Primary Research Articles Research Articles

Active learning in undergraduate classroom dental education- a scoping review.

Previous reviews on active learning in dental education have not comprehensibly summarized the research activity on this topic as they have largely focused on specific active learning strategies. This scoping review aimed to map the breadth and depth of the research activity on active learning strategies in undergraduate classroom dental education. The review was guided by Arksey & O'Malley's multi-step framework and followed the PRISMA Extension Scoping Reviews guidelines. MEDLINE, ERIC, EMBASE, and Scopus databases were searched from January 2005 to October 2022. Peer-reviewed, primary research articles published in English were selected. Reference lists of relevant studies were verified to improve the search. Two trained researchers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full-texts articles for eligibility and extracted the relevant data. In total, 93 studies were included in the review. All studies performed outcome evaluations, including reaction evaluation alone (n = 32; 34.4%), learning evaluation alone (n = 19; 20.4%), and reaction and learning evaluations combined (n = 42; 45.1%). Most studies used quantitative approaches (n = 85; 91.3%), performed post-intervention evaluations (n = 70; 75.3%), and measured student satisfaction (n = 73; 78.5%) and knowledge acquisition (n = 61; 65.6%) using direct and indirect (self-report) measures. Only 4 studies (4.3%) reported faculty data in addition to student data. Flipped learning, group discussion, problem-based learning, and team-based learning were the active learning strategies most frequently evaluated (≥6 studies). Overall, most studies found that active learning improved satisfaction and knowledge acquisition and was superior to traditional lectures based on direct and indirect outcome measures. Active learning has the potential to enhance student learning in undergraduate classroom dental education; however, robust process and outcome evaluation designs are needed to demonstrate its effectiveness in this educational context. Further research is warranted to evaluate the impact of active learning strategies on skill development and behavioral change in order to support the competency-based approach in dental education.

Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Reporting in Highly Cited Current Alcohol Research.

Purpose: This study aimed to measure the frequency of high-quality and transparent sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) data collection and reporting in highly cited current alcohol use research, using the extant literature to identify community-informed priorities for the measurement of these variables. Methods: A single search to identify alcohol use literature was conducted on PubMed with results restricted to primary research articles published between 2015 and 2022. The 200 most highly cited studies from each year were identified and their titles and abstracts reviewed against inclusion criteria after deduplication. After full-text review, study characteristics and data indicating quality of SOGI reporting were extracted. The fidelity of the results was verified with a random sample before analyses. Results: The final sample comprised 580 records. Few studies reported gender identity (n = 194; 33.4%) and, of these, 7.2% reported the associated gender identity measure. A two-stage approach to measure gender was adopted in 3 studies, one study used an open-ended question with a free-text response option, and 13 studies recorded nonbinary gender identities (reported by 0.9% of the whole sample). Nineteen (3.3%) studies reported sexual orientation and more than half of these provided the sexual orientation measure. Eight of the 20 studies that reported sexual orientation and/or gender identity measures were classified as sexual and gender minority specialist research. Conclusions: Culturally competent SOGI reporting is lacking in highly cited current alcohol research. SOGI measures should be disclosed in future research and should provide free-text response options.

Enablers and Barriers to Online Education in India: A Systematic Review

Background: COVID-19 has increased the need for online education. Despite this increase in demand, there are various shortcomings like firsthand experience of technology among students and transition in teaching among teachers. Objective: This systematic review aimed to identify and enlist the enablers and barriers to online education at the university level in India. Methodology: An extensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE. Five reviewers independently screened title abstracts and full texts. The review included primary research articles that were published between 1985 and 2023. Gray literature was not included in the study. Data was extracted and summarized in Microsoft Excel. Results: Thirty studies among 164 records discussed the enablers and barriers to online education among Indian university students. Twenty-two studies were quantitative in design. Twenty-six of them included students’ perspectives. Transition from traditional classrooms, internet inaccessibility, unavailability of gadgets, and lack of interaction were a few barriers to online education. Training to faculty and asynchronous teaching were considered as enablers of online education. Discussion: Internet connectivity which had been considered as an enabler before the pandemic has been considered as a barrier post-pandemic. Few perspectives of teachers contradict that of students. In-depth analysis of students and the teachers’ perspectives will help enhance the effectiveness of online education.

Vascular dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: Scoping review of current evidence for informing future research directions.

The research involving vascular comorbidity in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) could be advanced through investigations applying measurements of vascular function such as pulse wave velocity or flow mediated dilation as mechanistic endpoints in the study of physical comorbidity management in MS across the lifespan. We conducted a scoping review of research on vascular function parameters and outcomes in MS and developed a research agenda for future inquiry. We searched PubMed from inception through February 2023 for articles involving relevant central and peripheral vascular function data or correlates of vascular function (arterial stiffness, endothelial function, blood pressure parameters, etc.) in conjunction with relevant outcomes (walking function, cognition, etc.) in MS. Studies were limited to English-language and primary research articles. Our search and subsequent screening identified 10 relevant articles. Four papers focused on arterial stiffness and reported pulse wave velocity and arterial compliance in MS compared with controls. Two papers focused on endothelial function and reported flow-mediated dilation in MS compared with controls. There was evidence that arterial stiffness and endothelial function were associated with cognition and disease progression in MS, respectively. One paper reported that physical activity was associated with arterial stiffness in MS. There was one protocol paper examining the effect of a home-based exercise program on markers of subclinical atherosclerosis; however, the results are unpublished, and there was no literature beyond this surrounding the impact of lifestyle behavior (e.g., diet) or exercise interventions on vascular function. There is emerging evidence for vascular dysfunction in MS, and this is associated with cognition and disease progression; we know very little about approaches for managing vascular dysfunction in MS. To that end, we offer an agenda for research on measurements and outcomes of vascular function in relation to MS and disease attributes, along with proposed mechanisms and lifestyle changes that could aid in managing vascular dysfunction.

Long-Term Outcomes After Total Ankle Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review

Category: Ankle Arthritis; Ankle Introduction/Purpose: There is a paucity of aggregate literature reporting on long-term patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and implant failure after total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). The purpose of this study is to report an aggregate of literature on minimum 10-year patient-reported outcomes after total ankle arthroplasty. Methods: A systematic review on minimum 10-year PROs of TAA was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Pubmed, Scopus, and Cochrane Trials were queried on December 28th, 2022, with the following keywords: (ankle) AND (replacement or arthroplasty) AND (long-term or 10-year). Primary research articles were included if they reported minimum 10-year PROs for patients undergoing primary TAA and written in English. Forest plots with heterogeneity were created for PROs reported preoperatively and postoperatively in three or more studies. Long-term was defined as minimum 10-year follow-up. Survivorship was defined by implant failure which was determined uniquely by each study. Results: Six studies met the inclusion criteria with all 6 studies being level IV. A total of 277 ankles with average age range of 54-60.9 years were included in the study with follow up ranging from 10 to 24 years. The primary indication for total ankle replacement was osteoarthritis. Two of the six studies reported significant improvement in PROs following surgery. The remaining 4 studies also demonstrated improvement in PRO however no p values were reported. A forest plot was generated for the AOFAS score and I2 of 67% was calculated. Survivorship at a minimum of 10 year follow up ranged from 66-94.4%. Average time to implant failure ranged from 54.7-166 months. Conclusion: Patients undergoing primary TAA demonstrated improved outcomes at minimum 10-year follow-up. However, they demonstrated variable rates of survivorship ranging from 66-94.4% with average time to implant failure ranging from 54.7 – 166 months.

Gestational diabetes mellitus, follow-up of future maternal risk of cardiovascular disease and the use of eHealth technologies—a scoping review

BackgroundGlobally, gestational diabetes mellitus complicates 1 in 6 pregnancies and increases future risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the affected women. There is a lack of consensus on the optimal follow-up of these women. eHealth is emerging as a health care tool, but its practical utility and advantages over standard care in the follow-up after pregnancy complications remains to be determined. Our aim was to systematically review the existing literature on cardiovascular follow-up after gestational diabetes, the utility of eHealth technology for this purpose, and to identify research gaps.MethodsWe performed a systematic scoping review following a published protocol and the Joanna Briggs methodology for studies up until May 2022. Four databases were searched: Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Maternity and Infant Care, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Primary research articles and systematic reviews were included in the final analyses. Two reviewers independently screened abstracts and performed full text assessment. Data was extracted using a data charting form. In all stages of the process, if consensus was not reached, a third reviewer was consulted. The findings from the data charting process provided the basis for summarizing the findings from the included studies.ResultsThe search of the databases generated 2772 hits. After removing duplicates and manually adding a total of 19 studies, reviews, and guidelines, a total of 2769 titles and abstracts were screened, and 97 papers underwent full-text review. In the final analyses, 15 articles and 12 systematic reviews were included, whereas guidelines are presented as supplementary material.No studies were identified that examined follow-up regarding long-term overall cardiovascular risk after gestational diabetes. Various lifestyle interventions were tested for individual cardiovascular risk factors, with diverging effects. eHealth technologies were found acceptable by participants but had no consistent, statistically significant effect on relevant health outcomes.ConclusionsThis scoping review of the existing literature revealed neither an established systematic cardiovascular follow-up strategy for women after gestational diabetes nor evidence that eHealth technologies are superior to conventional follow-up. Further research into the utility of eHealth in cardiovascular follow-up after complicated pregnancies should include longer-term follow-up and core cardiovascular outcomes.Systematic review registrationThe protocol for this scoping review was published at Open Science Framework (osf.io/p5hw6)

Investigating how the GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) framework is used in Clinical Guidelines: a scoping review protocol.

Introduction: The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) evidence to decision (EtD) framework provides a structured and transparent approach for clinical guideline developers to use when formulating recommendations. Understanding how stakeholders use the EtD framework will inform how best to provide future training and support. This scoping review objective is to identify the key characteristics of how the GRADE EtD framework is used and identify studies on perception of use by those involved in developing clinical guidelines. Methods: JBI methodology for scoping reviews will be followed. This scoping review will consider both peer review published literature and grey literature. This will include empirical studies on the use of EtDs (including both quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods primary research articles) and discussion papers/ commentaries on the experience of using the EtD. It will also include a random sample of publicly available populated EtDs identified from databases and repositories of GRADE guidelines. The search strategy will aim to locate both published and unpublished documents. First, we will conduct an exploratory search of MEDLINE and Embase (Elsevier), supplemented with citation analysis of included articles. Populated EtDs will be identified through searches of databases and repositories of GRADE guidelines. Two researchers will independently screen, select, and extract identified documents. Data will be presented in tables and summarized descriptively. Conclusion: This scoping review will identify the key characteristics of how the GRADE EtD framework is currently being used in clinical guidelines. Review findings can be used to inform future guidance and requirements for using GRADE EtD, as well as training on how to consider the criteria in developing recommendations. Results will be disseminated through publications in peer - reviewed journals and conference presentations. We will present our findings to relevant stakeholders via the networks of the co-author team at a one-day workshop.

Innovations in assessment in health professions education during the COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review.

After an initial period of uncertainty during the COVID-19 pandemic, medical universities responded to the pandemic by innovating their methods of teaching-learning and assessment. This scoping review aimed to identify innovations in assessment in medical, dental and nursing education at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels during the pandemic. This review was conducted utilising Arksey and O'Malley's framework where three electronic databases-PubMed, Embase and Web of Science-were systematically searched in February 2022 for articles in English describing innovations in assessments published in or after January 2020. A total of 70 articles were included in the review. Among the primary research articles, 82.1% reported online assessment, 76.1% were related to medical speciality, 74.6% described assessment at the undergraduate level, 68.7% described summative assessment and 58.2% reported assessment of practical skills. All assessments of theoretical knowledge were done virtually with MCQ being the most used assessment tool and virtual OSCE being the most popular assessment tool to assess practical skills; however, it was acknowledged that the assessment of procedural skills was its limitation. Although the studies described the newer forms of assessments as feasible and acceptable, few studies reported the reliability and validity of the assessments. This scoping review identified several innovations in assessment during the COVID-19 pandemic with an overall shift towards virtual or hybrid forms of assessment. However, there was a dearth of evidence regarding the effectiveness of these assessment tools suggesting a need for more research before the tools can be implemented post-pandemic.

College instructors’ experiences with undergraduate students who have mental health symptoms: systematic review

Objective: to synthesize peer-reviewed research exploring postsecondary instructors’ experiences with undergraduate students with mental health (MH) symptoms. Methods: English-language, peer-reviewed primary research articles published between 2010 and 2021 were included. Themes and subthemes were analyzed. Results: Ten articles met criteria. Three themes emerged: Instructor Actions in the Moment, with subthemes Talking with Students, Making Referrals, and Doing Nothing; Processing the Complex Emotional Impact, with subthemes Caring and Confidence, Powerlessness and Apprehension, Struggle with Boundaries, and Worry about Safety; and Needs Unmet by the Institution, with subthemes Wanted Disclosure, Wanted MH Training, Wanted Clear Policies, Wanted Institutional Support, and Wanted Robust Campus Counseling Services. Lack of resources was the major reported impediment. Conclusions: Several implications for institutions emerge. MH education should be provided for instructors. Institutions should ensure MH policies are clear and easily accessible. Institutions should acknowledge instructors’ efforts with students. Finally, training on applicable laws surrounding student MH should be available.

Characterizing how One Health is defined and used within primary research: A scoping review

Background and Aim: One Health (OH) approach can be used in multiple ways to tackle a wide range of complex problems, making OH research applications and definitions difficult to summarize. To improve our ability to describe OH research applications, we aimed to characterize (1) the terms used in OH definitions within primary research articles reporting the use of the OH approach, and (2) the who, what, where, when, why, and how (5Ws and H) of the OH primary research articles. Materials and Methods: A scoping review was conducted using nine databases and the search term “One Health” in June 2021. Articles were screened by two reviewers using pre-specified eligibility criteria. The search yielded 11,441 results and screening identified 252 eligible primary research articles. One Health definitions and 5Ws and H data were extracted from these studies. Results: Definitions: One Health was labeled as an “approach” (n = 79) or “concept” (n = 30) that is “multi/cross/inter/trans-disciplinary” (n = 77), “collaborative” (n = 54), “interconnected” (n = 35), applied “locally/regionally/nationally/globally” (n = 84), and includes health pillars (“human” = 124, “animal” = 122, “environmental/ecosystem” = 118). WHEN: Article publication dates began in 2010 and approximately half were published since 2020 (130/252). WHERE: First authors most often had European (n = 101) and North American (n = 70) affiliations, but data collection location was more evenly distributed around the world. WHO: The most common disciplines represented in affiliations were human health/biology (n = 198), animal health/biology (n = 157), food/agriculture (n = 81), and environment/geography (n = 80). WHAT: Infectious disease was the only research topic addressed until 2014 and continued to be the most published overall (n = 171). Antimicrobial resistance was the second most researched area (n = 47) and the diversity of topics increased over time. HOW: Both quantitative and qualitative study designs were reported, with quantitative observational designs being the most common (n = 174). WHY: Objectives indicated that studies were conducted for the benefit of humans (n = 187), animals (n = 130), physical environment (n = 55), social environments (n = 33), and plants (n = 4). Conclusion: This scoping review of primary OH research shows a diverse body of work, with human health being considered most frequently. We encourage continued knowledge synthesis work to monitor these patterns as global issues and the application of OH approaches evolve. Keywords: global One Health research, knowledge synthesis, one health applications, one health definitions.

Modified Rice Bran Arabinoxylan by Lentinus edodes Mycelial Enzyme as an Immunoceutical for Health and Aging-A Comprehensive Literature Review.

Rice bran arabinoxylan compound (RBAC) is derived from defatted rice bran enzymatically treated with Lentinus edodes mycelium. This review explores biologically active compounds and mechanisms of action that support RBAC as an immunomodulating nutraceutical in generally healthy and/or aging individuals. Thirty-seven (n = 37) primary research articles fulfilled the selection criteria for review. Most research is based on Biobran MGN-3, which consists of complex heteropolysaccharides with arabinoxylan as its primary structure while also containing galactan and glucan. RBAC was found to invoke immunological activities through direct absorption via the digestive tract and interaction with immune cells at the Peyer's patches. RBAC was shown to promote innate defence by upregulating macrophage phagocytosis and enhancing natural killer cell activity while lowering oxidative stress. Through induction of dendritic cell maturation, RBAC also augments adaptive immunity by promoting T and B lymphocyte proliferation. RBAC acts as an immunomodulator by inhibiting mast cell degranulation during allergic reactions, attenuating inflammation, and downregulating angiogenesis by modulating cytokines and growth factors. RBAC has been shown to be a safe and effective nutraceutical for improving immune health, notably in aging individuals with reduced immune function. Human clinical trials with geriatric participants have demonstrated RBAC to have prophylactic benefits against viral infection and may improve their quality of life. Further research should explore RBAC's bioavailability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of the complex heteropolysaccharides within. Translational research to assess RBAC as a nutraceutical for the aging population is still required, particularly in human studies with larger sample sizes and cohort studies with long follow-up periods.

Artificial intelligence in detecting dentomaxillofacial fractures in diagnostic imaging: a scoping review protocol

IntroductionThe dentomaxillofacial (DMF) area, which includes the teeth, maxilla, mandible, zygomaticum, orbits and midface, plays a crucial role in the maintenance of the physiological functions despite its susceptibility to fractures,...

Urolithin A as a Potential Agent for Prevention of Age-Related Disease: A Scoping Review.

The aging of an organism is hallmarked by systemic loss of functional tissue, resulting in increased fragility and eventual development of age-related neurodegenerative, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and neoplastic diseases. Growing scientific evidence points to mitochondrial dysfunction as a key contributor in the aging process and subsequent development of age-related pathologies. Under normal physiologic conditions, the body removes dysfunctional mitochondria via an autophagic process known as mitophagy. Urolithin A (UA), a metabolite produced when gut microflora digests the polyphenol compounds ellagitannin and ellagic acid, is a known inducer of mitophagy via several identified mechanisms of action. The primary objective of this scoping review is to identify and summarize the clinical relevance of UA supplementation in the prevention of age-related pathology and diseases. A computer-assisted literature review was performed using PubMed and EMBASE for primary source research articles examining UA supplementation and aging-related pathologies. A total of 293 articles were initially identified from a database search, and 15 articles remained for inclusion in this review, based on predetermined criteria. Analysis of the 15 identified publications demonstrated that UA holds potential as a dietary intervention for slowing the progression of aging and preventing the development of age-related disease. This review also illustrates the potential role that mitochondrial health and inflammation play in the progression of age-related pathology. Identifying the clinical relevance of UA supplementation in the prevention of age-related pathology and diseases will help further the focus of research on treatments that may improve the longevity and quality of life in patientsat risk for these comorbidities.

Integrating Atmospheric Science Research in Chemical Education: Utility of Primary Research Articles in Fostering Student Interest in Meteorology

Atmospheric science research has seen significant advances in facilitating the generation of knowledge and promoting a scientific understanding of global meteorological issues and concerns with the advent of technological progress across many disciplines, including the physical and biological sciences and the breakthroughs in computational and modeling methodologies. This has resulted in a rich library of scientific literature showcasing knowledge creation and a deeper understanding of natural phenomena and their linkages to the sustenance of life embodied by the extensive systems of the hydrosphere, biosphere, and even the frontiers of outer space. This article outlines how primary research in atmospheric science can be integrated into chemical education by furnishing connections and synchronicity with chemistry, bridging the concepts, discoveries, innovations, and their immediate importance to science and society. A general overview is given on how topics or themes in general chemistry courses can utilize the power of scientific research articles on atmospheric science, fostering students' interest in meteorological concepts and related fields. A non-exhaustive list of primary research literature highlighting breakthroughs related to a specific chemistry theme serving as templates for chemical educators is provided to enable the students to see real-world applications. Integrating research into science education is an effective strategy to promote scientific thinking and literacy and should be a catalyst for the global drive for sustainability.

Consistency of inconsistency in long-COVID-19 pain symptoms persistency: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Individuals recovering from acute COVID-19 episodes may continue to suffer from various ongoing symptoms, collectively referred to as Long-COVID. Long-term pain symptoms are amongst the most common and clinically significant symptoms to be reported for this post-COVID-19 syndrome. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the proportions of persisting pain symptoms experienced by individuals past the acute phase of COVID-19 and to identify their associated functional consequences and inflammatory correlates. Two online databases were systematically searched from their inception until 31 March 2022. We searched primary research articles in English, which evaluated individuals after laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 acute phase resolution and specifically reported on pain symptoms and their inflammatory and/or functional outcomes. Of the 611 identified articles, 26 were included, used for data extraction, and assessed for their methodological quality and risk of bias by two independent reviewers. Pain symptoms were grouped under one of six major pain domains, serving as our primary co-outcomes. Proportional meta-analyses of pooled logit-transformed values of single proportions were performed using the random-effects-restricted maximum-likelihood model. An estimated 8%, 6%, 18%, 18%, 17%, and 12% of individuals continued to report the persistence of chest, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal joint, musculoskeletal muscle, general body, and nervous system-related pain symptoms, respectively, for up to one year after acute phase resolution of COVID-19. Considerable levels of heterogeneity were demonstrated across all results. Functional and quality-of-life impairments and some inflammatory biomarker elevations were associated with the persistence of long-COVID pain symptoms. This study's findings suggest that although not well characterized, long-COVID pain symptoms are being experienced by non-negligible proportions of those recovering from acute COVID-19 episodes, thus highlighting the importance of future research efforts to focus on this aspect.

Social Media Interventions for Nutrition Education Among Adolescents: Scoping Review.

Adolescence is a critical period for reinforcing healthy dietary behaviors and supporting the development of cooking skills. Social media may be an avenue for supporting these behaviors, as it is popular among adolescents and can improve access to nutrition education interventions. This study sought to understand the optimal implementation of effective social media-based nutrition education interventions to inform the implementation of future social media-based nutrition education interventions. A scoping review of the characteristics, feasibility, effectiveness, and factors influencing social media-based nutrition education interventions for adolescents was conducted. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and PsycINFO databases using a predefined search strategy. Primary research articles were independently screened and included if they involved adolescent populations (10-18 years old) and delivered nutrition education through social media. The information on intervention characteristics, feasibility, effectiveness, and factors influencing social media-based nutrition education interventions was extracted. A total of 28 publications out of 20,557 met the eligibility criteria. Twenty-five nutrition interventions were examined by 28 studies. Fourteen interventions used homegrown social media platforms, 8 used Facebook, and 2 used Instagram. Feasibility outcomes were infrequently reported, and the cost of intervention delivery was not reported. Engagement with interventions was variable; high engagement was not required to elicit significant improvements in dietary behaviors. Tailoring interventions, offering practical content, meaningful peer support, and involving families and communities facilitated successful interventions. Strategies to address engagement and technical issues were varied. Emerging evidence demonstrates that social media interventions for adolescent nutrition are acceptable and improve nutrition outcomes. Future interventions should strengthen peer support components and tailor delivery to specific populations. Further research should examine engagement, adherence, and the impact of interventions on behavioral and physical outcomes. This review is the first to examine the use of social media as the primary medium for nutrition education for adolescent populations. The analysis used in this review argues the importance of peer support in social media-based nutrition interventions and the need for user-centered design of the interventions.

Students Need More than Content Knowledge To Counter Vaccine Hesitancy.

To better prepare undergraduate students as informed citizens, they need skills to evaluate and interpret scientific data that are relevant to real world scenarios. Socioscientific issues are typically complicated or debatable issues that require individuals to evaluate their background knowledge and make decisions with respect to social and cultural contexts. Incorporation of socioscientific issues into a course allows students opportunities to demonstrate their argumentation skills. In this study, we investigated the relationship between students' biological content knowledge and their argumentation skills. We evaluated students' content knowledge of primary research articles on mRNA vaccine development and clinical trials. There was no correlation of content knowledge and students' argumentation skills to counter vaccine hesitancy. While most students demonstrated understanding of the primary research articles, almost half the students did not include specific biological knowledge in their arguments, indicating they had difficulty in applying their knowledge to the real world. These results suggest there is a need to provide students with additional opportunities to practice and develop their argumentation skills with respect to socioscientific issues.

Factors that Influence Women's Decision on the Mode of Birth After a Previous Caesarean Section: A Meta-ethnography.

Caesarean section (CS) rates are continuing to rise worldwide. Elective repeat CS (ERCS) greatly contribute to the rising rate which increases unnecessary risks of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC) is a safe mode of birth for most women; however, uptake remains low. Our objective is to find the factors that influence women's decision-making to support informed choices for the mode of next birth after caesarean section (NBAC). A literature search was conducted in CINAHL, Maternity and Infant Care, Embase, EmCare, Cochrane Library and Medline databases. Primary, qualitative, peer reviewed, English language research articles were assessed according to inclusion/exclusion criteria. Articles were systematically assessed for inclusion or exclusion. Included studies were assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme qualitative studies checklist, Noblit and Hare's seven-step meta-ethnography approach synthesised themes. Fourteen primary research articles were included. Six studies on 287 women focused on VBAC, and eight studies examined both VBAC and ERCS with 1861 women and 311 blogs. Thematic analysis yielded four primary themes: Influence of health professionals, impact of previous birth experience, optimal experience, and being in control. This meta-ethnography highlights health professionals' influence on women's decision making. To assist in decision-making, women need supportive health professionals who provide the current evidence-informed information about risks and benefits of each mode of birth. Health professionals need skills to provide supportive shared decision-making, debrief women regarding indications for their primary caesarean, and address issues of safety, fear, and expectations of childbirth.

Potential of Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) as Alternative Treatment of Alzheimer: A Sytematic Scoping Review

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a global problem that is expected to increase along with the increasing rate of population aging. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are considered capable of overcoming the accumulation of amyloid-β plaques; pathological signs of AD. This study aims to explore the potential of mAbs as alternative pharmacological therapies for the elderly with AD. This study uses a scoping review design based on the PAGER framework. The results of the study were identified based on the PRISMA-ScR protocol and criticized using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist. Article searches were conducted through 3 databases including EBSCO-Host Academic Science Complete, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, and 3 online resources including Sage Journals, Taylor Francis, and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria were full English text, primary research articles, and published between 2018-2022.A total of 8 articles were included in the review. Most of the evidence shows 6 mAbs have potential to reduce amyloid-β accumulation in AD patients. Alternative therapy with monoclonal antibodies has side effects that represent a major problem in the high incidence of vasogenic cerebral edema and micro cerebral hemorrhage or Amyloid Related Imaging Abnormalities (ARIA). Plasma tau has the potential to strengthen the clinical diagnosis of AD. The use of mAbs as AD immunotherapy can reduce amyloid-β with side effects that are monitored continuously. Differences in mAb examination results can be influenced by less accurate clinical diagnostic accuracy.

CancerHERVdb: Human Endogenous Retrovirus (HERV) Expression Database for Human Cancer Accelerates Studies of the Retrovirome and Predictions for HERV-Based Therapies.

In this study, we sought to create a database summarizing the expression of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) in various human cancers. HERVs are suitable therapeutic targets due to their abundance in the human genome, overexpression in various malignancies, and involvement in various cancer pathways. We identified articles on HERVs from PubMed and then prescreened and automatically categorized them using the portable document format (PDF) data extractor (PDE) R package. We discovered 196 primary research articles with HERV expression data from cancer tissues or cancer cell lines. HERV RNA and protein expression was reported in brain, breast, cervical, colorectal, endocrine, gastrointestinal, kidney/renal/pelvis, liver, lung, genital, oral cavity, pharynx, ovary, pancreas, prostate, skin, testicular, urinary/bladder, and uterus cancers, leukemias, lymphomas, and myelomas. Additionally, we discovered reports of HERV RNA-only overexpression in soft tissue cancers including heart, thyroid, bone, and joint cancers. The CancerHERVdb database is hosted in the form of interactive visualizations of the expression data and a summary data table at https://erikstricker.shinyapps.io/cancerHERVdb/. The user can filter the findings according to cancer type, HERV family, HERV gene, or a combination thereof and easily export the results with the corresponding reference list. In our report, we provide examples of potential uses of the CancerHERVdb, such as identification of cancers suitable for off-target treatment with the multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (MSRV)-Env-targeting antibody GNbAC1 (now named temelimab) currently in phase 2b clinical trials for multiple sclerosis or the discovery of cancers overexpressing HERV-H long terminal repeat-associating 2 (HHLA2), a newly emerging immune checkpoint. In summary, the CancerHERVdb allows cross-study comparisons, encourages data exploration, and informs about potential off-target effects of HERV-targeting treatments. IMPORTANCE Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), which in the past have inserted themselves in various regions of the human genome, are to various degrees activated in virtually every cancer type. While a centralized naming system and resources summarizing HERV levels in cancers are lacking, the CancerHERVdb database provides a consolidated resource for cross-study comparisons, data exploration, and targeted searches of HERV activation. The user can access data extracted from hundreds of articles spanning 25 human cancer categories. Therefore, the CancerHERVdb database can aid in the identification of prognostic and risk markers, drivers of cancer, tumor-specific targets, multicancer spanning signals, and targets for immune therapies. Consequently, the CancerHERVdb database is of direct relevance for clinical as well as basic research.