igualdade de poder e ocupação de espaços políticos.

Life as a fortress \u2013 structure, function, and adaptive values of morphological and chemical defense in the oribatid mite Euphthiracarus reticulatus (Actinotrichida)

BackgroundOribatid mites are among the primordial decomposer faunal elements and potential prey organisms in soil. Among their myriad morphological defenses are strong sclerotization and mineralization, cuticular tecta, and the “ptychoid” body-form, which allows to attain an encapsulated, seed-like appearance. Most oribatid mites possess a pair of exocrine glands that produce blends of hydrocarbons, terpenes, aromatics, alkaloids and cyanogenic compounds. Many species evolved “holistic” defensive strategies by combining several morphological and chemical traits.MethodsWe describe the morphological and chemical bases of defense in the ptychoid oribatid Euphthiracarus reticulatus. The functional morphology was investigated with synchrotron X-ray microtomography (SRμCT) and high-speed life-radiography. Gland secretions were collected from 20,000 adult specimens, purified and fractionated by preparative capillary gas chromatography (pcGC) and analyzed by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC/MS), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The adaptive values of morphological and chemical defenses were estimated in bioassays against three predators: a similar-sized gamasid mite (Stratiolaelaps miles, ca. 0.8 mm, with slender chelicera for piercing membranous cuticular regions), and two larger staphylinid beetles, Stenus juno (ca. 7 mm, bearing a harpoon-like sticky labium and sickle-shaped mandibles) and Othius punctulatus (ca. 14 mm, bearing plesiomorphic chewing mandibles).ResultsThe secretions comprised two components: the diterpene β-springene and a novel compound with a mass of 276 g/mol – eventually elucidated as 2-(but-1-en-1-yl)-4-butylidene-3-(pent-2-en-1-yl)-pentanedial, to which we assign the trivial name δ-acaridial. Upon attacks by S. juno, E. reticulatus reacted quickly: within 150 ms from the first contact the encapsulation was almost completed – less time than the beetle needed to retract the labium and transfer the mite to the mandibles. Chemically-defended specimens of E. reticulatus effectively repelled all predators. After depletion of oil-gland reservoirs, however, O. punctulatus easily fed on the mites while S. miles and S. juno were not able to overcome the morphological barrier of strong cuticle and ptychoid body form.ConclusionSuch an effective, holistic defense strategy, involving both morphological and chemical traits, probably carries high resource-costs, but it allows adult euphthiracaroid mites to occupy an almost “enemy-free space” despite the high diversity of predators in soil.