Primary Structures Research Articles

Local plasticity-induced nonlinear surface wave scattering in thick-walled structures

Thick-walled structures (TWSs) are frequently utilized as primary load-bearing structures. The early detection of damage is crucial to ensure the operational safety and integrity of these structures. Nonlinear elastic-wave-based techniques provide a potential solution to the problem, which heavily relies on the good understanding of nonlinear wave generation and propagation characteristics. The task, however, is technically challenging due to the complex wave modes existing in a TWS. Targeting a meticulously manufactured local plasticized damage region on the surface of a TWS, which can be regarded as the precursor of incipient damage, this study investigates the scattering features of nonlinear elastic waves resulting from the interaction between the fundamental quasi-surface wave and the local plasticity. Finite element simulations and experiments show that, upon interacting with the nonlinear material zone, both nonlinear quasi-surface waves and shear bulk waves can be generated, with the latter scattered towards the opposite surface of the TWS. The scattered nonlinear shear waves exhibit a strong and predictable directivity with high nonlinear energy content, which is conducive to the detection and localization of the incipient surface damage of the TWS.

Vortex-shedding and bistability in cylinder-flexible plate assembly in a channel

This study numerically investigates the fluid–structure interaction dynamics of a stationary circular cylinder with an attached flexible splitter plate in a confined fluid domain. We explore how variations in Reynolds number (Re), plate length, offset from the channel centerline, and blockage ratio influence the vortex-shedding and oscillatory behavior of the plates in laminar flow. Results indicate that at low Reynolds numbers (Re = 100), there are no vortex shedding or oscillations, while at higher Reynolds (Re = 200 to 300), the shorter plate exhibits first-mode oscillations and symmetry breaking, whereas the longer plate shows only transient second-mode oscillations at Re = 300 that diminish in amplitude, suggesting that increased plate length reduces vortex-induced forces. Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) analysis confirms consistent primary flow structures across different Reynolds numbers, with initial modes encapsulating the majority of the system’s dynamics. In addition to determining the critical Re for vortex-shedding, vortex-induced oscillations and bistability, the study also examines the critical blockage ratios on the symmetry breaking phenomenon, and also shows that plate stability is influenced by domain asymmetry. These insights enhance understanding of the biomechanics of fish-like robots and inform the design and control of bioinspired flexible structures in fluid flows.

Effect of transglutaminase crosslinking combined with lactic fermentation on the potential allergenicity and conformational structure of soy protein.

Food allergies are a growing concern worldwide, with soy proteins being important allergens that are widely used in various food products. This study investigated the potential of transglutaminase (TGase) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) treatments to modify the allergenicity and structural properties of soy protein isolate (SPI), aiming to develop safer soy-based food products. Treatment with TGase, LAB or their combination significantly reduced the antibody reactivity of β-conglycinin and the immunoglobulin E (IgE) binding capacity of soy protein, indicating a decrease in allergenicity. TGase treatment led to the formation of high-molecular-weight aggregates, suggesting protein crosslinking, while LAB treatment resulted in partial protein hydrolysis. These structural changes were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which showed a decrease in β-sheet content and an increase in random coil and β-turn contents. In addition, changes in intrinsic fluorescence and ultraviolet spectroscopy were also observed. The alterations in protein interaction and the reduction in free sulfhydryl groups highlighted the extensive structural modifications induced by these treatments. The synergistic application of TGase and LAB treatments effectively reduced the allergenicity of SPI through significant structural modifications. This approach not only diminished antibody reactivity of β-conglycinin and IgE binding capacity of soy protein but also altered the protein's primary, secondary and tertiary structures, suggesting a comprehensive alteration of SPI's allergenic potential. These findings provide a promising strategy for mitigating food allergy concerns and lay the foundation for future research on food-processing techniques aimed at allergen reduction. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Equivalent damping ratio oriented investigation on tuned negative stiffness inerter damper for seismic application

Additional equivalent damping ratio (EDR) plays a crucial role in the performance evaluation and design methodology of conventional passive dampers. The inclusion of inerter elements has been extensively demonstrated to significantly enhance the control efficiency of these passive dampers. Recently, negative stiffness (NS) elements have been found potential to enhance the control performance of inerter-based dampers (IBDs). However, little research has investigated the enhancement effect of NS elements on the additional EDR of IBDs. Meanwhile, the existing design methodology for IBDs is response-based, posing challenges in ensuring optimal control efficiency and fully utilizing the essential features of inerter and NS elements. In this study, the tuned negative stiffness inerter damper (TNSID), which integrates the NS element into one of the classical IBDs, namely the tuned inerter damper (TID), is investigated in terms of EDR for seismic application. This study makes two primary contributions. Firstly, it proposes an optimization design methodology aimed at achieving optimal control performance and efficiency of the TNSID simultaneously. Secondly, it unveils the enhancement law for the control performance and efficiency of TNSID. To do this, the analytical formulas for additional EDR and EDR enhancement (EDRE) factors are established as indicators of control performance and efficiency, respectively. Closed-form expressions are derived to optimize the TNSID design parameters. The comparative studies are conducted on both single and multi-degree-of-freedom primary structures, utilizing closed-form expressions, frequency transfer functions, and time history analysis. Results demonstrate that the incorporation of the NS element and the proposed optimization design methodology can further enhance both the control performance and efficiency of TNSID, surpassing those achieved by TID and classical fixed-point optimization theory.

Resolving the Amino Acid Sequence of Aβ1‐42 at the Single‐Residue Level Using Subnanopores in Ultrathin Films

AbstractProteoforms are proteins derived from highly related genes or post translational modifications (PTMs) of the same protein. They share extremely similar primary structures but have varying functions. Unfortunately, protein de novo sequencing including specific PTM/mutation detection is still challenging. Herein, a nanopore‐based technique is reported to resolve the amino acid order of amyloid‐β (Aβ1‐42) with site specificity. Subnanopores are sputtered in 5 nm‐thick inorganic membranes with a sensing depth of 0.66 nm inferred by finite element analysis. Denatured molecules at 0.45 ng mL−1 translocate through subnanopores while the current traces are sampled at 500 kHz with rms noise <15 pA. Hundreds of blockades are clustered using machine learning, and multiple blockades are averaged to establish current consensus. Consensus traces strongly correlate with a linear model of amino acid volume of Aβ1‐42 at single residue resolution, with Pearson Correlation Coefficients (PCCs) of 0.81 ± 0.03 and 0.92 ± 0.03 before and after dynamic time warping (DTW). A scrambled version of Aβ1‐42 is tested for validation purposes. Deep learning classification reveals that different polypeptides generate distinct translocation fluctuating patterns, but variations become imperceptible for the same species measured across nanopores (Area Under the Curve, AUC 0.93 ± 0.05 vs 0.64 ± 0.12). Lastly, important PTMs and mutations are site‐specifically located along the primary structure, implying new potential clinical applications.

Investigation of cross-wavy primary surface structures for heat exchangers of Brayton cycle system using argon

In order to investigate the performance of the Cross-Wavy (CW) primary surface heat exchanger in Brayton cycle system using argon, a three-dimensional numerical model is established in this paper, and the influence of the structural characteristics of the flow channel on heat transfer and flow is analyzed in depth based on numerical simulation results. Effects of amplitude (A), height (H) and thermal channel radius (R1) on pressure loss, heat transfer and overall performance are further investigated. The results indicate that the increase in A leads to a significant rise in heat transfer performance and energy loss. Compared with the maximum and minimum amplitude simulation results, the increase in the f coefficient can reach 140%, and the increase in Nu is 31.94%. With the increase of H from 1.7 mm to 3.2 mm, f decreases by 18.75% and Nu decreases by 8.07%. Whereas, the change brought about by R1 is very small, less than 2.5%. By comparing the f coefficients with the experimental results of the biconvex stamped plate heat exchanger, the feasibility of the CW primary surface heat exchanger for application in a micro nuclear power system is verified.

Numerical investigation of the low-velocity impact response of 3D orthogonal woven composite plates with preloads

Three-dimensional orthogonal woven composites (3DOWCs) offer significant advantages in engineering applications due to their designability for spatial structures and ability to minimize delamination damage. As primary load-bearing structures, 3DOWCs are always in preloading conditions prior to potential low-velocity impact (LVI) events. This paper presents a macro-meso coupled finite element (FE) model for investigating the response of preloaded 3DOWCs subjected to LVI. The accuracy of the proposed numerical model is validated by a comparison with available experimental data in terms of impact performance and damage state. Furthermore, the influence of preload and impactor shape on the LVI performance of 3DOWCs is examined, and detailed analysis is provided regarding the associated damage mechanisms. This study offers a transferable numerical approach that can be applied to studying the coupling problems of LVI and preload in other textile composite structures.

Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Venom Allergens from Transcriptome of Hemiscorpius lepturus Scorpion

Introduction: Venom allergens have been identified in the venom of scorpion, snake, bee, wasp, etc. Some allergy reactions in humans may refer to the venom allergens. Aim: Phylogenetic analysis of venom allergens from the transcriptome of Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion was the main aim of the study. Methods: Seven venom allergens: HLAllergen1, HLAllergen2, HLAllergen3, HLAllergen4, HLAllergen5, HLAllergen6, and HLAllergen7 have been identified in the venom of Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion using venom gland transcriptome analysis. Primary, secondary and tertiary structures of the identified venom allergens were predicted using ExPASy ProtParam, PSIPRED, and SWISS MODEL servers. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 11 software through neighbor-joining method with 1000 bootstraps. Results: Structure analysis of identified venom allergens showed a molecular weight of between 46 to 52 kDa. Tertiary structure results showed that all predicted 3-D structures were in a normal range. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that HLAllergen 3, 4 and 5 were formed single clades and HLAllergen 1, 2, 7, and 6 other clades Conclusion: However, further studies using proteomic analysis of H. lepturus are needed to confirm and compare with transcriptome data.

Exploring the effects of mono-bromination on hole-electron transport and distribution in dibenzofuran and dibenzothiophene isomers: a first-principles study.

This study delves into hole-electron transport and distribution properties inherent in mono-brominated dibenzofuran (DBF) and dibenzothiophene (DBT) isomers. As determined by frontier molecular orbitals, all brominated structures have narrower bandgaps than their primary structures. The TD-DFT calculation showed that 2BDBT had the highest absorption wavelength of all molecules at 315.35nm. Notably, the study unveils remarkably low electron and hole reorganization energies due to bromine substitution in DBF and DBT molecules. Specifically, the 4BDBF has the lowest hole reorganization energy of all DBF configurations, 0.229eV. In addition, 3BDBF has 0.226eV less electron reorganization energy than all other molecules. Compared to DBT, 3BDBT has the lowest electron reorganization energy of 0.254eV. Overall, this research sheds significant light on the fundamental electronic and hole transport characteristics of bromine-substituted DBF and DBT isomers, highlighting their promising role in polymer design as donors/acceptors for advanced organic electronic applications. Molecular structures were optimized using Density Functional Theory (DFT) B3LYP/6-311 + + G (d, p) level of theory, and the study further elucidates these molecules' energy levels and absorption spectra through Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory TD-DFT; these calculations were performed using Gaussian 09W software package. The key parameters such as reorganization energies, Electron Localization Function map, Laplacian Bond Order, and NCI-RDG were meticulously examined for the molecules with the results of DFT calculations were analyzed and displayed by utilizing the software packages VMD 1.9.4 and Multiwfn 3.8, aiming to comprehend their charge transport and distribution properties.

A stochastic modelling framework for predicting flexural properties of ultra-thin randomly oriented strands

A stochastic modelling framework is developed to predict the flexural properties of high-strength sheet moulding compounds made of randomly oriented ultra-thin carbon fibre-reinforced thermoplastic prepreg tapes. The model enables reliable designs using ultra-thin randomly oriented strands with less testing, leading to potential applications in automotive primary structures. The stochastic model is based on a Monte Carlo simulation. The flexural modulus is predicted using classical laminate theory, while the flexural strength is predicted by following a Weibull distribution. Fibre discontinuities are considered through stress concentrations introduced by tape overlaps. The results are validated against new 3-point bending and previously reported 4-point bending experimental results. A scaling effect on strength and scatter is predicted, and its implications for structural applications are also discussed.

Investigating white matter changes in auditory cortex and association fibres related to speech processing in noise-induced hearing loss: a diffusion tensor imaging study

BackgroundThis study explores the impact of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) on the microstructural integrity of white matter tracts in the brain, focusing on areas involved in speech processing. While the primary impact of hearing loss occurs in the inner ear, these changes can extend to the central auditory pathways and have broader effects on brain function. Our research aimed to uncover the neural mechanisms underlying hearing loss-related deficits in speech perception and cognition among NIHL patients.MethodsThe study included two groups: nine bilateral NIHL patients and nine individuals with normal hearing. Advanced diffusion tensor imaging techniques were employed to assess changes in the white matter tracts. Regions of interest (ROIs), including the auditory cortex, cingulum, arcuate fasciculus, and longitudinal fasciculus, were examined. Fractional anisotropy (FA) values from these ROIs were extracted for analysis.ResultsOur findings indicated significant reductions in FA values in NIHL patients, particularly in the left cingulum, right cingulum, and left inferior longitudinal fasciculus. Notably, no significant changes were observed in the auditory cortex, arcuate fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, middle longitudinal fasciculus, and right inferior longitudinal fasciculus, suggesting differential impacts of NIHL on various white matter tracts.ConclusionsThe study's findings highlight the importance of considering association fibres related to speech processing in treating NIHL, as the broader neural network beyond primary auditory structures is significantly impacted. This research contributes to understanding the neurological impact of NIHL and underscores the need for comprehensive approaches in addressing this condition.

Identification of novel genes associated with atherosclerosis in Bama miniature pig.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic cardiovascular disease of great concern. However, it is difficult to establish a direct connection between conventional small animal models and clinical practice. The pig's genome, physiology, and anatomy reflect human biology better than other laboratory animals, which is crucial for studying the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We used whole-genome sequencing data from nine Bama minipigs to perform a genome-wide linkage analysis, and further used bioinformatic tools to filter and identify underlying candidate genes. Candidate gene function prediction was performed using the online prediction tool STRING 12.0. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of proteins encoded by candidate genes. We mapped differential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to genes and obtained a total of 102 differential genes, then we used GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis to identify four candidate genes, including SLA-1, SLA-2, SLA-3, and TAP2. nsSNPs cause changes in the primary and tertiary structures of SLA-I and TAP2 proteins, the primary structures of these two proteins have undergone amino acid changes, and the tertiary structures also show slight changes. In addition, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence results showed that the expression changes of TAP2 protein in coronary arteries showed a trend of increasing from the middle layer to the inner layer. We have identified SLA-I and TAP2 as potential susceptibility genes of atherosclerosis, highlighting the importance of antigen processing and immune response in atherogenesis.

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy for the inspection of dry fibre preforms

Liquid moulded polymer matrix composites (LM-PMCs) are increasingly used in aerospace, automotive and other industrial applications. Liquid moulding processes featuring dry fibre preforms provide flexibility and enable cost reductions for secondary load-bearing structures. However, preform variability and manufacturing reproducibility remain major obstacles to wider use in primary structures. The open literature records only marginal use of non-destructive inspection (NDI) methods for dry multilayer preforms due to technological limitations and cost of NDI methods. In this work, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is used for inspecting three dry multilayer glass fibre preforms featuring different defects, for the first time. A novel time-domain enhancement method is compared with classical image processing methods, aiming at improving image contrast and detecting potential defects. Furthermore, THz B-Scan is used for verifying the accuracy of interply defect detection. Finite difference time domain is simulated for analyzing THz magnitude variation in time-domain. Finally, quantitative evaluation is applied to further illustrate the significant potential of THz-TDS for the inspection of dry fibre preforms. The results show that the errors on defects lengths, widths, angles, and diameters for THz-TDS are in the ranges 8.2 %–34.3 %, 18.67 %–75 %, 0.29 %–6.67 %, and 1.33 %–10 % respectively.

Experimental Method to Determine the Draping Behavior of Auxiliary Materials for the Vacuum Bagging of CFRP Parts on Doubled-Curved Surfaces

The production costs of aircraft primary structures made of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) are significantly higher than for comparable metal-based structures. Today substantial effort is made to achieve a sufficient reproducibility and parts’ quality in manufacturing processes of CFRP structures. Especially the sub process vacuum bagging for infusion processes is still expensive. One of the reasons is the complex positioning of the flexible auxiliary materials which have to be stacked on the preform. During the positioning on doubled-curved surfaces these materials tend to form wrinkles, which can lead to defects of the composite part. Yet, a defined description of the wrinkling behavior of the auxiliary materials on doubled-curved surfaces does not exist. In this work a characterization of the wrinkling behavior on doubled-curved surfaces is investigated for the auxiliary materials of the Vacuum Assisted infusion Process (VAP®): release film, perforated peel ply, flow media, membrane and vacuum foil. Therefore, an experimental test method is derived similar to established hemisphere deformation test methods. The wrinkling behavior for the specific VAP auxiliary materials is empirically determined on differently curved surface geometries. It is shown that the draping behavior can be characterized by partial wrinkle-free surfaces between the wrinkles. A material specific threshold is derived to determine the appearance of wrinkles. The work shows that a characterization of the draping behavior of auxiliary materials on doubled-curved surfaces is possible. With the gained knowledge the potential for an increase of the vacuum bagging reproducibility is given.

Large Scale Physical Model Study On Clay Erosion With Gras Cover On Primary Coastal Defence Structures

Sea dikes in the Netherlands consist of sandy or clay core with a clay layer with grass. The lower outer slope is often covered with a hard revetment, such as asphalt or a placed block revetment, to protect the dike material against wave impact. Since the strength of the clay layer with a grass subject to severe wave impact is unknown, the hard revetment needs to be constructed on a large part of the outer slope to ensure that the flood defence meets the safety requirements. Therefore, a research programme was started to determine the strength of the clay layer with grass on the upper slope of a dike. As a first step, large scale physical model tests have been performed. In the second step the CFD model OpenFOAM has been used to extend the physical model results by computing the peak pressure of the hydraulic load on the clay for the tested geometries and additional geometries with varying parameters that may influence the erosion rate. With all results, it was possible to derive formulas for failure probability calculations in the final step. The knowledge development on the erosion of a clay layer with grass on the outer slope by wave attack resulted into formulas that are currently used in the safety assessment of dikes contributing towards safer deltas and resilient designs of dikes.

NaProGraph: Network Analyzer for Interactions between Nucleic Acids and Proteins

Background: Interactions of RNA and DNA with proteins are crucial for elucidating intracellular processes in living organisms, diagnosing disorders, designing aptamer drugs, and other applications. Therefore, investigating the relationships between these macromolecules is essential to life science research. Methods: This study proposes an online network provider tool (NaProGraph) that offers an intuitive and user-friendly interface for studying interactions between nucleic acids (NA) and proteins. NaPro- Graph utilizes a comprehensive and curated dataset encompassing nearly all interacting macromolecules in the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB) Protein Data Bank (PDB). Results: Researchers can employ this online tool to focus on a specific portion of the PDB, investigate its associated relationships, and visualize and extract pertinent information. This tool provides insights into the frequency of atoms and residues between proteins and nucleic acids (NAs) and the similarity of the macromolecules' primary structures. Conclusion: Furthermore, the functional similarity of proteins can be inferred using protein families and clans from Pfam.

Impacts of ultrasound-assisted Fenton degradation and alkaline de-esterification on structural properties and biological effects of pectic polysaccharides from Tartary buckwheat leaves

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn) leaf has abundant rhamnogalacturonan-I enriched pectic polysaccharides, which exert various health-promoting effects. Nevertheless, the potential relationship between the chemical structure and the biological function of pectic polysaccharides from Tartary buckwheat leaves (TBP) remains unclear. Therefore, to bridge the gap between the chemical structure and the biological function of TBP, the impacts of ultrasound-assisted Fenton degradation (UFD) and mild alkaline de-esterification (MAD) on structural properties and biological effects of TBP were systematically studied. Compared with the native TBP (molecular mass, 9.537 × 104 Da), the molecular masses of degraded TBPs (TBP-MMW, 4.811 × 104 Da; TBP-LMW, 2.101 × 104 Da) were significantly reduced by the UFD modification, while their primary chemical structures were overall stable. Besides, compared with the native TBP (esterification degree, 22.73 %), the esterification degrees of de-esterified TBPs (TBP-MDE, 14.27 %; TBP-LDE, 6.59 %) were notably reduced by the MAD modification, while their primary chemical structures were also overall stable. Furthermore, the results revealed that both UFD and MAD modifications could significantly improve the antioxidant, antiglycation, and immunostimulatory effects of TBP. Indeed, TBP’s biological effects were negatively correlated to its molecular mass and esterification degree, while positively linked to its free uronic acids. The findings demonstrate that both UFD and MAD modifications are promising techniques for the structural modification of TBP, which can remarkedly promote its biological effects. Besides, the present results are conducive to better understanding TBP’s structure-bioactivity relationship.

Petrography and Geochemistry of the Lower Sylhet Sandstone Member (Therria Sandstone) of Jaintia Group Exposed Along Jowai-Badarpur Road Section, Jaintia Hills District, Meghalaya: Implication for Provenance and Palaeoclimate

ABSTRACT The Paleogene sediments of the Shillong Plateau are exposed in the southern part of Meghalaya and are designated as the Jaintia Group. The Lower Sylhet Sandstone Member (LSSM) (Therria Sandstone) is the lowermost member of the Shella Formation of Jaintia Group. To understand the depositional history of the studied sandstones, petrographic and geochemical approaches have been made. Petrographically, these sandstones are classified as quartz arenite and quartz wacke. They were derived from intermediate to upper rank metamorphic and plutonic source which were deposited in a craton interior and quartzose recycled tectonic setting. The paleoweathering indices of CIA, CIW, PIA and ICV indicate that the weathering at the provenance was intense. The tectonic discrimination diagrams suggest passive margin setting for their sedimentation and climatic condition during the deposition was humid in nature. The studied sediments were deposited in non-marine conditions as evidenced by the geochemical proxies and primary sedimentary structures existing in the LSSM.

Deterioration evolution mechanism and damage constitutive model improvement of sandstone–coal composite samples under the effect of repeated immersion

Underground reservoirs in coal mines, consisting of goafs (By goaf, we mean the space that remains underground after the extraction of valuable minerals), are commonly utilized for mine water storage and drainage, with their primary load-bearing structures being the “roof–coal pillar” systems. Consequently, this structure must endure the repeated immersion behavior resulting from fluctuations in the mine water level, resulting in the risk of geological disasters. This paper analyzes the variation in mechanical properties of sandstone–coal composite samples after repeated immersion cycles through axial loading tests. The results indicate that the water content of the sample exhibits a notable and rapid increase with each successive immersion cycle. This corresponds to a decrease in the stress threshold and modulus parameters of the samples. Moreover, the acoustic emission signals serve as indicators of the softening characteristics of the samples. With the increase in immersion cycles, there is an augmentation in both the frequency and extent of shear cracks. The non-linear failure characteristics of the samples become more pronounced. Consequently, water significantly weakens the cementing material between rock grains. Both sandstone and coal display a decrease in deformation resistance capabilities at a macroscopic level. The constitutive model of the composite sample was improved based on the degradation characteristics of mechanical strength and strain energy parameters, which offers enhanced accuracy in analyzing the degradation process caused by water immersion. This paper offers a crucial theoretical foundation for comprehending the deterioration evolution characteristics of the “roof–coal pillar” bearing structure affected by repeated immersion.

Material Research for Hypersonic Travel

The goal of travelling faster than five times the speed ofsound, or hypersonic travel, has enormous potential to transform global transportation, defence capabilities, and space access. However, materials and structures face severe obstacles because to harsh aerothermal conditions inherent in high Mach number trajectories. This work focuses on new approaches to do research for ceramics, composites, and refractory alloys that are essential for building hypersonic vehicles. Essential design concepts for primary structures, heat shielding, and propulsion systems are covered, highlighting the critical role that theory and computation play in comprehending the links between structure, property, and processing. The remarkable high-temperature capabilities, stiffness, strength, and corrosion resistance of ceramic materials are highlighted in the study as reasons for theirincreasing importance in aircraft applications. Based on their distinct features, titanium alloys, nickel aluminides, metal- matrix composites, carbon-carbon, and ceramic-matrix composites stand out as top choices for a high temperature. In pursuit of lightweight, high- performance materials for hypersonic travel, this paper summarises ongoing researchefforts, evaluates the state of the art, offers insights into technological hurdles, and identifies areas that require future improvement. To explore the complex field of hypersonicmaterials design and selection in this research, this paper hope to shed light on the critical role that materials science plays in pushing the boundaries of aerospace technology by investigating the special difficulties presented by hypersonic flight as well as the characteristics and potential of various material classes.