Primitive Family Research Articles

G‘ARB TA’LIMOTIDA AVLODLARARO MUNOSABATLAR VA UNING O‘ZIGA XOS XUSUSIYATLARI

The article is devoted to the study of the views of the family as a social institution, and the theories of the Western representatives on intergenerational relations in the family are presented. The purpose of the article is based on the collection and generalization of theories about the family. The conducted studies show that the family develops and changes along with the development of human society, it is its main component. The family is a part of society, which reflects all the changes that society has experienced, from the primitive family groups to the modern family. Such changes were of great interest to philosophers and became the basis for the origin of their theories about the family.

Catalogue of the moniligastrid earthworms (Clitellata, Moniligastrida, Moniligastridae) of the world.

This study presents a comprehensive catalogue of the moniligastrid earthworms (Moniligastrida, Moniligastridae) of the world. A total of 176 valid species/subspecies belonging to 5 genera are known to exist in this primitive family. Drawida is the speciose genus with 147 species/subspecies. Of the various moniligastrids, three species of Drawida are considered as peregrine outside its normal Asian range. Among the valid species, occurrence of 30.68% are known only from the type locality. It is noteworthy that the types of 125 (71.02%) species are currently known to exist in various repositories around the world. The existence of the remaining species can only be inferred from the literature since their types are either non-existent, missing, dried out, or lost. Present catalogue includes valid scientific names, synonyms, type locality, type respository details along with registration number, geographic distribution pattern within its native range, and references.

Research of the family associations of active asteroids in the main belt

ABSTRACT We apply the Hierarchical Clustering method (HCM) and Selective Backward Integration method (BIM) to search for associated families and young families for all main-belt active asteroids (MBAAs) known to date. We find four newly candidate sub-groups of known families, which include the candidate Brueghel family associated with 176P/LINEAR, the candidate 324P group associated with 324P/La Sagra, the candidate G1 group associated with P/2016 G1, and the candidate Tutenchamun family associated with (62412) 2000 SY178. Additionally, we identify three entirely new candidate families, the Interamnia family associated with P/2021 A5, the candidate 457P group associated with 457P/Lemmon-PANSTARRS, and the candidate Scheila family associated with (596) Scheila. We also reveal two newly identified family associations with known families between 259P/Garradd and the Adeona family, P/2019 A4 and the Jones family. All main-belt comets (MBCs) are likely associated with young and primitive families. Some unstable MBCs, which cannot be identified using HCM, may still originate from young and primitive families. However, due to dynamic diffusion, they cannot be conclusively linked to current families. Impact-disrupted asteroids could be linked with young families and they may change their original spectrum under the impact activity. Rotational fission of young and primitive asteroids might be a useful mechanism for facilitating the exposure of subsurface ice, and therefore triggering sublimation-driven activity. Rapid rotation and sublimation activity mechanisms are likely coupled. Therefore, further research should be made on such fast rotational asteroids that are located in primitive families.

A new plesiomorphic species of webspinner (Embiodea, Clothodidae) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber of northern Myanmar

A new Mesozoic webspinner (Embiodea) is described and figured based on a moderately well-preserved male in mid-Cretaceous (earliest Cenomanian) amber from northern Myanmar. Perissoclothoda myrrhokaris gen. et sp. nov. is the second fossil representative of the putatively primitive family Clothodidae. It differs from the Cretaceous and more recent Embiodea in several plesiomorphic characters, namely a quadrate mentum, approximately oval submentum, subgenae not meet medially (thus a ventral bridge or gula is lacking), completely symmetrical terminalia, and dimerous cerci. This new find sheds further light on the diversity and morphological disparity of fossil webspinners during the Late Mesozoic. www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:11A49D4A-4042-4AA3-858F-919E1A84B879.

Hindu Culture of Batticaloa during the Anuradhapura Period

Batticaloa region which is situated in the East Ceylon has been a location where Hindu Culture has been prevailed for a longtime. The primitive families have been Hindus and from time to time people from various parts of India settled in various parts of Batticaloa. The objective of this study is to find out the such Hindu tradition prevailed in Btticaloa for a longtime and the nature of Hindu cultural aspects related period of Anuradhapura Era. Historical study and Descriptive methods this study has been undertaken. Inscriptions, Batticaloa historical Texts and oral traditions have been used as sources. The cultural mixture came into being through Indian settlements, ‘Thesathu kovils’ worshipping traditions, ‘Veera Saiva’ diffusions, social life and such information are being disclosed.

Dynamic movement primitives based on positive and negative demonstrations

Dynamic motion primitive has been the most prevalent model-based imitation learning method in the last few decades. Gaussian mixed regression dynamic motion primitive, which draws upon the strengths of both the motion model and the probability model to cope with multiple demonstrations, is a very practical and conspicuous branch in the dynamic motion primitive family. As Gaussian mixed regression dynamic motion primitive only learns from expert demonstrations and requires full environmental information, it is incapable of handling tasks with unmodeled obstacles. Aiming at this problem, we proposed the positive and negative demonstrations-based dynamic motion primitive, for which the introduction of negative demonstrations can bring additional flexibility. Positive and negative demonstrations-based dynamic motion primitive extends Gaussian mixed regression dynamic motion primitive in three aspects. The first aspect is a new maximum log-likelihood function that balances the probabilities on positive and negative demonstrations. The second one is the positive and negative demonstrations-based expectation–maximum, which involves iteratively calculating the lower bound of a new Q-function. And the last is the application framework of data set aggregation for positive and negative demonstrations-based dynamic motion primitive to handle unmodeled obstacles. Experiments on several typical robot manipulating tasks, which include letter writing, obstacle avoidance, and grasping in a grid box, are conducted to validate the performance of positive and negative demonstrations-based dynamic motion primitive.

?Description of a new species of the genus Neopseustis Meyrick, 1909 from China, with a new classification of the genus (Lepidoptera, Neopseustoidea, Neopseustidae).

?A new species of the genus Neopseustis Meyrick, 1909, Neopseustischentangensis S.Y. Huang & Chen sp. nov., which was confirmed by both morphological and molecular methods, is described from Xizang, China. This is currently the westernmost species in Asia of the primitive lepidopteran family Neopseustidae. The new species is externally reminiscent of N.moxiensis Chen & Owada, 2009; however, it can be easily distinguished from the latter by comparison of the male genitalia and is further distinguished by the large genetic distance in DNA barcodes (COI). The adult and genitalia of the new and similar species have been illustrated. Utilizing our new data, a new classification of the genus is provided, with its members subdivided into four species groups: the meyricki-group, the moxiensis-group, the bicornuta-group, and the chentangensis-group, which are supported by both molecular and morphological evidence. A checklist of the genus and a key to the species groups are also provided.

A comparative analysis of the outer-belt primitive families

Context.Asteroid families are witnesses to the intense collisional evolution that occurred on the asteroid belt. The study of the physical properties of family members can provide important information about the state of differentiation of the parent body and provide insights into how these objects were formed. Several of these asteroid families identified across the main belt are dominated by low-albedo, primitive asteroids. These objects are important for the study of Solar System formation because they were subject to weaker thermophysical processing and provide information about the early conditions of our planetary system.Aims.We aim to study the diversity of physical properties among the Themis, Hygiea, Ursula, Veritas, and Lixiaohua families.Methods.We present new spectroscopic data, combined with a comprehensive analysis using a variety of data available in the literature, such as albedo and rotational properties.Results.Our results show that Themis and Hygiea families, the largest families in the region, present similar levels of hydration. Ursula and Lixiaohua families are redder in comparison to the others and present no sign of hydrated members based on the analysis of visible spectra. Conversely, Veritas presents the highest fraction of hydrated members.Conclusions.This work demonstrates a diverse scenario in terms of the physical properties of primitive outer-belt families, which could be associated with dynamical mixing of asteroid populations and the level of differentiation of the parental body.

The last pieces of the primitive inner belt puzzle: Klio, Chaldaea, Chimaera, and Svea

Aims.Several primitive families in the inner region of the main asteroid belt were identified as potential sources for two near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), (101955) Bennu and (162173) Ryugu, targets of the sample-return missions OSIRIS-REx and Hayabusa2, respectively. Four of the families, located at high proper inclinations (i> 10°), have not yet been compositionally studied: Klio, Chaldaea, Chimaera, and Svea. We want to characterize and analyze these families within the context of our PRIMitive Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey (PRIMASS), in order to complete the puzzle of the origins of the two NEAs.Methods.We obtained visible spectra (0.5–0.9μm) of a total of 73 asteroids within the Klio, Chaldaea, Chimaera, and Svea collisional families, using the instrument OSIRIS at the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias. We performed a taxonomical classification of these objects, and an analysis of the possible presence of absorption bands related to aqueous alterations, comparing the results with already studied primitive families in the inner main belt.Results.We present here reflectance spectra for 30 asteroids in the Klio family, 15 in Chaldaea, 20 in Chimaera, and 8 in Svea. We show that Klio, Chaldaea, and Chimaera members have moderately red spectral slopes, with aqueous alteration absorption bands centered around 0.7μm, characteristic of the group of primitive families known as Erigone-like. In contrast, Svea shows no 0.7μm features, and neutral and blue spectral slopes, and thus is a Polana-like family. While all four families might be related to (162173) Ryugu, the only family studied in this work that might be related to (101955) Bennu is Svea.

Near-infrared spectroscopy of the Klio primitive inner-belt asteroid family

The PRIMitive Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey (PRIMASS) aims to characterize primitive asteroids throughout the asteroid belt in the visible and near-infrared (NIR). There are eight primitive families in the inner main belt: Polana-Eulalia, Erigone, Sulamitis, Clarissa, Chaldaea, Klio, Svea and Chimaera. PRIMASS has already characterized all 8 families in the visible, and the Polana-Eulalia complex in the NIR. Results of our previous work show that low inclination inner belt family asteroids fall into at least two distinct compositional groups: Polana-like (anhydrous and spectrally homogeneous) or Erigone-like (hydrated and spectrally diverse). In the visible, the Klio family is spectrally diverse and 23% of the objects show evidence of hydration, but it is not Erigone-like.We observed 21 objects in the Kilo family using the NASA InfraRed Telescope Facility (IRTF) and the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) between January 2017 and March 2019. Our survey shows that the Klio family is spectrally homogeneous in the NIR, i.e., the heterogeneity seen in the visible does not extend to the NIR. The Klio family NIR spectra have mostly convex shapes and have red slopes (average slope 1.052 ± 0.425%/1000 Å normalized at 1.0 μm). The average spectra of both families we have studied in the NIR (Polana-Eulalia and Klio) differ slightly in spectral shape and slope, consistent with space weathering effects, but not conclusively so. Based on our NIR spectral comparisons, the Klio family cannot be ruled out as a possible source for two near-Earth asteroids: (101955) Bennu and (162173) Ryugu.

Structure of Antennal Pseudoplacoid Sensilla in the Caddisfly Philopotamus montanus Donovan (Trichoptera, Philopotamidae)

The structure of pseudoplacoid sensilla characteristic of Amphiesmenoptera was studied by SEM and TEM methods by the example of the mushroom-like sensilla in Philopotamus montanus Don., a member of the primitive family Philopotamidae. These sensilla were found to be different from the externally similar placoid sensilla in the presence of a socket-like depression and a sensillar stem arising from it. The expanded terminal part filled with the dendrites of the sensory neurons has numerous pores on its upper and lower surfaces. The sensillar dendrites have subterminal expansions filled with electron-transparent fluid, while their thin terminal parts have electron-dense central elements. The pseudoplacoid sensillum of Ph. montanus comprises three sensory neurons. The mushroom-like pseudoplacoid sensilla of Ph. montanus are compared with chemoreceptive sensilla of other insects.

Bacterial associates of Orthezia urticae, Matsucoccus pini, and Steingelia gorodetskia -\xa0scale insects of archaeoccoid families Ortheziidae, Matsucoccidae, and Steingeliidae (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha)

The biological nature, ultrastructure, distribution, and mode of transmission between generations of the microorganisms associated with three species (Orthezia urticae, Matsucoccus pini, Steingelia gorodetskia) of primitive families (archaeococcoids = Orthezioidea) of scale insects were investigated by means of microscopic and molecular methods. In all the specimens of Orthezia urticae and Matsucoccus pini examined, bacteria Wolbachia were identified. In some examined specimens of O. urticae, apart from Wolbachia, bacteria Sodalis were detected. In Steingelia gorodetskia, the bacteria of the genus Sphingomonas were found. In contrast to most plant sap-sucking hemipterans, the bacterial associates of O. urticae, M. pini, and S. gorodetskia are not harbored in specialized bacteriocytes, but are dispersed in the cells of different organs. Ultrastructural observations have shown that bacteria Wolbachia in O. urticae and M. pini, Sodalis in O. urticae, and Sphingomonas in S. gorodetskia are transovarially transmitted from mother to progeny.

Female-biased froghoppers (Hemiptera, Cercopoidea) from the Mesozoic of China and phylogenetic reconstruction of early Cercopoidea

Cercopoidea is a diverse insect group, but its early evolution, disparity and ecology remain unclear. Juroala daohugouensis Chen & Wang gen. et sp. nov., from the Middle–Upper Jurassic of north-eastern China, is established herein and described on the basis of 42 whole-bodied fossils, representing a new subfamily, Juroalinae subfam. nov. of the primitive family Sinoalidae. Chengdecercopis Hong, 1983 is transferred from Procercopidae to this new subfamily and Stictocercopis Fu & Huang, 2018 is also attributed to the new subfamily. Fangyuanini Chen & Wang trib. nov. is erected for Fangyuania Chen, Szwedo & Wang, 2018 from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Our cladistic analyses recover the relationships within the Cercopoidea as follows: (Juroalinae + (Sinoalini + Fangyuanini)) + (Procercopidae + (Cercopionidae + five modern families)). The evolutionary history and morphological diversification in the Mesozoic is discussed based on our phylogenetic reconstruction. In addition, the abundant material in the present study not only indicates high intra-specific or even intra-individual variation caused by biological and/or taphonomic factors, but also reveals an extremely female-biased propensity, suggesting that the new taxon probably had adaptations to special palaeoenvironments in physiology, ecology and ethology (e.g. parthenogenesis and sociability).http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5EDD7D33-D509-4330-A01F-F41DF664E1C2

A quantitative field study of paternal care in Ozark hellbenders, North America’s giant salamanders

Paternal care is relatively uncommon in tetrapods but appears to be the rule in the large aquatic salamanders of the primitive family Cryptobranchidae (North America: hellbenders, genus Cryptobranchus; Asia: giant salamanders, genus Andrias). For the Ozark hellbender, C. alleganiensis bishopi, a federally endangered subspecies, anecdotal observations of paternal care have been reported, but no quantitative assessments have been made. We quantified behavior of a guarding male hellbender from video footage collected over 6 weeks in 2008 from a naturally occurring nest. We quantified behavior of the guarding male to help develop hypotheses about costs and benefits of paternal care. Overall, there were high frequencies of tail fanning of the eggs and rocking behaviors (rhythmic, lateral back-and-forth movements of the body), which increase aeration of the nest. The male rarely left the nest unguarded and spent over half of the recorded time at the nest exposed at the nest entrance. Potential egg predators observed included centrarchid, cyprinid, ictalurid, and percid fishes, with centrarchids being the most common and exhibiting the most interest in the nest. The frequency of foraging by the male was low (n = 8 strikes at identifiable prey), with a 37% success rate. The male was observed to consume seven of his eggs. Our data represent the first systematic analysis of paternal care of Ozark hellbenders and elucidate some of the costs (low foraging success, potential energetic costs of tail fanning and rocking) and benefits (aeration of eggs, protection from egg predators) of paternal care.

Visible spectroscopy of the Sulamitis and Clarissa primitive families: a possible link to Erigone and Polana

The low-inclination (i< 8∘) primitive asteroid families in the inner main belt, that is, Polana-Eulalia, Erigone, Sulamitis, and Clarissa, are considered to be the most likely sources of near-Earth asteroids (101955) Bennu and (162173) Ryugu. These two primitive NEAs will be visited by NASA OSIRIS-REx and JAXA Hayabusa 2 missions, respectively, with the aim of collecting samples of material from their surfaces and returning them back to Earth. In this context, the PRIMitive Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey (PRIMASS) was born, with the main aim to characterize the possible origins of these NEAs and constrain their dynamical evolution. As part of the PRIMASS survey we have already studied the Polana and Erigone collisional families in previously published works. The main goal of the work presented here is to compositionally characterize the Sulamitis and Clarissa families using visible spectroscopy. We have observed 97 asteroids (64 from Sulamitis and 33 from Clarissa) with the OSIRIS instrument (0.5-0.9μm) at the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC). We found that about 60% of the sampled asteroids from the Sulamitis family show signs of aqueous alteration on their surfaces. We also found that the majority of the Clarissa members present no signs of hydration. The results obtained here show similarities between Sulamitis-Erigone and Clarissa-Polana collisional families.

New Virtual Endocasts of Eocene Ischyromyidae and Their Relevance in Evaluating Neurological Changes Occurring Through Time in Rodentia

Little is known about the early evolution of the brain in rodents. We report on nine new virtual endocasts for one of the most primitive family of rodents, Ischyromyidae, based on five specimens of Pseudotomus and Notoparamys (Paramyinae) and four specimens of Reithroparamys and Rapamys (Reithroparamyinae), dating from the early Eocene to the late middle Eocene of North America (Colorado, Wyoming, Utah and Montana). The virtual endocasts were obtained from high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography data. Comparisons with previously described ischyromyid virtual endocasts allow us to make inferences about the ancestral condition of the brain in rodents. Since Reithroparamyinae are suggested to be more closely related to the squirrel-related clade than other Ischyromyidae, comparisons were also made with the oldest virtual endocast for a squirrel, which gave us the opportunity to look at finer neurological changes occurring in the early evolution of squirrels. These new data permit a preliminary assessment of the endocranial diversity in Ischyromyidae. The results do not show evidence for a clear increase in Encephalization Quotient through time for early rodents. Instead, variation among species could be due to ecological factors (e.g., locomotion). Significant expansion in the neocortex and increase in paraflocculi ratios may have occurred in the transition from Ischyromyidae to Sciuridae, as previously hypothesized. Large olfactory bulbs and exposed midbrain are inferred to have been features present in the common ancestor of rodents, while neocortical expansion is reconstructed as having occurred twice independently within Ischyromyidae.

Cladistic analysis of some taxa in Malvaceae s.l. “Core Malvales” based on anatomical characteristics

Malvaceae s.l. “Core Malvales” which in their broad circumscription include members of four traditional families; Malvaceae s.s., Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the use of stem, petiole and lamina anatomical characters in analyzing the phylogenetic relationships among 39 studied taxa from Malvaceae s.l. in addition to one representative of Elaeocarpaceae as outgroup through the parsimony analysis using upgraded WinClada and TNT cladistics programs. The anatomy in cross section of stem, petiole and lamina of the 40 studied taxa of Core Malvales were examined by light microscope and photos were taken. The different anatomical characters are discussed and revealed that certain synapomorphic diagnostic characters has great taxonomic values which in turn used for analyzing the phylogenetic relationships between the studied taxa. These characters viz. (petiole outline and vascular system, cuticle thickness, diverse shapes of secondary phloem fibers, presence and types of crystals and trichomes, gossypol gland, resin ducts, tanniferous cells, star-shaped idioblasts, vessels size and distribution, anomalous xylem structure, extrafloral nectaries, ...). Our results of the phylogenetic analysis conducted from the cladogram (rooted tree) based on 44 anatomical characters and 111 character states strongly support the monophyly of family Malvaceae s.s. while, the other three families are para- or polyphyletic. It shows, also the graduation of the taxa under study in relation to the outgroup; from Tiliaceae and Sterculiaceae directly attached to the tree (ancestor) while taxa from Bombacaceae and Malvaceae are far away from the root of the tree with little deviation. This indicates that Tiliaceae is the most primitive family followed by Sterculiaceae, Bombacaceae ending recently by the most advanced family Malvaceae. Our results agree to some extent with APG IV classification in transferring Elaeocarpaceae to order Oxalidales instead of Malvales also agree with other worker in transferring Gossypium and Lagunaria in family Sterculiaceae while transferring Dombeya to family Tiliaceae. For more accurate assignment of Malvaceae s.l. still more studies on a large number of taxa are needed.

New insects (Insecta: Trichoptera, Eoblattida) from the Lower Permian of Russia

The insect fauna of the Lower Permian Tyulkino locality in the Perm Region of Russia is considered. New members of the orders Trichoptera and Eoblattida are described. Members of the primitive family Microptysmatidae (suborder Protomeropina) are typical of the Lower and Middle Permian deposits of Eurasia and are represented by the two genera: Microptysmella Kukalova-Peck et Willmann, 1990 and Kamopanorpa Martynov, 1928. Kamopanorpa tyulkiana sp. nov. and K. tamarae sp. nov. (Trichoptera, Microptysmatidae) and Parakhosara kamica sp. nov. (Eoblattida, Megakhosaridae) are described.

Combinatorial structure of -semiprimitive matrix families

Protasov's Theorem on the combinatorial structure of -primitive families of non-negative matrices is generalized to -semiprimitive matrix families. The main tool is the binary relation of colour compatibility on the vertices of the coloured graph of the matrix family. Bibliography: 14 titles.

Characterization of essential oils from the leaves of the Genus Daphnandra (Atherospermataceae)

As part of an investigation of the more primitive plant families in Australia the chemical profile of the essential oils from leaves of the six species of the Australian genus Daphnandra have been characterized. Daphnandra apetala gave a sesquiterpenic oil, with β-caryophyllene (9–19%), germacrene-D (15–20%) and bicyclogermacrene (9–12%) constituting the major components. D. johnsonii gave an oil with significant amounts of monoterpenes (α-pinene, 31.7% and camphene, 18.6%) and sesquiterpenes (cubenol, 3.1%, β-caryophyllene, 3.1% and α-, β-, γ-eudesmols, 6.3%, 5.1%, 2.3%, respectively). D. melasmena produced sesquiterpenic oil, with spathulenol (20.4%) and bicyclogermacrene (8.3%) as the principal components. D. micrantha produced a oil with sesquiterpenes (mainly cubebol, 7.4%, spathulenol, 8.3% and germacrene-D, 6.8%) and monoterpenes (mainlyα-pinene, 8.5%, camphene, 8.6%) as the most significant components. D. repandula gave a sesquiterpenic oil of two types; one in which the principal components were bicyclogermacrene (19–24%) and spathulenol (10–15%), and α-, β-, γ-eudesmol present in trace amounts; while a second type contained β-caryophyllene (11–13%) and bicyclogermacrene (22–25%) as the major components and small amounts of α-, β-, γ-eudesmol (each up to 5%).D. tenuipes gave a sesquiterpenic leaf oil with major components being germacrene-D (16–21%) and germacrene-B (16–21%). The oil yield of all species was low, being less than 0.5% (w/w, fresh weight).