Primary Sector Research Articles

Implementation of the theory of planned behavior in the primary and business economic sectors: A systematic literature review

Marketing researchers and psychologists have widely used the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to predict intention and behavior (Ajzen, 1991), but less attention has been given to the implementation of TPB in the business economy and particularly in primary production and business sectors (P&BS). The scope of the study is to identify the articles published during the past decades concerning the use of TPB alone or in combination with other theories which investigate managers’ or employees’ behaviors and intentions in P&BS. This paper reviews 334 articles abstracts, and the analysis conducts a distribution of articles per publication year, per economy sector, per theme area, as well as a citation analysis, journal contribution to the TPB in P&BS, and detection of other theories used in combination with TPB in P&BS. The results of the analysis revealed that the TPB has been used successfully in a variety of disciplines and that the areas of interest are also broad (Krueger & Carsrud, 1993; Zapkau et al., 2015). Finally, the most important theories used in combination with TPB constructs, are presented (Saeedi et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2022), and some suggestions for potential future research on the subject and implications are provided.

Michoacán en el Censo de Revillagigedo de 1790. Cotejo con los datos de Martínez de Lejarza de 1822

This article is based on a statistical analysis of the data provided by the 1790 Revillagigedo Census for the intendancy of Valladolid, which at the end of the Colonial period corresponded mostly to the current state of Michoacán. From these data, fundamental information about Michoacán society at the end of the colonial era was obtained, including aspects such as the total population, sex ratio, age groups, percentage by racial category, population distribution by sub-delegation, and population density, among others. Additionally, a comparison with the statistical study by Martínez de Lejarza in 1822 is offered. It is shown that this intendancy was experiencing population growth, with a slight male advantage over females, and had a young society, as its age groups display a pyramidal shape characteristic of the old demographic regime. Regarding racial categories, it is also shown that most Michoacán inhabitants were not indigenous, although significant regional differences are presented, such as markedly indigenous areas and others with a majority of castes and Spaniards. Other aspects revealed here include the difference in population density between regions and that much of the active male population was engaged in the primary sector.

The influence of supplier competency on business performance through supplier integration, vendor-managed inventory, and supply chain collaboration in Fuel Station: An evidence from Timor Leste

Fuel availability is essential in supporting the sustainable economic growth of a country. The manufacturing industry, transportation activities, and shipping products between regions are the primary sectors that require a sustainable fuel supply. The fuel station contributes to distributing and delivering fuel in serving the demand for the fuel. This study investigates supplier competency's role in supporting fuel station business performance through supplier integration, vendor-managed inventory, and supply chain collaboration. The research surveyed 71 fuel stations in Timor Leste using a questionnaire designed with a five-point Likert scale. The questionnaires are distributed to supervisors or higher positions at fuel stations by distributing questionnaires by direct delivery and also through Google Forms for areas far away in downtown Timor Leste. Data from respondents were analyzed using smartPLS software version 4.0. The results found that supplier competency positively impacts supplier integration, vendor-managed inventory, and supply chain collaboration. Moreover, supplier integration positively impacts vendor-managed inventory, supply chain collaboration, and business performance. Vendor-managed inventory fuel station sites can have an impact on improving supply chain collaboration and business performance. In addition, supply chain collaboration between vendors and fuel stations in Timor Leste enables continuous business performance improvement. This research paves the way for supervisors, managers, and fuel station top management to collaborate with suppliers in maintaining inventory levels and forecasting the supply and demand for fuel procurement requirements. Finally, this research contributes to the theory of inventory optimization and supply chain performance.

Counting the costs: a nationwide study on healthcare use following an adalimumab biosimilar switch in >1300 inflammatory arthritis patients.

In Denmark, cost savings motivate mandatory biosimilar switches. In 2018, patients switched from originator to biosimilar adalimumab, that is, to GP2017 in Eastern and to SB5 in Western Denmark. However, concerns were raised about additional costs covering, that is, an increased number of outpatient visits due to patient education, treatment monitoring, and patient concerns. To investigate whether the switch led to increased total healthcare costs, defined as costs related to in- and outpatient contacts in hospitals and the primary sector and use of prescription medicine (excluding biological treatment). Observational cohort study with geographical cluster pseudo-randomization. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and axial spondyloarthritis (AxSpA), who switched were identified in the nationwide DANBIO registry. Total healthcare costs 9 months before and after the switch were captured from the National Patient and Prescription registries. The difference between pre- and post-switch costs was estimated by a generalized estimation equations (GEE) model. Overall, 1316 patients switched to GP2017 (n = 621) or SB5 (n = 695). Total healthcare costs were mainly driven by hospital costs. The monthly fluctuations of hospital costs 9 months before and after the switch were largely similar or decreased. In the adjusted analyses (GEE), hospital costs decreased after the switch (by approximately 15%) for GP2017 switchers, especially PsA (estimate = 0.83; 95% CI 0.75-0.92) and AxSpA patients (estimate = 0.85; 0.77-0.93), with no significant changes for SB5 switchers. We found no increase in total healthcare costs in 9 months following a nationwide mandatory adalimumab originator to biosimilar switch. Our findings were strengthened by similar results for GP2017 and SB5.

Efekti sektorske strukture stranih direktnih investicija na ekonomski razvoj - slučaj evropskih zemalja u razvoju

The inflow of foreign capital from multinational companies from all over the world, in the form of foreign direct investments (FDI), intensified economic dynamics and contributed to the improvement of macroeconomic performance. In certain economic sectors and activities, FDI has become the carrier of economic growth, encouraged by intensive processes of deindustrialization and reindustrialization. Namely, FDI can have both positive and negative impact on economic growth and development. This depends on the ability of the economic sectors to overcome the negative effects of FDI in a certain period of time, which can only be achieved if the sectors are exportoriented and introduce new technologies into their operations, thereby increasing productivity and competitiveness. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) panel regression showed this was not the case in the primary and secondary sectors in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the Western Balkans (WBs), which are still predominantly labor-intensive and therefore have a negative impact on economic development. As opposed to the agricultural and industrial sectors, the services, under the influence of technological progress, is profiled as a capital-intensive sector with a statistically significant positive impact on economic growth and development.

ROLE OF TRIBAL WOMEN IN INFORMAL SECTOR AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY: UNDERSTANDING THE NEXUS IN THE CONTEXT OF ODISHA

During 1970s Keith Hart has coined the term informal sector. The casual laborers in the informal sector lack job security, their workplace is not government-registered, they disregard formal procedures, laws, and regulations, and their working hours are not set. They do not get benefits like provident fund, paid leave, and medical facilities. Indigenous resources are utilized in smallscale, family-owned businesses in the unofficial sector. Tribal women, who are primarily illiterate and among the poorest of the impoverished, enter this industry to make quick money. India is recognized by the International Labour Organization as the homeland of indigenous people. India is home to 705 different tribes, of which 62 are found in Odisha alone. These tribes are primarily involved in the unorganized sector of the economy. The primary informal sectors in which Odisha's indigenous women are employed are in mining and rural development projects as wage laborers, traditional farmers, and gatherers of small forest products. This paper tries to analyse how tribal women in Odisha contribute to the informal economy through age-old practices of environmentally sustainable activities. Furthermore, it tries to explore the issues and concerns they face while working in the informal sectors.

Pediatricians’ Interventions Aimed to Reduce Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents in Primary Healthcare in Poland. A Cross-sectional Study

Abstract Background Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents are associated with serious health problems and a higher risk of obesity in adults. Objectives This study aimed to determine how often pediatricians identify the condition of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents based on anthropometric measurements. The researchers also wanted to obtain information on counseling provided by pediatricians regarding diet and physical activity in patients. Material and methods In 2022, an observational, cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 55 pediatricians working in primary health care sector in the city of Lodz. An anonymous questionnaire consisted of sections regarding the characteristics of the treated patient population, barriers and improvements in the process of patient assessment, control, and management, as well as the health status and health behaviors of pediatricians. Results About 90.9% of the pediatricians declared that they measured body weight on a scale. Similarly, 89.1% of them measured body height. Among the surveyed doctors, 67.3% calculated waist circumference or the ratio of waist-to-hip ratio. All the pediatricians provided advice on diet/eating habits and physical activity to both healthy and overweight/obese patients. In most cases, the study participants indicated that this counseling was provided „often” (83.6%). Only every tenth pediatrician provided detailed dietary advice and every sixth detailed advice on physical activity at each patient visit. A higher chance of providing dietary advice to children and adolescents was observed among pediatricians providing ≤ 100 patient visits during a routine work week (OR = 5.13; p < 0.05). Normal BMI (OR = 12.35; p < 0.05) and having ≤ 100 patient visits per week during a routine work week (OR = 8.28; p < 0.05) were significant correlates of physical activity advice. Conclusions Pediatricians should perform accurate anthropometric measurements to prevent obesity in children and adolescents. During each patient visit, the pediatrician should give advice on diet and physical activity.

Leontief Model-Based Research on the Input Structure of Three Industries: A Markowitz Optimization Perspective

Abstract Economic growth necessitates not only the balance between aggregate supply and aggregate demand but also the structural equilibrium among various industries. This paper integrates the input-output table into the Leontief dynamic model, utilizing Markowitz’s theory to construct an investment portfolio of inputs and outputs. Further, it develops an input multiplier model for three distinct industries by amalgamating the Keynesian multiplier theory. It outlines a methodology to compute the influence and inductance coefficients of industrial interrelations. Employing the input-output table from HB province spanning 2010 to 2020, this study examines the input dynamics, investment multipliers, industrial structure, and inter-industry correlations. Over this period, the labor input structure of the primary industry witnessed a decline of 18.36%, while the investment multiplier for total output was augmented by 5.107 units for every unit increase in equipment manufacturing products. Between 2015 and 2020, the influence and inductance coefficients for the three industries rose by 11.21% and 4.45%, respectively, all constrained by the secondary industry. To stabilize the input structure across the three sectors and bolster sustained economic growth, it is imperative to liberate the relevant inputs of the secondary industry and enhance those of the primary and tertiary sectors.

Transforming English Language Teaching (ELT) in Bangladeshi Primary Schools: Challenges and Strategic Solutions

English occupies a critical role within the national education system of Bangladesh, spanning Grades I through XII. The primary education sector, which includes students from Grades I to V, is designed to lay a foundational understanding of English literacy. This study aims to identify the challenges, recent advancements, and strategies for improving English language teaching at the primary level in Bangladesh. Adopting a qualitative research methodology, this study draws on semi-structured interviews with four Bangladeshi teachers to explore their perspectives on effective English teaching practices in primary schools. The qualitative data were analyzed through thematic coding to identify prevailing patterns. The findings reveal several significant challenges to effective English teaching and learning, including students' lack of engagement in English classes, resistance to learning a foreign language, limited vocabulary proficiency, insufficient development of the four language skills, and suboptimal class sizes. Consequently, this study contributes valuable insights by addressing current challenges and offering actionable recommendations for enhancing English language instruction in primary education in Bangladesh.

An integrated analysis framework towards identifying circulation relationship of water-energy-carbon in complex system: A case study in Shandong Province

Comprehensive understanding of the complex relationship among water, energy, and carbon emissions (WEC) is crucial for achieving socio-economic structural transformation and regional sustainable development. It represents a complex systemic undertaking that necessitates coordinated efforts across multiple domains and requires intricate planning and balancing. However, as the relationships between regional water resources, energy, and carbon emissions become increasingly acute, systematically examining the circulating relationships of a typical regional Water-Energy-Carbon system under changing conditions is still a challenge for regional sustainable development. In this study, we propose an integrated framework by jointly employing the Environmental Input-Output model and Structural Path analysis to assess the embodied intensities and circulation characteristics of WEC in Shandong Province, a major energy-consuming province in China. The results indicate that in 2017, the industries with the highest embodied WEC intensities are water production and supply industry (224.36 m3/10,000 CNY), coal mining and washing industry (1.66 tce/10,000 CNY), and transportation, postal, and telecommunication industry (2.36 tons/10,000 CNY). During the study period, most industries exhibited decreasing trends in embodied WEC intensities. Notably, the energy intensity and carbon intensity showed a certain positive correlation. For Shandong Province, both the embodied WEC trade flows in 2012 and 2017 demonstrated net inflows. The changes in embodied energy consumption and carbon emissions end consumption were minor, whereas the terminal demand for water resources decreased by 10.3 billion cubic meters, with urban consumption being its main form. Agriculture serves as the largest sector for embodied water transfer and trade-in, while the construction industry is the primary sector for energy and carbon transfer and trade, with 98 % of the construction industry's embodied quantity used for fixed capital formation. This study contributes to bridge the gap in regional resource management and provides a scientific basis to make policy on water conservation, energy efficiency, and emissions reduction.

Linear Optimization Modeling for Smart Specialization in Primary Sectors of a Developing Country

Linear Optimization Modeling for Smart Specialization in Primary Sectors of a Developing Country

JOB CRISIS; MERGING THE GAP BETWEEN SCHOOL AND UNIVERSITY EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

While the Right to Education Act of 2002 in India guarantees free and compulsory education of all children in the age group of six to fourteen years, such education does not necessarily lead to employment. In rural areas, states with poor Gross Domestic Products (GDP) tend to have higher school dropout rates due to the lack of quality education. According to Niti Aayog, the dropout rate in 2020-21 at the secondary level in Bihar (India’s poorest state) was 21.4 percent since school education does not guarantee employment. In fact, 25.5% of youth between the ages 15 - 29 are unemployed-this does not take into consideration the types of jobs taken up by them, such as an unproductive primary sector, thus serving as a research gap. This unproductive work results in lower income for the rural youth, amplifying the issue of poverty. This paper elaborates on the flaws of the current Technical and Vocational Education (TVET) System utilizing a case study and using comparative analysis with countries such as Norway and Germany with successful TVETs.

Impact of Exchange Rate Fluctuation on the Standard of Living in Nigeria

The study examined the effect of the exchange rate fluctuations on standard of living in Nigeria. The variables of gross domestic product per capita (GDPPC), per capital income and unemployment proxied standard of living while the explanatory variables were exchange rate (EXCR), Inflation (INF) Interest rate (INTR) and money supply secondary data was used covering between the period of 1990-2023. Unit root test were carried out to ascertain the stationarity of the variables the result of which Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) was used to estimate the parameters as they were integrated in the order of 0 and 1. The findings reveal that Exchange rate fluctuation has a significant long and short run relationship with the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, per capita income and unemployment rate in Nigeria. The implication of this is that living standard in Nigeria is greatly influenced by the alterations in exchange rate. As such the study recommended amongst other things that Government should improve on the productive sector of the economy as the primary sector of the economy that produces the basic commodities used to produce goods and services thereby reducing unemployment and improving standard of living. They should strive to put in place positive economic reforms tailored towards enhancing the economic performance and reducing unfavorable impact of exchange rate fluctuations on the standard of living in Nigeria.

Women agronomists and their work experiences

Women who work in the field have experienced and continue to experience situations that are very rewarding due to theactivities they perform in their profession. However, the work of a woman professional in agricultural production areas hasfaced obstacles that have limited its development due to issues of gender. Professionals, such as women Agronomists, havebeen increasingly assuming technical responsibilities in various areas, such as production areas in open systems, greenhousesor hydroponic crops. Also carries out activities as a consultant in different areas such as phytopathology, analysis of soils,audits and certifications contributing to the primary sector and in the area of teaching, preparing students to be morecompetitive. An investigation was carried out through surveys structured and direct interviews with women who performagricultural activities and currently working in an Educational Institution as well as other professionals who work directlyin the field. The objective of this study is to identify the experiences they have had as professional women and what have been their main impediments.

Державне регулювання процесу ініціювання інноваційних проектів за умов обмеженого фінансування

Державне регулювання процесу ініціювання інноваційних проектів за умов обмеженого фінансування

Fresh Insight on the Determinants of Economic Growth with Focus on Inflation-Growth Nexus Evidence from Developing Countries

This study is the empirical effort of inquiring the link between inflation and economic growth in the context of other factors determining economic growth in selected developing countries. While utilizing Generalized Method of Moments (Difference and System GMM), the study found an inverse insignificant connection between inflation and economic growth. Furthermore, the sample developing countries tend to have highly positively evaluated by their lagged economic growth as well as the government consumption expenditures and agriculture sector productivity and all of these are having robust role on economic growth. Additionally, the economic impact of trade openness and money supply is mixed and even significant in some cases designating that developing countries can improve their economic growth through financial and trade development. These findings help rethink economic policy makers in developing countries for following inflation targeting policies and to utilize their public developmental expenditures to improve their primary sector (agriculture) productivity in order to enhance economic growth.

Economic Structure Transformation and Changes in the Proportion of Labor in East Java Province in 1998 – 2018

Transformation of economic structure is not only act as a sector dominance contributing to Gross Regional Domestic Product, but also acts as the dominance of labor sector absorption. In 1994, the dominance of primary sector in contributing East Java’s Gross Regional Domestic Product is already replaced by secondary sector and later by tertiary sector in 2004. The labor sector absorption is still dominated by agricultural sector until now. This research was aimed to describe the patterns of Transformation of economic structure and changes in the proportion of labor in East Java Province from 1998 to 2018, as well as analyzed the effect of each variables. By using factor analysis for latent variables first, the quantitative result based on path analysis has proved that economic growth and income per capita has a direct effect to the Transformation of economic structure. The increase of economic growth and income per capita has lead to the decrease in agricultural (primary sector) and industrial (secondary sector) proportion in contributing East Java’s GRDP which is followed by the increase proportion in trade, hotel and restaurant (tertiary sector). The Transformation of economic structure has a direct effect to change the proportion of labor, whereas the economic growth and income per capita have indirect effect to that. During this process, the agricultural labor absorption decreased very slowly while industrial labor absorption increased slowly, as well as the trade, hotels and restaurants. The results also showed that the changes in the proportion of labor has direct effect to income per capita along with the domination of high productivity sector such as trade, hotels and restaurants which leads the economic growth.

THE GLOBAL MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS MARKET: STATUS AND FEATURES OF TRANSFORMATION

Objective. The objective of the present study is to analyse the state and peculiarities of the transformation of the global M&A market in 2013-2022. Methods. The following methods and techniques of cognition were used: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction (to substantiate the importance and role of the study of the status and features of the global M&A market), generalisation and systematisation (to identify the main indicators of the global M&A market), analysis of time series (to identify trends and patterns of development, features of transformation of the global M&A market in 2013-2022), graphical (for a visual representation of the peculiarities of the global M&A market development). Results. Based on the analysis of the data of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the author found that in 2013-2022 the global M&A market was characterised by dynamic development, in particular, an increase in the aggregate value and number of M&A transactions concluded globally; significant structural imbalances in development; significant variability and growth in the average value of M&A transactions observed in different groups of countries and different sectors of the economy. Thus, it is established that in 2013-2022 there was an increase in the total value of M&A transactions concluded in the world - the total value of M&A transactions concluded in the world increased by more than USD 444 billion and amounted to USD 706.6 billion as of 2022. Increase in the number of M&A transactions - the number of M&A transactions in the world increased by 2827 transactions to 7763 transactions as of 2022. The article establishes that the most dynamically growing structural element of the global M&A market is the relevant market of developed countries. Developed countries are significantly ahead of developing countries both in terms of value and quantity of M&A transactions. In macro-regional terms, the highest aggregate value and number of M&A transactions were characteristic of Europe (on average, 43.2% of the aggregate value of M&A transactions in the world, 50.1% of the total number of M&A transactions in the world), in particular the European Union (on average, 23.9% and 33.9%, respectively); Americas, in particular North America (on average 33.4% and 22.8%, respectively); Asia (on average 11.3% and 11.5%, respectively), in particular East and South-East Asia (on average 6.98% and 6.7%, respectively).In terms of countries, the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Sweden, France, Canada, Switzerland, Saudi Arabia, the Netherlands, China, Spain, Germany and Denmark accounted for the largest aggregate value and number of M&A deals. These countries accounted for more than 50% of the total value and number of M&A transactions. In terms of sector, the tertiary sector of the economy accounted for the largest total value and number of M&A transactions. On average, the tertiary sector accounted for 51.1% of the total value and 70.4% of the total number of M&A deals concluded globally. In terms of industry sectors, the largest aggregate value and number of M&A transactions were in the following industries: information and communications; mining; finance and insurance; transportation and storage; pharmaceuticals, electronics and electrical equipment; trade; professional services; food, beverages and tobacco; and real estate. On average, these industries accounted for more than 70% of the total value and number of M&A transactions. It was determined that the average value of M&A transactions in the world increased by an average of USD 37.8 million and amounted to USD 91 million in 2022. The average value of M&A deals in emerging markets was higher than the average value of the corresponding deals both globally and in developed countries. The average value of M&A transactions in the primary sector of the economy is significantly higher than the value of M&A transactions in other sectors of the economy.

Study of Biopharmaceutical Agricultural Development in Karanganyar Regency

Agriculture in Karanganyar Regency is not considered a primary sector in the Solo Raya area; however, it possesses untapped potential that needs to be developed. Medicinal plants, or bio-pharmaceutical commodities, are among the prominent potentials, with Karanganyar Regency ranking among the top 10 highest producers in Central Java Province and having seven sub-districts as centres for medicinal plant cultivation. Ginger, turmeric, and galangal are outstanding commodities in the Agricultural Region of Karanganyar, identified as potential and key commodities based on linkage system analysis, agropolitan subsystem analysis, spatial structure analysis, LQ and shiftshare analysis, policy analysis, and land carrying capacity analysis. The analysis reveals the presence of potential and challenges as driving and inhibiting factors. Nevertheless, the bio-pharmaceutical agriculture sector faces several issues, such as inadequate support in terms of facilities and infrastructure, as well as imbalances in inter-regional infrastructure conditions that impact marketing disparities. Additionally, monitoring and reporting of agricultural sector development programs are not yet optimal. Therefore, further analysis and studies are needed to develop the agricultural sector, particularly in the bio-pharmaceutical commodities domain.

Exploring primary mental healthcare nurses’ perceptions of the post-treatment needs of women admitted for psychiatric treatment

Primary mental healthcare nurses are an essential workforce that provide necessary inpatient psychiatric treatment. Continuity of care has become a significant aspect of the provision of mental health services. However, caring for South African healthcare users comes with challenges, including difficulties accompanying the provision of care for acutely ill patients with complex mental health problems. Therefore, this study explored the perceptions and experiences of primary mental healthcare nurses concerning the continuity of care required in post-inpatient psychiatric treatment for mental health users from low-income communities in the Western Cape. Through undertaking a study using a qualitative exploratory design and purposive sampling technique, and in which nine primary mental healthcare nurses from two psychiatric hospitals in the Western Cape were interviewed, the researchers were able to obtain a deeper understanding of the participants’ experiences. Four themes were identified during the reflexive thematic analysis namely: the roles and responsibilities of primary mental healthcare nurses, the lack of support within the current continuity-of-care system, barriers to continuity of care for women patients, and suggested improvements for quality of mental healthcare. It was evident that both women patients and primary mental healthcare nurses experienced various forms of marginalisation, discrimination, and gendered oppression. This intersectionality accentuates systemic issues within the current public healthcare system and highlights the stigmatisation of mental illness, especially among women. Overall, primary mental healthcare nurses have a plethora of roles and responsibilities within the primary healthcare sector, which hinder their ability to provide mental health services to women patients. Their reports highlight the needs of a specific patient population that first need to translate into changes that will assist in improving their roles as primary mental healthcare nurses. Their shared experiences of a lack of support from South Africa’s healthcare system were the focal points of this study.