Prime Mover Research Articles

Experimental and numerical analyses of grid couplings in quasi-static and dynamic conditions

Grid couplings typically comprise flexible, spring-like elements connecting two toothed hubs. They are used in heavy machinery to transmit power from prime movers to driven parts, even in the presence of positioning errors and deviations. The main objective of this paper is to introduce a comprehensive three-dimensional model, which can be used to predict coupling stiffness characteristics and load distributions at the spring/hub tooth contacts. The modelling principles are presented with emphasis being placed on the spring/hub contact simulation based on a combination of finite elements and Winkler elastic foundations. A series of comparisons with experimental evidence from a specific test rig are shown, which prove the validity of the model and its applicability to industrial couplings.

An Analysis of a Complete Aircraft Electrical Power System Simulation Based on a Constant Speed Constant Frequency Configuration

Recent developments in aircraft electrical technology, such as the design and production of more electric aircraft (MEA) and major steps in the development of all-electric aircraft (AEA), have had a significant impact on aircraft’ electrical power systems (EPSs). However, the EPSs of the latest aircraft produced by the main players in the market, Airbus with the Neo series and Boeing with the NG and MAX series are still completely traditional and based on the constant speed constant frequency (CSCF) configuration. For alternating current ones, the EPS is composed of the following: prime movers, namely the aircraft turbofan engine (TE); the electrical power source, i.e., the integrated drive generator (IDG); the command and control system, the generator control unit (GCU); the transmission and the system distribution system; the protection system, i.e., the CBs (circuit breakers); and the electrical loads. This paper presents the analysis of this system using the Simscape package from Simulink v 8.7, a MATLAB v 9.0 program, which is actually the development of some systems designed in two previous personal papers. For the first time in the literature, a complete MATLAB modelled EPS system was presented, i.e., the aircraft turbofan engine model, driven by the constant speed drive system (CSD) (model presented in the first reference as a standalone type and with different parameters), linked to the synchronous generator (SG) (model presented in second reference for lower power and rotational speed) in the so-called integrated drive generator (IDG) and electrical loads.

Optimal and simultaneous synthesis of fractional order QFT controllers and prefilters for non-minimum phase hydro power systems

Abstract Ideally, the operating frequency of the power units, working in parallel, must not deviate from its nominal value. However, due to the dynamic nature of the load, operating frequency varies throughout the day; thus, the control of governors in the prime movers is essential to balance out the demand, and prevent any frequency deviation. To address this, present study investigates the design of optimal and robust quantitative feedback theory based (QFT) controllers and pre-filters for single area load frequency control of hydro power systems. Hydropower system model considered in the present study features a right-hand side zero, thus exhibiting non-minimum phase; these characteristics make the control more challenging. Also, the work investigates the optimal design of the QFT controllers and prefilters simultaneously by automating the loop shaping procedure, which else follows a sequential manual process on Nichols charts. The proposed automation also empowers the control designer to predefine the controller structure. In the present work the design of fractional order QFT controllers and pre-filters is considered. The study also compares the proposed work with the methods proposed in the existing literature as well as the optimal controllers obtained using the time domain indices. The obtained results establishes that the developed fractional QFT controller offers good tracking, stability, and robustness to disturbances when compared to existing approaches. The proposed fractional order QFT controllers offer the elimination of the overshoot and the undershoot from the closed loop response of the system; outperforms the existing controllers in terms of disturbance rejection; offers 0% steady-state deviation, while providing improved phase margin (60.1°) for enhanced stability compared to existing controllers. Also, the proposed QFT-GA attains the ideal values for both the peak complementary sensitivity functions; thus, establishing excellent robustness. Also, the proposed controllers ensure adequate tolerance to frequency deviation in case of load change.

Examining the AISAS Model and Tourist Citizenship Behaviour in context of Mining Heritage Tourism

Therefore, the objective of the research is to test the effectiveness of the Attention-Interest-Search-Action-Share model in mining heritage tourism but replacing the Action component with tourist citizenship behaviour. This will therefore yield new and key insights because there are few studies conducted in this area. The current study selected 220 tourists through a convenience sampling technique. The gathered data was treated with exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modelling techniques. Confirmatory results found on the acceptance of the first hypothesis, which is Attention Influences Interest, attention becomes very important in ensuring riveting tactics are put in place when promoting mining heritage tourism. The second hypothesis, Curiosity influences Search, is also supported and confirms that only in the condition of a deep level of curiosity, tourists search for information. The third hypothesis is stating that interest influences TCB. The fourth hypothesis postulates that interest influences Share. It supported the sixth hypothesis stating that Search influences TCB. The rejection was of the sixth hypothesis that stated Search influences Share. The seventh theory stated that TCB influences Share, thereby is accepted. These findings bear some significant implications for attaining the sustainable development goals. Precisely, it means that the promotion of mining heritage tourism advances SDG 11—Sustainable Cities and Communities—since this ensures cultural heritage is preserved and contributes to inclusive and sustainable urban development. Likewise, with increased engagement of tourists during citizenship behaviours, this particular act contributes to SDG 12 through the aspect of sustainable tourism and raising awareness. Similarly, the positive experiences that are increasingly wide follow up essentially give rise to SDG 8 through the promotion of tourism as one of the prime movers for improving the economy.

Simulation and experimental analysis of fixed and rotating blades on the runner of Oryon Watermill applicable for head drops of the canal

Numerous sites for watermills exist in the world with shallow heads and are possible for power generation either mechanical or electrical. The prime mover required for the energy generation from such sites is in the developing phase with efficient, minimum components, and low cost as a modular unit. The Oryon Watermill (OWM) is one of them developed by Deepwater Energy applicable to water current directly. The working of OWM is used differently on the head drop of the canal with fixed and rotating blades using the NACA 6516 series of airfoil shapes as the novelty of this research. The research covers the CFD simulations with ANSYS Fluent 19.0 of two runners, fabrication, and conduction of tests on-site with a head drop of 1.2 m. The major variable was the water flow rate for both runners with the design discharge of 0.09 m3/s. The analysis of results showed the runner with rotating lamellas performed with 9% and 40% higher efficiency from the simulation and experiment respectively compared to the fixed type. The efficiency achieved from the research is at a low range indicating the availability of large space for future study on performance improvement.

Multi-objective Optimization of Diesel Engine Operating Parameters Under Highway Drive Conditions

Abstract Experimental and optimization work is carried out to study the effects of fuel injection pressure, boost pressure, pilot injection timing, pilot injection quantity and main injection timing as input parameters. A four-cylinder, automotive model direct injection diesel engine, incorporated with a variable-geometry turbocharger, was chosen for the experiment. Engine test runs are conducted at a driving condition of 80.3 Nm torque and an engine speed of 1750 rpm, respectively, corresponding to highway driving conditions, using 10 % of exhaust gases recirculated. The Response Surface Methodology is employed to design experiments and analyze the experimental data to optimize engine parameters, considering the mentioned parameters as input parameters. A multi-objective response approach is adopted to optimize engine-operating parameters to obtain desired performance and engine-out emissions. Confirmatory tests are conducted at design conditions to validate the results predicted by the model. It is observed that for the chosen engine configuration, the optimum performance and emission characteristics could be obtained with 120 kPa boost pressure, 61.1 MPa fuel injection pressure, and 11.5 % of total fuel amount as pilot injection and remaining as main injection quantity at 332° and 359° crank angle, respectively. Overall. fairly better engine performance was observed with the use of selected ranges. It is noted that with the procedures adopted, improved engine performance and a significant reduction in harmful emissions are obtained without using major add-ons. The investigation revealed excellent potential for a diesel engine to be an effective prime mover.

Laboratory Tests in Cyber-Physical Mode for an Energy Management System Including Renewable Sources and Industrial Symbiosis

Abstract The aim of this paper regards the laboratory validation of an energy management system (EMS) for an industrial site on the Eigerøy island (Norway). It will be the demonstration district in the ROBINSON project for a consequent concept replication. This activity in cyber-physical mode is an innovative approach to finalize the EMS tool with real measurement data with prime movers available at laboratory level, considering the necessary EMS robustness and flexibility for replication on other industrial islands. This EMS was designed and developed to minimize variable costs, producing on/off and set-point signals that, through a model predictive control (MPC) software, establish the system status. This smart grid includes renewable sources (e.g., solar panels, a wind turbine, and syngas) and traditional prime movers, such as a steam boiler for the industry needs. Moreover, an energy storage device is installed composed of an electrolyzer with a hydrogen pressure vessel. The main results reported in this work regard 26-h tests performed in cyber-physical mode thanks to the real-time interaction of hardware and software. So, a real microturbine and real photovoltaic (PV) panels were managed by the EMS in conjunction with software models for components not physically present in the laboratory. Although the optimization target was cost minimization, significant improvement was also obtained in terms of efficiency increase and CO2 emission decrease.

Facing up to the hardest problem: The human information field and the ontological primacy of subjective consciousness

Instead of bringing intellectual closure, the philosophical debate surrounding the nature of consciousness has found itself at an impasse. Extreme positions, from those denying the existence of consciousness to those who wish to imbue the entire universe with it, testify to the lack of common understanding of what consciousness is and how best it could be described and studied. In this paper, reality has its source in a subjective conscious field called the human information field, which is the only source of experience and whose centre is unknowable. Objective reality equals a consensus between individual fields, which underpins the stability and durability of social organisation. The conceptual importance of matter is due to its easy distinguishability from the self. The concept of the human information field offers answers to the hard and the “hardest” problems of consciousness, that is the explanatory gap between consciousness and its material apparatus and the ability of science to understand its own source, respectively. Its limitations constrain our ability to understand the world but are also the prime movers of exploration, development, and learning.

Theory and Observation of Winds from Star-Forming Galaxies

Galactic winds shape the stellar, gas, and metal content of galaxies. To quantify their impact, we must understand their physics. We review potential wind-driving mechanisms and observed wind properties, with a focus on the warm ionized and hot X-ray-emitting gas. Energy and momentum injection by supernovae (SNe), cosmic rays, radiation pressure, and magnetic fields are considered in the light of observations: ▪Emission and absorption line measurements of cool/warm gas provide our best physical diagnostics of galactic outflows.▪The critical unsolved problem is how to accelerate cool gas to the high velocities observed. Although conclusive evidence for no one mechanism exists, the momentum, energy, and mass-loading budgets observed compare well with theory.▪A model in which star formation provides a force ∼L/c, where L is the bolometric luminosity, and cool gas is pushed out of the galaxy's gravitational potential, compares well with available data. The wind power is ∼0.1 of that provided by SNe.▪The very hot X-ray-emitting phase may be a (or the) prime mover. Momentum and energy exchange between the hot and cooler phases is critical to the gas dynamics.▪Gaps in our observational knowledge include the hot gas kinematics and the size and structure of the outflows probed with UV absorption lines. Simulations are needed to more fully understand mixing, cloud–radiation, cloud–cosmic ray, andcloud–hot wind interactions, the collective effects of star clusters, and both distributed andclustered SNe. Observational works should seek secondary correlations in the wind data thatprovide evidence for specific mechanisms and compare spectroscopy with the column density–velocity results from theory.

Design and Experimental Testing of Extended-Range Power Supply System for 15 Horsepower Electric Tractor

Electric tractors have many advantages, including high torque, excellent controllability, energy efficiency, a simple structure, and an electric interface for expansion. However, a significant limitation lies in their endurance. This study presents the design of an extended-range power supply system to ensure continuous endurance for an electric tractor. The objective is to provide a continuous power source for our self-developed electric tractor while preserving the benefits of electric propulsion. Extended-range power systems utilize a primary mover, typically an oil-fueled internal combustion engine, to drive the generator for electricity generation, and the generated AC-form electricity is subsequently converted into stable DC bus voltage by a power electronic converter. The hardware and control design of an extended-range power supply system are finalized and validated through experimental trials. The results demonstrate the system’s capability to sustain stable DC bus voltage amidst disruptions such as sudden load shifts and fluctuations in the prime mover’s speed. Even with a 50% sudden load change, the voltage drop is within 12% and can recover to ±3% within 4 s. The extended-range can be used alone without a battery to power the electric tractor, or it can used in parallel with other extended ranges or batteries for power sharing thanks to the droop control ability.

Bone morphogenetic protein 4 ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by repressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and deadly lung disease with limited therapeutic options. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), a multifunctional growth factor that belongs to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, is able to relieve pulmonary fibrosis in mice; nevertheless, the potential mechanism of action remains largely unknown. Growing evidence supports the notion that reiterant damage to the alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) is usually the "prime mover" for pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we examined the effect and mechanisms of BMP4 on bleomycin (BLM)-induced activation of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vivo and in vitro. The in vivo impact of BMP4 was investigated in a BLM mouse model. Histopathologic changes were analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome staining. The NLRP3 inflammasome activation was determined by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence staining. Biomarkers of EMT were measured by qRT-PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. The in vitro impact of BMP4 on BLM-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and EMT was explored in A549 AECs. We also evaluated whether BMP4 inhibited BLM-activated ERK1/2 signaling to address the possible molecular mechanisms. BMP4 was significantly downregulated in the mouse lungs from BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis. BMP4+/- mice presented with more severe lung fibrosis in response to BLM, and accelerated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and EMT process compared with that in BMP4+/+ mice. Whereas overexpression of BMP4 by injecting adeno-associated virus (AAV) 9 into mice attenuated BLM-induced fibrotic changes, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and EMT in the mouse lungs, thus exerting protective efficacy against lung fibrosis. In vitro, BMP4 significantly reduced BLM-induced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and EMT in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells. Mechanically, BMP4 repressed BLM-induced activation of ERK1/2 signaling in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that ERK1/2 inactivation contributes to BMP4-induced effects on BLM-induced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and EMT. Our findings suggest that BMP4 can suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activation and EMT in AECs via inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling pathway, thus has a potential for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.

The business case for sustainability: six takes on a cultural artefact

ABSTRACT The business case as the prime mover of business decision-making retains an iron grip on the public imagination and the business school curriculum. Recent studies suggest its influence may be exaggerated, and that its depiction as totalising is somewhat cartoonish. We survey the role and effects of the business case in corporate sustainability efforts. Rather than examining its validity or correctness, we approach the business case as a commonly employed cultural artefact. We argue that the business case is neither sufficient nor necessary for sustainable innovation, and examine how it operates as a fixation and impediment, as well as occasional enabler. We conclude by laying out paths for sustainability champions to innovate with and beyond the business case.

Efficiency-Driven Models as Prime Movers for Enhanced Patient Healthcare Experience Compared to Financial Gain Models

In the ever-evolving landscape of healthcare, the quest for an enhanced patient healthcare experience is central to improving overall outcomes and satisfaction. Two predominant models, namely efficiency-driven models, and financial gain models, shape the strategies adopted by healthcare providers. This article aims to explore the impact of these models on patient care, elucidating the advantages and challenges associated with each.

Implementasi Metode Reliability Centered Maintenance untuk Menunjang Ketersediaan Suku Cadang Unit Prime Mover Truck Tipe 550 Horse Power

One of mining materials transport units is a 550 horse power prime mover truck. The prime mover truck functions as the main power source of trailer unit. This research was motivated by unexpected failures of 550 horsepower prime mover truck which operating on extreme mining environments, and unreachable component lifetime also delays of part supply, which contributed to increased downtime. The research purposes are to improve and develop the best maintenance system by identifying critical components, determining reliability values, determine maintenance intervals, and ensuring spare parts availability. The research was conducted using the Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) method, with independent variables are failure frequency data and failure duration data. The results identified five critical components, air piping and hose, fast fuel filler, radiator components, radiator hose, and wheel stud and nut. Maintenance intervals were determined when the reliability value approached 0.6, with the air piping and hose component reaching 1750 hours of operation or every 97 days, the fast fuel filler component reaching 1,250 hours or every 69 days, the radiator and reservoir tank component reaching 2250 hours or every 125 days, the radiator hose and line component reaching 2750 hours or every 152 days, and the wheel stud and nut component of 3000 hours or every 166 days.

An Evaluation of the Effect of Fuel Injection on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Plastic-Oil–Hydrogen–Diesel Blends

Fuelled engines serve as prime movers in low-, medium-, and heavy-duty applications with high thermal diesel efficiency and good fuel economy compared to their counterpart, spark ignition engines. In recent years, diesel engines have undergone a multitude of developments, however, diesel engines release high levels of NOx, smoke, carbon monoxide [CO], and hydrocarbon [HC] emissions. Due to the exponential growth in fleet population, there is a severe burden caused by petroleum-derived fuels. To tackle both fuel and pollution issues, the research community has developed strategies to use economically viable alternative fuels. The present experimental investigations deal with the use of blends of biodiesel prepared from waste plastic oil [P] and petro-diesel [D], and, to improve its performance, hydrogen [H] is added in small amounts. Further, advanced injection timings have been adopted [17.5° to 25.5° b TDC (before top dead centre)] to study their effect on harmful emissions. Hydrogen energy shares vary from 5 to 15%, maintaining a biodiesel proportion of 20%, and the remaining is petro-diesel. Thus, the adopted blends are DP20 ((diesel fuel (80%) and waste plastic biofuel (20%)), DP20H5 (DP20 (95%) and hydrogen (5%)), DP20H10 (DP20 (90%) and hydrogen (10%)), and DP20H15 (DP20 (85%) and hydrogen (15%)). The experiments were conducted at constant speeds with a rated injection pressure of 220 bar and a rated compression ratio of 18. The increase in the share of hydrogen led to a considerable improvement in the performance. Under full load conditions, with advanced injection timings, the brake-specific fuel consumption had significantly decreased and NOx emissions increased.

Optimizing the Allocation of Quay Cranes and Prime Movers for Container Handling Operations

Optimizing the Allocation of Quay Cranes and Prime Movers for Container Handling Operations

CO2 emission mitigation of a hybrid photovoltaic and cogeneration system in computer hardware manufacturing industry: A case study in Thailand

Abstract In the wake of COP26 and the growing urgency of addressing climate change, achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 has become a central global objective. This imperative extends to industries like computer hardware manufacturing, which are now actively pursuing decarbonization strategies through the strategic adoption of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency enhancements. This research paper assessed the CO2 emission mitigation potential of a hybrid system of photovoltaic (PV) roof and cogeneration where a large factory of computer hardware manufacturing in tropical Thailand was selected as a study site. On one hand, a one-Megawatt photovoltaic system was installed over the roof of the production building to generate electricity from solar radiation to serve the building. On the other hand, a twenty-four-Megawatt cogeneration system of gas engines as the prime mover was used to supply power to meet the building’s electricity demand. Waste heat from the gas engine was used by the absorption chiller to generate chilled water for cooling inside the building. Based on the system equipment specifications, the annual simulation using Thailand’s solar radiation showed that the installed photovoltaic system could generate electricity of 1,412.4 MWhelec/year while the implementation of the absorption chillers for cooling helped to reduce the electrical energy consumed by the traditional electric chiller by 10,211.4 MWhelec/year. In our study case where the CO2 emission of the grid power was 0.4758 kgCO2/kWhelec in the year 2022 and was reduced to 0.350 kgCO2/kWhelec in the year 2050, the total CO2 emission mitigation from the hybrid photovoltaic and cogeneration system with the genset efficiency of 50% and the waste heat recovery of 60% could reduce approximately 207,388.5TonCO2 for over 20 years as compared to the scenario where the grid electricity alone powered the building. These findings underscored the critical role of the proposed hybrid system in addressing the climate crisis and exemplified how the industry could make meaningful strides toward more environmental sustainability.

Performance evaluation of a modified axial flow water Lifting pump for small to medium irrigation in Nigeria.

Most irrigation pumps used in Nigeria are imported. Consequently, the challenges farmers faced in using these pumps include but not limited to the following; priming before operation, relatively low-capacity delivery at low head and high price which is often time not affordable by peasant farmers. The objective of this research was to develop an axial flow pump with locally sourced materials and affordable by farmers for small to medium scale irrigation in Nigeria. The design of the pump for the study was adopted from an existing and functioning axial pumping machine, developed by Agricultural Machinery and Mechatronics Department, Kasetsart University, Thailand. The pump was fabricated at the workshop of National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM), Ilorin, Nigeria. Diesel fuel was used in powering the pump because of higher torque deliverable. The developed pump based on its capacity can be used to irrigate one hectare in one hour at 16.2 mm depth of water using 2000 rpm at 1m head and 9.6 mm depth of water using 1000 rpm at 3 m head. The maximum water discharge of 162 m3/h (45 l/s) was at 1m using a speed of 2000 rpm with water to fuel delivery of 124.29 l/s. The maximum water discharge of 162 m3/h (45 l/s) was at 1m using a speed of 2000 rpm with water to fuel delivery of 119.57m3/L. And the least water discharge of 59.30 m3/h (28 l/s) and water delivery per fuel was 41.0m3/L at 3 m head at 1000 rpm. Therefore, the developed pump operates best at lower head of 1m featuring a 3kW prime mover. The developed pump based on its capacity can be used to irrigate one hectare in one hour at 16.2 mm depth of water using 2000rpm at 1m head and 9.6 mm depth of water using 1000rpm at 3m head at a moisture content of 45% on a sand-loamy soil. Statistical analysis reveals relationships between pump speed, head, fuel consumption, and various performance indicators. The centrifugal pumps were found to produce lower discharge than axial flow pumps at different water heads evaluated. Comparative economic analysis demonstrates the pump's superiority over conventional centrifugal pumps in terms of water-fuel delivery efficiency and operational cost. This study introduced a locally modified axial flow pump as a practical, cost-effective, and efficient solution to irrigation challenges faced by small and medium-scale farmers in Nigeria. This pump has higher capacity delivery, spare parts are readily available at local market, it is appropriate for use where the irrigation head requirements are low and large volumes of water is required to be lifted at low pressure, it is appropriate where water can be lifted from rivers and canals and then directed to farmers' fields for irrigation. It is also applicable in rice farm flooding and flood drainage. This type of pump is good for flood (surface) irrigation system, which include furrow, border, basin irrigation and uncontrolled flooding in loamy and clay soils for rice production and sugarcane productions. The pump's adoption and economic viability positions it as a potential catalyst for increased food production, income, and food security in the country.

신이 아닌 부동의 제일원동자에 관한 성찰: 토마스 아퀴나스의 입장

This paper explores Thomas Aquinas's perspective on the prime mover of celestial spheres. In Latin medieval cosmology, all movements in the natural world are reduced to the rotational motion of celestial bodies. In traditional Aristotelian natural philosophy, the prime mover of celestial bodies is regarded as God-substance that thinks itself. However, Christian theologians also acknowledge the existence of immaterial angels besides both God and the material world. Ancient Christian thinkers attributed the cause of movement of celestial bodies to angels. Thomas synthesizes the positions of theological authorities, Aristotelian natural philosophy, and the universal principles of causality outlined in the Arabic “Book of Causes” to deduce the various substantial attributes of the prime mover of celestial bodies. The cause of all motions must be a self-moving principle, meaning it must possess a soul in the sense of the principle of life. However, the celestial soul exists as pure intellectual activity without sense-perception. If the soul of celestial bodies were characterized solely by its intellectual nature, it would not be distinguishable from another intellectual being, i.e. angels. They are distinguished only by the relative distance of participation in the First Cause, or in other words, by the difference in the grade of perfection of existence. Thomas acknowledges that the celestial soul is substantially similar to the lower angels confessed in Christianity but he doesn't argue for the complete exclusion of the term “soul.” Perhaps he wanted to preserve the concept of the soul as a purely philosophical concept corresponding with angels.

Nous and Divinity in Aristotle’s Metaphysics Lambda

Abstract Aristotle’s divine nous of Metaphysics Λ.9 is generally understood to exclusively characterise the Prime Mover-God. This paper challenges this view by (1) drawing out the strong congruity between our ‘best state’ and that of the Prime Mover in Λ.7 and (2) removing certain key obstacles to a more inclusive reading of Λ.9: our thought is not limited to the ‘human’ kind (ho anthrōpinos nous, 1075a7), nor is our self-knowledge always a ‘by-product’ (en parergōi, 1074b36). Noēsis noēseōs, I contend, equally applies to some forms of our thought. Hence, divine thought is accessible—indeed, even commendable—to us, just as the ‘divine life’ of Nicomachean Ethics X.7 is.