Primary Roads Research Articles

Occurrence and ecological risk of PAHs in urban road runoff in Beijing.

The occurrence and ecological risks of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different types of urban road runoff in Beijing during two typical rainfall events were studied. The average concentration of PAHs in road runoff particulate was in the order of Guanyuanqiao Road (ring road, 15,175 ng/L) > Huayuanqiao Road (primary road, 4,792 ng/L) > Dongcheng Alley (alley, 4,774 ng/L) > Nansihuan Viaduct (viaduct, 770 ng/L), much higher than dissolved PAHs. The total concentration of ∑16PAHs decreased with runoff scouring. Rainfall conditions and the accumulation of PAHs in the early rainfall period show a significant impact on PAHs pollution. The event mean concentration range of PAHs is 674-21,596 ng/L, following in the order of ring road > primary road > alley > viaduct. The proportion of four-ring PAHs was the highest. The first flush effect of PAHs is found in both rainfall events, and the effect of different ring PAHs is relatively similar. The content of PAHs is positively correlated with the amount of total organic carbon and suspended substance in runoff (r2> 0.72). The ecological risk assessment indicated that PAHs in road runoff except viaduct road corresponded to high risk.

Driving Stress Partial Model Considering Time Domain Applying for Two Wheelers Drivers: A Case of Primary Arterial Roads

The physiological response of motorcyclists, which is substantially correlated with driving stress, can be utilised to assess traffic safety. Heart rate and respiratory rate can be used to measure driver tension using the heart rate variability method. This investigation was conducted in Aceh province along the urban arterial roads Jl. T. Nyak Arief and Jl. T. Muhammad Daud Bereueh. This study seeks to provide the anticipated empirical findings for determining the stress threshold of motorcyclists on Banda Aceh's primary arterial roads. The Polar Vantage V2 Smartwatch Multisport measures the pulse rate and respiratory rate of voluntarily participating motorcycle riders. This research was conducted using direct observation and direct observation related to volunteer travel activities as a sample, with volunteers selected at random and questioned about their willingness to participate. Direct interview surveys with volunteers were used to collect socioeconomic information about volunteers. The Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model empirically examined which road conditions and land use variables influence driving tension among motorists. The results revealed that the highest heart rate (HR) was recorded in the commercial land use area, at 94.029 beats per minute, while the highest HR was recorded at road bends, at 94.244 beats per minute. The time domain stress model is influenced by land use variables, with the most significant types of land use being offices and education, with the forming variables consisting of SDNN, RMSSD, and TINN.

Impact Mitigation of Tunnels Maintenance Works on Highway Performance

Major maintenance interventions on highways (e.g., for the safety improvement of tunnels and viaducts) involve the presence of work zones for extended periods of time and along wide sections of the infrastructure. These interventions lead to supply changes, especially a reduction in capacity, causing a decrease in the performance of the transportation system, which users experience with increased traffic congestion and economic losses in terms of productivity. This paper aims to demonstrate that proper traffic management and work zone planning allow for a significant reduction of such impacts. In relation to traffic management, possible solutions consist of diverting traffic flows onto alternative routes (if possible, using primary roads) or keeping them in the remaining lanes along the work zone. In terms of work zone planning, leverage can be applied, on the one hand, through the design of the work zone layout and maintenance scheme and, on the other, through the duration and scheduling of the interventions. The methodology proposed in this paper is based on traffic simulation models in order to assess different maintenance scenarios under varying demand levels (i.e., during the rush hour and off-peak hours, weekdays and weekends, summer and winter months) and vehicular compositions (i.e., percentage of heavy vehicles), with the goal of identifying the scenario that minimizes the impacts on users. Modelling evidence on a real case study of tunnel maintenance interventions on an Italian highway is reported, discussing the policy implications on the basis of quantitative indicators, such as level of service, duration of delays, length of queues, and economic impacts.

Road Surface Identification, Roads (Tanah Tinggi – Jati Perumnas) Ternate City Using The PCI Method

The section (Highway of Tanah Tinggi – Jati Perumnas) is a primary local road as a road that connects the sub-districts of Central Ternate city and South Ternate city. the Tanah Tinggi – Jati Perumnas highway is a road that has a high traffic density on weekdays and weekends. As a main road, it is important to know the surface condition of this road. To find out the condition of the road surface, identification was carried out using the Pavement Condition Index (PCI). The identification results show that the Jalan Raya Tanah Tinggi – Perumnas Jati section in segment 5 (sta 200 to sta 250) obtained a total score of 23 with a reduction correction value of 24 resulting in a PCI score of 76 (very good), where the damage that occurred was: Bleeding, Polished Aggregate, Patching & util Cut Patching, Block Cracking, Long & Trans Cracking.

Geographic areas with the highest concentration of traffic accidents in San Salvador, El Salvador: a spatial analysis of the 2014-2018 period.

This study aimed to identify the areas with the highest concentration of traffic accidents and injuries in the San Salvador Metropolitan Area (SSMA). Traffic accidents were analyzed spatially by point location and by the sum of events in areas of 200 m2. The point location was analyzed by "nearest neighbor analysis", while the areas with the sum of traffic accidents were analyzed by Getis-Ord Gi* to obtain the hot spots. The resulting hot spots with the highest concentration of traffic accidents in the SSMA were evaluated in the field using an observation form to collect data on infrastructure and road safety characteristics. Five areas with the highest number of traffic accidents and injuries, mainly containing primary roads, were identified by analyzing 8191 traffic accidents reported between 2014-2018. The sites with the highest concentration of traffic accidents and injuries were characterized by considerably damaged road infrastructure and the lack of safety systems for drivers and pedestrians. The spatial analysis of traffic accidents and injuries can contribute to improve surveillance and road safety in the SSMA.

Investigating the severity of single-vehicle truck crashes under different crash types using mixed logit models

Introduction: Almost 90% of fatal road crashes occur in developing countries. Among these countries, Iran has a noticeable fatal crash rate of 21.47 deaths per 100,000 persons. Improving the safety of trucks is of particular importance in Iran where road freight is used to transport almost 90% of the commodities. Researchers have suggested dichotomizing crashes into single- and multi-vehicle categories and found that when this is performed vast differences can be identified between the mechanisms behind these categories of crashes, particularly when investigating truck crashes. Method: This study investigated single-vehicle truck crashes in Khorasan Razavi province in Iran from 2013 to 2021. Likelihood ratio tests were employed to show that separate models are statistically valid for different crash types. Subsequently, three mixed logit crash-type models were developed to investigate 5,703 single-vehicle truck crashes. Results: Four significant variables were exclusive to collisions with an object (brake failure, ABS, primary roads, and rainy or snowy weather), five significant variables were associated with run-off-road crashes (driving a loaded truck, speed limit (>60 km/h), paved shoulders, driving uphill, and inability to control the truck), and three significant variables were associated with overturn crashes (overloaded truck, curved roads, and changing direction suddenly). In all crash types, both fastening the seatbelt and speeding were found to be significant factors. Conclusion: The research highlights the need to analyze single-vehicle truck crashes using distinct crash type models and highlights the unique contributing factors of three common single-vehicle crash types. Practical applications: The study presents recommendations for policy to address key crash risks for trucks in Iran, including education and training to improve driver experience, compliance with seat belt usage, enforcement of speeding, and vehicle technologies to monitor drivers.

Analisis Tingkat Pertumbuhan Perumahan (Studi Kasus : Kecamatan Natar dan Kecamatan Jati Agung)

Population growth and new activity center development give impact on enhancement of residential demand. That demand always improves without be accompanied land availability and that can impact urban sprawl. The research locations are Natar and Jati Agung Sub-district which are designated as urban housing area, located on the outskirts of Bandar Lampung City. Activities will encourage the growth of demand of the private residential property thus this also encourage the building of residential area. The purpose of the research is to identify residential growth rate in the research locations. The research is conducted by using deductive approach. Data is collected by observation, interview, and literature review. Data is analyzed by using spatial analysis methods, nearest neighbor analysis, qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis. The result of research explains that the highest residential growth rate in Natar Sub-district is 109.44% in 2017 and in Jati Agung Sub-district is 110.50% in 2019. Cluster residential pattern in Natar Sub-district with distribution index value (T) is 0.760346 tends to grow on the primary arterial road. While the same pattern shown in Jati Agung Sub-district with the distribution index value (T) is 0.817923 and tends to grow among new activities center in the South of Jati Agung Sub-district.

Analysis of Noise Level Due to Heavy Vehicle Traffics in the Area of Cement Plant

Industrial areas which is built in remote village attracts peoples to live nearby and spontaneously develop clusters of settlements. As now prior plan for the new settlements, houses are built on roadsides in close distance, ignoring possible dangers of not enough end new The Poros Tonasa 2 road section is one of the primary collector roads that connect the PT Semen Tonasa (PT-ST) -the main cement manufacturing plant in the Eastern Indonesia region - and the Maros-Makassar junction (the main national road in the province). The main noise problem in the environment is caused by heavy vehicles belongs to PT-ST, which occupies 715 hectares of land in Biringere village, Bungoro district, Pangkep regency, about 68 kilometers from province capital, Makassar City. This research should determine the noise level due to heavy vehicles on the Poros Tonasa 2 road of PT-ST area road to Biringkassi port. The method used in this study is by using a Sound Level Meter (SLM). From the research results, it was found that the noise level coming from the sound of heavy vehicles on the road of Poros Tonasa 2 was equal to 85.42 dB(A), the Bungoro Intersection is 81.10 dB(A) and Pahlawan Laut road to Biringkassi port is 82.4 dB(A). The noises in the PT-ST area exceeds the noise threshold stipulated in the Minister of Environment decree No: KEP-48/MENLH/11/1996. The highest noise level at 85.42 dB(A) exceeds the permissible standard of 70 dB(A), which is 18% higher than the standard. This noise level is categorized as high noise which may jeopardize human's health that live in the surrounding environment of the cement plant area.

Road Drains, An Efficient Tool for Groundwater Recharge – A Remote Sensing and GIS-Based Study on Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract Depletion of groundwater levels has become a significant concern worldwide, particularly during dry seasons. The study proposes an innovative and effective method to increase recharge by proposing road drains with the help of geospatial technologies. The study recommends pervious concrete, which allows water to pass through it and recharge the groundwater table. Experiments are carried out with pervious concrete on four different soil types, and the results were analysed using Geographical Information System (GIS) to provide an effective solution for managing water resources in Visakhapatnam. The derived results provide valuable insights into the sustainable management of water resources and improve the overall water utilization efficiency of urban areas. The outcomes of this study drive attention towards the necessity of road drains for groundwater recharge. GIS analysis of the results suggests that in Visakhapatnam alone, a total length of 1,559.94 km of road drains along residential, primary and highway roads can be planned to recharge and conserve a total volume of 3,79,08,762.3 m3/hrs. of groundwater by using the pervious concrete as road drains.

Rehabilitasi Pasca Tambang Andesit Di Kabupaten Mempawah

Peniraman Village, which is located in Sui Pinyuh District, Mempawah Regency, is a suitable area for andesite mining. The existence of PT. Sulenco Wibawa Perkasa, which is an andesite mining company that operates in Peniraman Village, allows for hazards and risks to the environment. This study aims to find out (1) What are the hazards and risks due to mining activities on environmental pollution, and (2) how efforts to control the hazards and risks from mining activities based on the SWOT analysis method. The method used in this study is quantitative-qualitative (Mix methods) which is presented with a descriptive method using the application of SWOT analysis. Data was collected from primary and secondary data, primary data was obtained from interviews, observation, and documentation while secondary data was obtained from supporting literature, government regulation No 22 of 2021, and UKL-UPL. The results of the analysis show that mining activities at PT. Sulenco Biwaba Perkasa still uses traditional tools. Impacts that have the potential to occur due to mining activities in the form of air pollution due to material mobilization, construction of supporting facilities and infrastructure, damage to primary road access due to transportation activities, and contamination of surface water due to land clearing and mining operations

Predicting population size at large scale: The case of two large felids

Approaches that allow capitalizing on local population estimates to derive global population estimates with associated uncertainty are urgently needed, especially for naturally rare species of conservation concern. Here we used published population density estimates to predict large-scale density patterns and derive global population estimates for two species of large felids, the leopard and the tiger. We modelled population density for the leopard (n = 392) and the tiger (n = 547) as a function of environmental and anthropogenic variables, while controlling for differences in sampling method and sampling area, time of data collection, spatial autocorrelation, subspecies and political protection. We used Bayesian inference to generate a distribution of plausible population sizes. Both species showed higher densities in high productivity areas, the leopard being more abundant in high precipitation, high level of terrain roughness and agricultural areas, and the tiger in areas with low croplands and low roughness. Primary roads density showed a negative effect on both species. Secondary roads density was associated to higher densities for the leopard but lower densities for the tiger. Livestock biomass showed a humped relationship with tigers’ densities. Temporal trends in average density were negative for the tiger, experiencing an average decline of 34% (IQR: 11% − 53%). In contrast, the trend for leopards showed a marginal, yet uncertain, increase in recent years 21% (IQR: −5% − 57%). We predicted a global population estimate of 261,636 (IQR = 146,768 − 461,512) and 5201 tigers (IQR = 2596 − 10,460). Large-scale models of population density that rely on unstructured data can contribute to our understanding of species ecology, produce robust population size estimates for conservation assessment and inform large-scale conservation planning. At the same time, the uncertainty around these estimates highlights the limited knowledge available for these species which should be accounted for in conservation assessments.

Improvement of soft soil for road construction on the north brebes tegal ring road project

The Brebes-Tegal North Ring Road is a primary arterial road located in the Central Java North Coast (Pantura) corridor that crosses Brebes Regency (12,385 km) and Tegal City (4,715 km), this road was built with the aim of breaking up the traffic congestion that occurred in the City Center of Brebes and Tegal City. In 2010, the construction of the Brebes-Tegal North Ring Road began. However, in 2013 development activities temporarily stopped due to a number of problems, one of which was the condition of the soil at some of the construction sites in the form of swamps and ponds resulting in low soil carrying capacity which affected the construction of roads on it. This condition starts from STA. 8+800 to STA. 17+377 from the direction of Brebes to Tegal. therefore, in December 2019 the project was resumed with a design change to improve the subgrade so that it could withstand the burden of road construction and passing traffic. Soil improvement is carried out using geotextiles, PVD and PHD in the selected soil embankment work process so as to increase the CBR value of the subgrade for the better (higher CBR). In addition, in bridge construction work it is necessary to use pile slabs to prevent high pile failures.

Analysis of the Effect of U-Turn Access Closure on the Performance of Gajah Mada Road, Batam Indonesia

Purpose: Gajah Mada Road, Batam Taman Kota area is a primary collector road 1 that has a U-Turn and dense current if passed by motorists on weekdays in the afternoon. This study aims to analyze road performance due to the closure and opening of U-Turn access.
 Design/methodology/approach: The research method used systematic observation is carried out on Mondays and Fridays (weekdays when the U-Turn is closed and opens) at 17.15 - 18.00 WIB in MKJI 1997.
 Findings: The volume of vehicles and the average speed of vehicles passing when the U-Turn is closed is higher compared to the U-Turn is opened. Meanwhile, the level of road service (LoS) is classified as good because of the stable current and normal volume even though the vehicle speed is limited and affected by traffic.
 Research limitations/implications: The U-Turn closure policy is believed to be a solution to reducing vehicle congestion.
 Practical implications: Vehicle buildup factors due to U-Turn access are the main factors hampering road performance.
 Originality/value: This paper is an original work.
 Paper type: Research papers.

Analysis of the impact of speed on traffic safety in the city of Banja Luka

Speed, as one of the basic parameters for the movement of an individual vehicle, is the main cause of traffic accidents. Inadequate speed often leads to traffic accidents with serious consequences, or often fatal accidents. By increasing the speed, visibility decreases, that is, it is more difficult to see other road users, which endangers their safety. By moving on the road, the vehicle achieves different speeds at different moments of time, that is, vehicles move at different speeds under the same road and ambient conditions. In this paper, an analysis of the impact of vehicle speed on traffic safety in the City of Banja Luka was performed, determining the state of the traffic infrastructure as well as its impact on the real speed of vehicle movement. The key results were obtained using the method of anonymous recording on three primary roads in the City of Banja Luka. The goal of the work is to determine, based on the actual situation on the ground, (the speeds measured at three locations in the city to), to what extent drivers respect the speed determined by adequate vertical signage.

Is the analysis of territorial compatibility in the vicinity of road hazmat transport routes a necessity for developing countries? A case study of Romania

The way dangerous goods are transported on roads within the European Union is regulated by international agreements that have been transposed into national legislation. Unlike European policies that focus on preventing major accidents involving dangerous substances in the industry, the component of territorial planning in areas exposed to technological hazards is not given similar attention when it comes to transport routes of dangerous goods. Since both the transport of hazardous materials and the activities of large industrial operators involve the handling of the same types of dangerous substances, they share similar associated hazards. Within this framework, a question arises as to whether decision-makers should accord greater consideration to the land use policies in the areas adjacent to transportation routes. In this study, the case of Romania was analyzed in detail, with the objective to firstly identify some particularities in how the primary road infrastructure is developed in relation to other European countries. Since the territorial compatibility near large industrial operators is established based on specific regulations at the national level, but there is no similar regulation for the transport of dangerous substances, another objective was to adapt and implement a methodology for the analysis of the territorial compatibility in the proximity of the national roads network. The proposed methodology utilizes open-source data and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for analysis. It also involves the extensive application of existing rules on territorial compatibility for technological risks, specifically in the context of hazmat transport. The results of this study indicate that the primary road transport network in Romania has different characteristics compared to that of other countries, which determines a higher level of exposure to the hazards specific to the road transport of hazardous materials. Additionally, from an analysis of gasoline and diesel transport on national roads and the implementation of a territorial compatibility matrix, we observed instances of territorial incompatibility in the current state, particularly in areas close to the road, especially for scenarios with a relatively high accident frequency. Thus, the way future large road infrastructure development projects address risks related to dangerous goods transportation and the implementation of environmentally conscious land management strategies can contribute to society's sustainable development.

Anthropogenic and environmental factors associated with koala deaths due to dog attacks and vehicle collisions in South-East Queensland, Australia, 2009–2013

Populations of the iconic Australian koala are under constant decline. Their deaths are associated with rapid and extensive urbanization and the fragmentation of habitat areas. Using citizen science data on reported koala mortalities, we quantified the association between anthropogenic and environmental factors and the two leading causes of koala deaths, dog attacks and vehicle collisions. We achieved this objective using a case–control study design to compare the odds of exposure to a given risk factor for cases (a given cause of death) with the odds of exposure to a given risk factor for controls (all other causes of death). Koala deaths due to dog attacks were positively associated with registered dog population density and negatively associated with lot density whereas koala deaths due to vehicle collisions were positively associated with road density (road length per square kilometer) and negatively associated with human population density and distance to primary and secondary roads. The results of this research can be used to develop strategies to mitigate the risk of deaths due to dog attacks, for example by conducting educational awareness programs, promoting registration of dogs and discouraging free roaming of dogs. In a similar manner, in high-risk areas for vehicle collisions, over- or underpasses can be built to facilitate safe movement of koalas for road crossings or speed limits could be introduced to reduce the likelihood of premature koala deaths due to vehicle collisions.

Estimating lentic recreational fisheries catch and effort across the United States

AbstractRecreational fisheries represent a socially, ecologically, and economically significant component of global fisheries. The U.S. Inland Creel and Angler Survey Catalog (CreelCat) database includes inland recreational fisheries survey data across the United States to facilitate large‐scale analyses. However, because survey methods differ, a statistical method capable of integrating these surveys is necessary to assess patterns and relationships across regions. Here, we developed a hierarchical generalized linear mixed modeling approach to estimate the relationship between daily recreational fisheries catch and effort based on waterbody, socio‐economic, and ecological covariates. We applied this approach to CreelCat data on lentic waterbodies and found that recreational fisheries catch and effort were non‐linearly related (i.e., catch per unit of effort declined as effort increased), where effort varied regionally and by waterbody area, median county age, and distance to nearest primary road. This modeling approach could be used to inform data‐poor regions or waterbodies, make comparisons across spatial scales, and, with the inclusion of socio‐economic and ecological factors, inform management techniques in an era of shifting demographics and landscapes.

A hybrid approach of random forest and random parameters logit model of injury severity modeling of vulnerable road users involved crashes

Vulnerable road users (VRUs) involved crashes are a major road safety concern due to the high likelihood of fatal and severe injury. The use of data-driven methods and heterogeneity models separately have limitations in crash data analysis. This study develops a hybrid approach of Random Forest based SHAP algorithm (RF-SHAP) and random parameters logit modeling framework to explore significant factors and identify the underlying interaction effects on injury severity of VRUs-involved crashes in Shenyang (China) from 2015 to 2017. The results show that the hybrid approach can uncover more underlying causality, which not only quantifies the impact of individual factors on injury severity, but also finds the interaction effects between the factors with random parameters and fixed parameters. Seven factors are found to have significant effect on crash injury severity. Two factors, including primary roads and rural areas produce random parameters. The interaction effects reveal interesting combination features. For example, even though rural areas and primary roads increase the likelihood of fatal crash occurrence individually, the interaction effect of the two factors decreases the likelihood of being fatal. The findings form the foundation for developing safety countermeasures targeted at specific crash groups for reducing fatalities in future crashes.

Multi-scenario dynamic prediction of ecological risk assessment in an arid area of northwest China

Ecological security is essential for the development of environmental health and human society. However, the driving mechanisms and spatial non-stationarity of ecological risks are still unknown, particularly in arid areas. Thus, this study constructed an ecological risk index (ERI) research framework in arid areas based on land use and socio-economic data from 1980 to 2020 to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution trend, driving mechanisms, and spatial non-stationarity of ecological risk and predict the ecological risk under business-as-usual, economic development, and ecological protection scenarios using a patch-generating land use simulation (PLUS) model. The results show that: (1) cropland and build-up land were expanding, whereas forestland and grassland water bodies were shrinking. Compared with the two development stages from 1980 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2020, cropland increased by 4.73% and 51.52%, respectively, whereas build-up land increased by 12.64% and 106.52%, respectively, indicating rapid development and drastic changes in the past 20 years. (2) With the change in landscape diversity, the regional ecological risks showed an increasing trend, whereas the future ecological risks showed an increasing trend because of the cumulative effect of landscape pattern changes caused by human activities. (3) Moreover, dramatic changes in ecological risk, particularly in areas of intense human activity in build-up land, agricultural land, artificial oases, and mountainous areas. Corresponding to the analysis of driving mechanisms, population, GDP, distance to government, water, and primary roads; have a significant effect on ecological risk, whereas DEM has direct and indirect effect paths. Ultimately, the proposed analysis framework can present the spatiotemporal changes of ecological risks and their influencing mechanisms, which can help develop sustainable development policies.

Synergy of Road Network Planning Indices on Central Retail District Pedestrian Evacuation Efficiency

Pedestrian evacuation is an important measure to ensure disaster safety in central retail districts, the efficiency of which is affected by the synergy of road network planning indices. This paper established the typical forms of central retail district (CRD) road networks in terms of block form, network structure and road grade, taking China as an example. The experiment was designed using the orthogonal design of experiment (ODOE) method and quantified the evacuation time under different road network planning indices levels through the Anylogic simulation platform. Using range and variance analysis methods, the synergy of network density, network connectivity, road type and road width on pedestrian evacuation efficiency were studied from the perspectives of significance, importance and optimal level. The results showed that the type of CRD will affect the importance of network planning indices, and that the network connectivity is insignificant (P 0.477/0.581) in synergy; networks with wide pedestrian primary roads (30.1~40.0 m), medium secondary roads (3.1~5.0 m/side) and high density (11.0~13.0 km/km2) have the highest evacuation efficiency. From the perspective of evacuees, this paper put forward urban design implications on CRD road networks to improve their capacity for disaster prevention and reduction.