Primary Sector Research Articles

The Role of Primary Care in the Social Isolation and Loneliness Epidemic.

The United States is facing a social isolation and loneliness crisis. In response, the US Surgeon General issued an advisory in May 2023 recommending actions that health care, community programs, and social services can take to collaboratively improve social connection. Primary care has a critical role to play in implementing the Surgeon General's recommendations. We present social isolation and loneliness as medical issues and highlight next steps for the primary care sector to combat this epidemic.Annals Early Access article.

The Copenhagen Primary Care Laboratory (CopLab) Database.

The Copenhagen General Practice Laboratory (CGPL) was founded in 1922 to provide paraclinical analyses to the primary health-care sector in Copenhagen. At the end of 2015, CGPL was closed and the CopLab database was established to make CGPL data available for research. We isolated tests performed at the CGPL with clinically relevant test results. The database was linked to national registers containing health, social, and demographic information. Results are presented with descriptive statistics showing counts, percentages, medians, and interquartile ranges (IQR). The CopLab database includes 1,373,643 unique individuals from primary care with test results from laboratory analyses of blood/urine/semen as well as cardiac and lung function tests collected by CGPL from greater Copenhagen from 2000 to 2015. The CopLab database holds nearly all test results requested by general practitioners throughout years 2000 to 2015 for residents in the greater Copenhagen area. The median age of the individuals was 51 years and 59.7% were females. Each individual has a median of 4 requisitions. More than 1 million participants are currently alive and living in Denmark and may be followed in national registries such as the Danish National Patient Registry, Laboratory Database, National Prescription Database etc.

The Impact of ICT Adoption in Enhancing Teaching and Learning in Primary Schools of Amathole East District, Eastern Cape

This study examines how information and communication technology (ICT) impacts the schooling environment within the primary sector in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province's Amathole East District. ICT adoption in education can fully modify the ways that instruction and learning are given to students, but it also comes with obstacles, especially in the rural primary schools in the Amathole East District. This research intends to shed light on the current ICT status adoption of Amathole East District's primary schools. Three primary schools were chosen, and three research participants from each school were chosen using the purposive sample technique. Data were gathered through focus groups and in-person interviews. The acquired data were analyzed and presented using a thematic approach. It was revealed as the findings that while teachers were willing to embrace ICTs into teaching and learning and had a good attitude toward technology adoption, they needed the necessary ICT competencies. Furthermore, several challenges and barriers were identified, and these included inadequate ICT infrastructure, a shortage of teacher training in technology integration and a lack of access to ICT tools. The study concludes that teacher training programs be expanded, invest in infrastructure development, and develop a comprehensive ICT policy framework. Taking the research's findings into account, the research offers practical recommendations in enhancing ICT adoption, investing in infrastructure development, expanding teacher development opportunities, to formulating a comprehensive ICT strategy framework so that schools are ready to run virtually in the event of another pandemic related to COVID-19.

The effect of economic growth and poverty on stunting in Indonesia

Stunting is a critical issue affecting children under five years old, characterized by inadequate growth due to chronic malnutrition and recurrent infections, especially during the crucial first 1,000 days of life (from age 0 to 23 months). Stunting impacts not only height but also vital functions such as brain development and the immune system, potentially leading to decreased intelligence levels and increased susceptibility to diseases later in life. This study examines the impact of the growth of the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) in the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors and the level of rural poverty on stunting in Indonesia. This research, which covers time series data from 2015-2020 across 32 provinces in Indonesia, employs a panel data regression model analysis method. The findings indicate that primary sector GRDP growth has a positive effect, whereas secondary sector GRDP negatively impacts stunting. However, the tertiary sector GRDP and rural poverty do not significantly affect stunting rates in Indonesia.

The Effect of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) on Financial Performance with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as an Intervening Variable (Empirical Study on Primary Consumer Sub Sector Companies Listed on The IDX 2018 - 2022)

This research aims to examine the influence of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) including institutional ownership and the board of commissioners on financial performance with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as an intervening variable. This research uses financial performance as the dependent variable and Good Corporate Governance as a proxy for institutional ownership and the board of commissioners as the independent variable and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as the intervening variable. This type of research is associative research. This research uses secondary data in the form of annual financial reports originating from the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI). The population in this research is Primary Consumer Sub-Sector Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2018-2022. The sampling technique in this research used a purposive sampling method, 7 companies were obtained as research samples. The data analysis technique in this study uses the multiple linear regression analysis method and the data analysis tool in this study uses the Eviews version 12 software program. The results of the study show that GCG and CSR together have a positive effect on the company's financial performance, while the proxies for institutional ownership and the board commissioner is partially insignificant. Likewise, CSR does not have a significant impact on financial performance. In addition, the board of commissioners proxy influences financial performance through CSR as a moderation, while the institutional ownership proxy does not have a similar effect.Keywords: Good Corporate Governance, Institutional Ownership, Board of Commissioners, Corporate Social Responsibility, Financial Performance

THE EFFECT OF PROFITABILITY, ASSET GROWTH AND OPERATING LEVERAGE ON CAPITAL STRUCTURE WITH COMPANY SIZE AS A MODERATING VARIABLE

Capital structure plays an important role in maintaining the survival of the Company. The better the capital structure owned by the Company, the better the Company will be in financing the Company's operations, even more able to survive in the event of an economic shock. The purpose of this research is to obtain empirical evidence of the effect of Profitability, Asset Growth, and Operating Leverage on Capital Structure with Company Size as a moderating variable. This study uses purposive sampling as its sampling technique and uses primary consumer sector companies as research samples. The data used in this study comes from the Financial Statements of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Data processing in this study used the Smart PLS program. The results showed that the independent variables of Profitability, Asset Growth, Operating Leverage had no significant positive effect on the Company's Capital Structure. But when the profitability variable is moderated by company size, it produces a significant influence on the capital structure, while for the Asset Growth variable moderated by company size, although it has increased, it still does not significantly affect the Company's Capital Structure. From the result above, it can be concluded that the use of profitability is the key of all independent variables in influencing the capital structure. Companies that use internal funds will be better at financing the Company's operations, increasing assets, assessing the size of the company, namely utilizing the Company's retained earnings to increase the growth and survival of the Company.

Scoping an Integrated Ecosystem Assessment for the southern Benguela: fisheries still biggest risk

Abstract The southern Benguela ecosystem faces complex pressures from anthropogenic activities and climate change, leading to structural and functional changes. To counter ecosystem service losses, intergovernmental marine science organizations propose integrated management. However, predictions to evaluate alternative strategies are challenging due to multifaceted sector interactions affecting ecological components. Scoping phases of Integrated Ecosystem Assessments (IEA), such as the Options for Delivering Ecosystem-Based Marine Management (ODEMM), identify priority sectors and pressures for management using linkage chains and impact risk scores. This study expands a South African-wide ODEMM assessment to investigate dependent sectors in the southern Benguela. Fishing emerged as the primary sector, exhibiting high connectance and impact risk on ecological components. Disaggregation of the fishing sector into sub-sectors and over three 21-year time periods revealed the demersal trawl and mixed species inshore trawl sectors to still have the greatest impact despite recent mitigation efforts, driven by species extraction, bycatch, and ‘incidental loss’. Research gaps, such as the effects of recreational fisheries and underwater noise, were identified and need to be addressed to improve future ecosystem assessments. Additionally, the effects of climate on long-term, ecosystem-scale variability and change need more attention in IEAs and should be incorporated into frameworks such as ODEMM.

Patients with repeated acute admissions to somatic departments: sociodemographic characteristics, disease burden, and contact with primary healthcare sector - a retrospective register-based case-control study.

Healthcare systems face escalating capacity challenges and patients with repeated acute admissions strain hospital resources disproportionately. However, studies investigating the characteristics of such patients across all public healthcare providers in a universal healthcare system are lacking. To investigate characteristics of patients with repeated acute admissions (three or more acute admissions within a calendar year) in regard to sociodemographic characteristics, disease burden, and contact with the primary healthcare sector. This matched register-based case-control study investigated repeated acute admissions from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2018, among individuals, who resided in four Danish municipalities. The study included 6169 individuals with repeated acute admissions, matched 1:4 to individuals with no acute admissions and one to two acute admissions, respectively. Group comparisons were conducted using conditional logistic regression. Receiving social benefits increased the odds of repeated acute admissions 9.5-fold compared with no acute admissions (odds ratio (OR) 9.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) 8.5; 10.6) and 3.4-fold compared with one to two acute admissions (OR 3.4; 95% CI 3.1; 3.7). The odds of repeated acute admissions increased with the number of used medications and chronic diseases. Having a mental illness increased the odds of repeated acute admissions 5.8-fold when compared with no acute admissions (OR 5.7; 95% CI 5.2; 6.4) and 2.3-fold compared with one to two acute admissions (OR 2.3; 95% CI 2.1; 2.5). Also, high use of primary sector services (e.g. nursing care) increased the odds of repeated acute admissions when compared with no acute admissions and one to two acute admissions. This study pinpointed key factors encompassing social status, disease burden, and healthcare utilisation as pivotal markers of risk for repeated acute admissions, thus identifying high-risk patients and facilitating targeted intervention.

URBAN- RURAL DEVELOPMENT DILEMMA -A STUDY WITH REFERENCE TO INDIA

The 20th century witnessed a significant change in population from rural to urban areas in most of the countries of the world. In the last two decades, India has experienced accelerated economic growth after the launch of economic reforms in 1991. The economic reforms resulted in loosening the hold of government in many sectors, which has led to the concentration of semi-urban areas across the countries. The economic reforms of 1991 played a big role in the decentralization of powers and it has encouraged many entrepreneurs to invest in India. In the early stages of Indian industrialization, both rural and urban economies immensely suffered from the adverse effects of capitalism and the exploitation of natural resources. Capitalism-oriented industrialization had the requirement of a productive and well transformed agricultural sector. In this paper, we are going to highlight the need and strengthening of agriculture from the grassroots level and enlightening educated youth regarding the benevolence and benefits of self-employment and agriculture. Strengthening of village economies are most recommended for the sustainable development of Indian economy. Increasing trend of farm housing and involvement of educated youth gives hope for solving the dilemma of balanced urban rural development. This paper reviews some of the main interpretations in urban rural development dilemma. It explores the relationship between the primary and secondary sector as well as the rural and urban economies. It examines the parochial strategy of development of urban sector by neglecting rural economy. KEYWORDS: Development, Economy, Reforms, Urban-Rural

Topic modeling analysis of Community Savings Groups: evidence from the combined literature

Objective: To identify topics of study related to Community Savings Groups (CSGs) from the literature available. Design/Methodology/Approach: Some phases of natural language processing were implemented. The data were obtained from scientific databases and gray literature. The analysis included 228 abstracts of papers, theses, working papers, and reports. The Latent Dirichlet Allocation model was used to identify the topics. Results: Six topics have been the focus of the discussion about the existence and impact of CSGs in the last two decades. Study Limitations/Implications: Texts without abstracts in English were excluded. Findings/Conclusions: The topics found deal with various aspects on which CSGs have had an impact, such as health, empowerment, primary sector, violence, and other aspects related to existence. Additional evidence is required to consider CSGs as an effective and sustainable mechanism that facilitates well-being.

Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility, Kepemilikan Manajerial, Dan Capital Intensity Terhadap Tax Avoidance

This study aims to obtain empirical evidence of the effect of corporate social responsibility, managerial ownership and capital intensity on tax avoidance. This type of research uses a quantitative approach. The data used is secondary data in the form of financial statements. The population in this study are manufacturing companies, especially the primary consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017-2021. The samples used in this study amounted to 12 manufacturing companies with a 5-year observation period in the 2017-2021 period and the number of financial reports sampled in this study amounted to 60. The results of the research conducted show that corporate social responsibility, managerial ownership, and capital intensity have an effect on tax avoidance, corporate social responsibility has no effect on tax avoidance, managerial ownership has a negative effect on tax avoidance and capital intensity has no effect on tax avoidance.

Nurse-led lifestyle counseling in Polish primary care: the effect of current health status and perceived barriers.

Our study included counseling on diet and physical activity, smoking, e-cigarette use, and alcohol consumption. The aim was to examine the correlates of counseling provided by primary care nurses with the health status/health behaviors of nurses and the barriers in the advice provided. In 2022, we conducted a cross-sectional survey among 331 nurses employed in the primary care sector in Lodz. The questionnaire consisted of three sections: characteristics of the patient population receiving treatment and provided with healthy lifestyle counseling by nurses, barriers to the process of assessing, controlling, and guiding patients, and health status/health behaviors of nurses. Eighty percent of the nurses in our study provided advice on diet and physical activity to primary care patients. Over 70% of the survey participants performed minimal anti-smoking interventions forsmokers, 67.7% for alcohol drinkers, and 56.8% for e-cigarette users. The correlates of counseling in the field of diet and physical activity turned out to be the knowledge and skills, which enabled nurses to provide advice (OR = 2.57, p < 0.01). The correlates of the conducted minimal anti-smoking interventions in smoking patients were: subjective assessment of overweight and obesity in nurses, knowledge and skills in conducting counseling (OR = 1.92, p < 0.05), and measuring body weight, height and BMI (OR = 2.18, p < 0.01). Among the three most common barriers identified by the nurses in the process of assessing, monitoring, and guiding patients were the opinion that patients are not interested in improving their diet, physical activity, and weight loss (60.7%), lack of time (51.4%), as well as the belief that patients find it too difficult to change their current habits (54.1%). The results of our survey indicate that nurses' participation in healthy lifestyle counseling in adult patients is unsatisfactory. Interventions in primary care should be designed considering the specific obstacles nurses may face in leading healthy lifestyles. Further training of nursing staff is required to increase their knowledge on healthy lifestyles.

Multi-Level Administration System in Primary Educational Sector in India

In this research, the analytical study is aimed to observe the multi-level administration in the primary school educational system prevailing in India. It also investigates the functioning body of decentralized education administration with numerical analysis. KEYWORDS: Indian Primary Education, Administration System

CHALLENGES AND OBJECTIVES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRIC AUTOMOTIVE MODELS IN BRAZIL

The article addresses the implementation of electric cars in Brazil, highlighting fundamental challenges and objectives. Amid the search for solutions, the technological transition presents complex challenges, such as the need for efficient charging infrastructure, economic considerations and overcoming barriers in the primary energy sector. The main objective is to understand and address obstacles, from expanding the charging network to issues related to costs and the energy matrix, in order to guide public and social policies. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of partnerships, public incentives and comprehensive strategies to make electric cars not only a viable option, but also economically competitive compared to fossil fuel-powered vehicles, highlighting the need for sustainable energy solutions to support the projected increase in electrical energy consumption.

Older adults’ perceptions and experiences of interprofessional communication as part of the delivery of integrated care in the primary healthcare sector: a meta-ethnography of qualitative studies

BackgroundCommunication between patients and healthcare providers, and effective interprofessional communication, are essential to the provision of high-quality care. Implementing a patient-centred approach may lead to patients experiencing a sense of comfort, validation, and active participation in own healthcare. However, home-dwelling older adults’ perspectives on interprofessional communication (IPC) are lacking. The aim is therefore to explore how home-dwelling older adults experience communication in connection with the delivery of integrated care.MethodsThe meta-synthesis was conducted in line with Noblit and Hare’s seven phases of meta-ethnography. A systematic literature search was conducted by two university librarians in seven databases using the search terms ‘older adults’, ‘communication’, ‘integrated care’ and ‘primary care’. All articles were reviewed by two authors independently. 11 studies were included for analysis.ResultsOlder adults are aware of IPC and have preferences regarding how it is conducted. Three main themes were identified in the reciprocal analysis: (1) Inconsistent care perceived as lack of IPC, (2) individual preferences regarding involvement and awareness of IPC and (3) lack of IPC may trigger negative feelings.ConclusionsThis meta-ethnography shows the perspective of older adults on IPC as part of integrated care. Our study shows that older adults are concerned about whether healthcare personnel talk to each other or not and recognise IPC as fundamental in providing consistent care. The perspectives of older adults are relevant for clinicians and politicians, as well as researchers, when developing and implementing future integrated care services for home-dwelling older adults.

Economic and Socio-cultural Changes at the Edge of Eras: Post-industrial Society

The article offers an analysis of the most famous scientific works of the 20th century (such as, С. Clark, J. Fourastié, D. Bell, T. Roszak, H.-M. McLuhan, T. Stonier, R. Katz, F. Webster, Z. Brzezinski, A. Toffler, A. Toynbee, J. Baudrillard, J.-F. Lyotard, etc.), related to the study of the key concepts of the information age, its objective foundations of development, which formed the main scientific, sociopolitical currents of the last century, opened perspectives for the development of modern political thought and possible ways of forming society in the 21st century. What happened at the end (or rather in the second half) of the 20th century, forcing even conservative skeptics to recognize the end of a long era of industrial development? The reasons for these processes, as shown by social and socio-political processes, must be sought in the economy. In addition to the primary and secondary sectors of the economy, there has always been a tertiary sector related to the sphere of services. In the second half of the 20th century thanks to the development of technology, the importance of the tertiary, service sector of the economy began to grow steadily, which marked the end of the era of industrial society and the beginning of a new, post-industrial history. The consequence of this was the emergence of new forms of culture and the transformation of social relations. The concepts of “post-industrial society,” “information society,” and “information age” are often mentioned in journalistic texts of the mass media and scientific publications. However, if you set yourself the goal of understanding what a post-industrial society or the information revolution is, it will not be so easy. Different authors often put their own meaning into these concepts, thus turning their texts into what is called in psychoanalysis a flow of free associations. The intention to make certain corrections to the concept of “post-industrial society,” to outline the main trends and features of the postmodern era, and explore the potential consequences of its influence on various spheres of life of modern civilization, became the reason for the creation of this article.

How urbanization is shifting the context of nature experiences from economic to recreational

Abstract With increasing global urbanization, the proportion of the world's population engaged in the primary sector of the economy continues to decrease, leading to significant changes in the experience of nature (EoN). As a result, not only are opportunities for EoN reduced, but they are shifting structurally because the proportion of nature experiences that take place in leisure time increases relative to that which takes place in a work and production context. In order to understand the implications of this structural change, a new typology is introduced that defines experiences of nature by considering their social context: economic and recreational EoN. Economic EoN is predominantly purpose‐oriented, while recreational EoN is primarily experience‐driven. Compared to economic EoN, recreational EoN often requires less skill and knowledge while relying on stereotypical constructs of nature, demonstrated, for example, by traditional land uses and tourism, respectively. As urbanization continues, the proportion of recreational nature experiences will continue to increase, raising an important question: How can the experience‐driven, recreational relation to nature contribute to long‐term engagement and responsible stewardship? Long‐term engagement is evident in leisurely behaviour where people pursue hobbies. In urban societies, many people invest a considerable amount of time and material resources in their hobbies, while developing specific skill sets and acquiring extensive knowledge in the process. Furthermore, nature‐related hobbies enable the transformation of irrelevant economic EoN into meaningful recreational EoN, allowing the emergence of an individual perspective on and a lasting relationship with nature, as well as creating a skill‐based sense of place. Policy implications: As traditional economic EoN diminish and becomes irrelevant during the urbanization process, hobbies can help preserve ecological knowledge and skills with recreational EoN. Protected areas and other organizations curating nature experiences should create and promote experiences that relate to nature‐based hobbies and focus on supporting skill development. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Cross-sectoral exchange of nurses: An intervention study.

In health policy, much attention has been paid to collaboration between the primary and secondary health care sectors, especially in relation to hospitalisation and discharge. Despite ideal plans for collaboration, the research literature shows that inadequate communication is a well-known problem that can be a barrier to a safe trajectory for the citizen. Based on the assumption that better knowledge of each other's work will lead to better collaboration, a cross-sectoral exchange program with nurses was initiated. The aim was to investigate which barriers to good patient trajectories the involved nurses attributed to cross-sectoral collaboration and what impact the exchange to the opposite sector had for them. Twenty-eight nurses were exchanged: 14 from a cardiology department and 14 from municipal home care. The nurses shadowed a colleague from the opposite sector in their daily work. Subsequently, six focus group interviews were conducted. The transcribed material was analysed based on Ricoeur's interpretation theory. Two main themes, including sub-themes emerged: (1) Challenging communicative conditions: (a) Inadequate digital communication, (b) Inadequate care plans and discharge reports, (c) Conversation promotes understanding, and (d) Challenging collaboration and communication with the discharge coordinators. (2) Perceived importance of the exchange: (a) Cross-sectoral relationship, prejudice and gaining respect for each other and (b) Working in two different worlds. Electronic communication is inadequate, and the IT systems do not support sufficient cross-sectoral communication. The organisational model in the municipal care sector is inflexible in terms of allocations for the current needs of citizens, and professionals feel that their professional judgements are not recognised. The nurses gained insight into each other's work and working conditions and respect for each other's professionalism. The exchange has the potential to both improve the relationship and communication between the sectors for the benefit of a better and more coherent patient course.

ANALISIS DAMPAK PANDEMI COVID-19 TERHADAP KINERJA LAPORAN KEUANGAN PERUSAHAAN SEKTOR KESEHATAN, INDUSTI, DAN BARANG KONSUMEN PRIMER

The increase in Covid-19 cases that occurred in early 2019 had a significant impact on various companies. One way to find out the economic condition of a company is by analyzing the company's spatial reports. This study aims to explain the description of the performance analysis of the financial statements of companies in the health, industrial and primary consumer goods sectors before and during the Covid-19 pandemic (2019 – 2020). Financial reports are accessed openly on the Indonesian Stock Exchange website (www. https://www.idx.co.id/). The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The sample of health sector companies includes the financial statements of PT Kalbe Farma, Tbk. and PT Kimia Farma, Tbk. The industrial sector company sample is PT United Tractors, Tbk. and PT Lion Metal Works, Tbk. The sample companies in the primary consumer goods sector include PT Ace Hardware Indonesia, Tbk. for household needs, PT Ramayana Lestari Setosa, Tbk. for clothing needs, and PT Matahari Department Store, Tbk. for food needs. The results of the study show that the Covid-19 pandemic has affected the company's economy. Companies engaged in the industrial sector and primary consumer goods tend to experience a decline in profits and losses. On the other hand, companies engaged in the health sector experienced an increase in profits.

Realization of the potential of diversification of agricultural business to reduce the risks of sustainable development

The deepening of the global problems of human development requires new approaches to solving the strategic tasks of further existence. With this approach, under modern conditions, the concept of sustainable development appears, with the help of which it is possible to ensure the achievement of the goals of sustainable development of national economies and society. Agriculture is the primary sector of Ukraine's national economy, and the state of development largely determines the economic growth rate. In recent years, many problematic issues have accumulated in the agricultural sector, which requires intensifying the diversification processes of economic activity. The article identifies the principal risks and problems that can be solved based on directions for expanding the diversification of agrarian business, among them optimizing the sectoral balance, increasing the rationality and environmental friendliness of the use of natural resources, restoring biodiversity, reviving the human resources potential of rural areas and mitigating the consequences of inclusive gaps between rural and urban areas of the country. The composition of the potential for diversification of economic activity of agrarian business entities based on sustainable development is substantiated. Among the main elements proposed are food security, climate neutrality and preservation of biological resources, inclusiveness of development of rural areas, and economic opportunities. The analysis of the production structure of agriculture showed the dominance of crop production and a decrease in the share of livestock production. Based on the results of the conducted research, it is proposed to consider the diversification of agrarian business as a way of restoring and ensuring the biodiversity of crops and animals, which is based on the principles of rational use of bioresource agricultural potential to achieve the goals of sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas. The fundamental principles of diversification of economic activities of agricultural enterprises based on sustainable development were defined as eco-tolerance of agricultural production, food sufficiency, inclusiveness, achievement of sectoral balance of agricultural production, efficiency, improvement of the level of well-being and quality of the country's population. Keywords: diversification, agriculture, rural areas, development, opportunities.