Primary Molars Research Articles

Esthetic Reconstruction of Primary Molars with Direct Composite Crown: One-Year Report of Five Cases

Esthetic Reconstruction of Primary Molars with Direct Composite Crown: One-Year Report of Five Cases

Effect of Diode Laser Versus Chlorhexidine on Bacterial Reduction in Pulpectomy of Primary Molars: An In-vitro-Study

Effect of Diode Laser Versus Chlorhexidine on Bacterial Reduction in Pulpectomy of Primary Molars: An In-vitro-Study

Color Stability and Surface Roughness of Single-Shade Composite Resin after Finishing and Polishing

This study aims to evaluate the color stability and surface roughness of the single-shade composite resin after finishing and polishing for primary molars. A single-shade composite resin (OM, OMNICHROMA) and two multi-shade composite resins (FT, Filtek<sup>TM</sup> Z350XT; ES, ESTELITE® SIGMA QUICK) were included. The specimens were divided into three subgroups using different polishing methods: control, Sof-Lex XT, and Sof-Lex Diamond. For color stability tests, cavities were prepared on extracted primary second molars and restored with experimental composite resins. Each specimen was immersed in the coffee solution for 48 hours. The color difference of each specimen was calculated. For surface roughness tests, cylindrical specimens were crafted with experimental composite resins. Surface roughness was analyzed using an atomic force microscope and a scanning electron microscope. In the color stability tests, FT demonstrated a significantly lower ΔE<sub>ab</sub> than ES among the control groups, but no significant differences were observed between the ΔE<sub>ab</sub> values of OM and FT or OM and ES. Additionally, no significant differences were found between the Sof-Lex XT and Sof-Lex Diamond subgroups in the three composite groups. Moreover, no significant differences in the surface roughness were found between the three composite groups, regardless of the polishing methods. The single-shade composite resin demonstrated comparable color stability and surface roughness to that of the multi-shade composite resins regardless of the polishing methods used in restoring primary molars. The single-shade composite resin is expected to be applicable in clinical pediatric dentistry reducing chair time due to the easy shade matching procedures.

Clinical Features of Molar Root-Incisor Malformation: A Retrospective Study

This study aimed to identify the clinical characteristics of molar root-incisor malformation (MRIM) and provide clinical considerations for treatments. Panoramic radiographs and electronic medical records of 64 patients with MRIM were retrospectively reviewed. Age, gender, follow-up period, medical history, complications, distribution of MRIM teeth, treatment, and prognosis were analyzed. Females were affected 1.56 times more than males, and the average age was 8.2 years. Dental complications, including periapical lesions, abscesses, and alveolar bone loss, were observed in 71.9%, and eruption disturbance of adjacent teeth was noticed in 37.5%. Most patients had medical histories in the first year of life. The most prevalent history was prematurity or low birthweight, followed by neurological conditions, surgeries, medications, and infections. All patients had MRIM on permanent first molars. The primary second molars were the second most frequently involved, followed by maxillary permanent central incisors and primary first molars. The prevalence was low on permanent lateral incisors and canines. Extraction was the most prevalent treatment done on MRIM-affected teeth, and most extraction sockets were managed by the eruption of permanent second molars. Few cases received endodontic treatment but with low success rates. Early detection of MRIM and prompt, appropriate treatment are important to avoid unnecessary discomfort from complications.

Enamel caries lesions, with and without initial cavitation, in relation to anatomical areas of the proximal surface in deciduous molars

Objectiveproximal enamel caries lesions (PEC) are believed to initiate and progress to cavitation below the proximal contact area (PCA), but no evidence exists on the location of initial carious cavitation on the proximal surface with functional PCA. This study aimed to test the association of anatomical areas of the proximal surface with the severity of PEC and the frequency of cavitation in PEC in primary molars Designlaboratory, observational, transversal study. Exfoliated primary molars (n = 33) with functional PCA (biofilm-free PCA surrounded by biofilm) had their proximal surfaces (one/tooth) divided anatomically into up to nine areas: 3 areas based on the occlusal/cervical PCA boundaries (areas I, II, and III; occluso-cervically) and 3 areas based on the bucco/lingual PCA boundaries (A, B, and C), with area IIB representing the PCA and area IIIB as the sub-PCA (below the PCA). PEC (ICDAS scores 1 and 2–3) and cavitation in PEC were quantified in all areas using stereomicroscopy and microCT. PEC volume was quantified in areas IIB and IIIB under microCT ResultsPEC severity increased occluso-cervically. PCA and sub-PCA presented different PEC severities (higher in sub-PCA) and similar PCE volumes, but the odds of carious cavitation were much higher (Odds ratio = 197.4; 95 % CI: 8.7/4480.7) in the PCA than in the sub-PCA (no cavitation). ConclusionPCA presented lower PEC severity and similar PEC volume compared to sub-PCA, but PCA concentrated all cavitations in PEC, supporting a new model for the pathogenesis of PEC.

Assessment of MMP levels in reversible and irreversible pulpitis and a randomized controlled trial comparing clinical success of two different calcium-silicate cements in pulpotomy treatment of primary molars with an 18-month follow-up

BackgroundMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are critical enzymes involved in the remodeling and defense mechanisms of dental pulp tissue. While their role in permanent teeth has been extensively studied, research focusing on MMPs in primary teeth remains limited. This gap highlights the need for further investigations to understand the specific contributions of MMPs to pulpal defense in primary teeth. Moreover, the clinical efficacy of Biodentine as a pulpotomy material in primary teeth warrants further exploration through well-designed studies to establish its success and long-term outcomes in pediatric dentistry.AimThis study aims to compare the expression levels of MMP-2, MMP-8, and MMP-9 in cases of reversible and irreversible pulpitis. Additionally, it seeks to evaluate the clinical success of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine when used as pulpotomy agents in primary molars. By analyzing the differential expression of these MMPs, the study will contribute to a better understanding of their role in pulpal inflammation and the potential therapeutic outcomes of MTA and Biodentine in primary molars.DesignIn this parallel randomized controlled trial, 63 mandibular primary second molars were assigned to two main groups: Group 1, consisting of 42 teeth diagnosed with reversible pulpitis, and Group 2, consisting of 21 teeth diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis. Group 1 was further divided into two randomized subgroups, each containing 21 teeth. The expression levels of MMP-2, MMP-8, and MMP-9 were evaluated in all samples. Pulpotomy treatments were performed using MTA and Biodentine in Group 1. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were conducted over an 18-month follow-up period. Statistical analyses were carried out using The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, t-test and Fisher’s exact test (p < 0.05).ResultsThe study revealed that MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression levels were significantly elevated in specimens with irreversible pulpitis (p = 0.01), indicating a potential correlation between these matrix metalloproteinases and the severity of pulpal inflammation. However, no significant difference was observed in the clinical success rates of pulpotomies performed with MTA and Biodentine, suggesting that both materials are equally effective in the treatment of primary molars with reversible pulpitis.ConclusionsThe expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in pulpal blood presents a promising biomarker for assessing the degree of pulpal inflammation in primary teeth, offering a potentially valuable diagnostic tool. Additionally, the clinical success of Biodentine in pulpotomy procedures supports its viability as an effective alternative to MTA, providing a reliable option.Clinical Trial Registration IDThe study protocol has been registered with an ID: NCT05145686. Registration Date: 9th November 2021.

Prevalence of hypomineralized second primary molars and association with socioeconomic characteristics and dental caries in a Brazilian population of preschoolers: a cross-sectional study.

To analyze the prevalence of hypomineralized second primary molar (HSPM) and its association with socioeconomic characteristics and dental caries in a Brazilian population of preschoolers. 603 preschoolers, enrolled in public preschools in Itajaí (state of Santa Catarina, Brazil), took part in the study. To assess the participants' socio-economic characteristics, an original questionnaire was formulated and sent to the children's parents. The clinical evaluation was carried out by a calibrated examiner using the deft/DMFT index for dental caries and Ghanim et al. (Ghanim et al., Eur Arch Paediatr Dent, 2015) criteria for HSPM. The data were analyzed through Poisson regression, using STATA statistical software, and the association analyses were presented by prevalence ratios (PR). The prevalence of at least one HSPM-affected second molar was 24.5%. The prevalence of HSPM was associated to the city's geographical regions of the Educational hubs (p < 0.001). A significant association was found between dental caries and HSPM (p = 0.003; PR: 1.31; 95% CI 1.09-1.56). Children with HSPM were 31% more likely to experience dental caries than children without HSPM. Geographical regions of educational hubs were also significantly associated with HSPM (p < 0.001). None of the socioeconomic characteristics was associated with HSPM (p > 0.05). HSPM is a common developmental defect of enamel in children in our study. The HSPM distribution was associated with the city's geographic regions. Children with HSPM are more likely to experience dental caries. Socioeconomic characteristics were not associated with HSPM.

Primary tooth wear in children from different social environments.

Bilingual schools have more hours and high levels of academic demands. Aims: To compare the degree of dental wear and frequency of severe wear facets between children from public rural schools (RG) and children from private bilingual schools in Buenos Aires City (PG). To compare the presence of facets to parents' reports on bruxism and their opinion on the importance to health of bruxism and snoring. Materials and Method: The sample (n=90) consisted of 5- and 10-year-old children. Their parents/guardians were asked to complete a structured questionnaire on bruxism and snoring. Children's degrees of dental wear on primary incisors, canines and molars were identified and recorded. The data were analyzed statistically. Results: The relative risk of wear between PG and RG was 1.82. Bruxism and snoring were reported by 22.9% of the parents/guardians of 5-year-olds and 8.8% of the parents/guardians of 10-year-olds. In 10-year-olds, significant differences were found between RG and PG for canine wear degree 3 (p=0.01). Conclusions: Children from highly demanding schools presented more dental wear. Higher frequency of severe dental wear was observed in primary canines and molars late in the tooth replacement period regardless of whether sleep bruxism was reported. Parents/guardians from different social conditions considered that bruxism and snoring are important to health to similar degrees.

Management and Outcomes of Severe Submergence in Second Premolar

General Background: The early loss of primary molars is a prevalent dental issue that can lead to significant occlusal disturbances, including space reduction and misalignment of permanent teeth. Specific Background: Submergence of the second permanent molar following premature exfoliation of primary molars exacerbates these issues, complicating the eruption pattern and dental arch integrity. Knowledge Gap: Despite existing treatment modalities, there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of specific appliances in managing severe submergence cases in pediatric patients. Aims: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the Gerber Space Regainer in restoring lost space and correcting the alignment of submerged second premolars in a pediatric patient. Results: A 10-year-old patient experiencing significant space loss due to premature exfoliation of tooth 85 was treated with a Gerber Space Regainer. Over a 7-week period, the appliance successfully regained 8 mm of space, with notable uprighting of the affected premolar, achieving complete recovery of the dental arch. Novelty: This case report highlights the practical application and success of the Gerber Space Regainer, emphasizing its efficiency in a short time frame, which has not been extensively documented in similar clinical scenarios. Implications: The findings suggest that the Gerber Space Regainer is an effective and reliable option for managing complex orthodontic cases involving submergence and space loss, contributing to the enhancement of treatment protocols in pediatric dentistry. Highlights: Effective space recovery: The Gerber Space Regainer successfully restored 8 mm of lost dental arch space in 7 weeks. Improved alignment: The treatment led to the uprighting of the submerged second premolar, ensuring proper occlusion. Pediatric applicability: The appliance demonstrated high efficiency and compliance in a young patient, showcasing its potential in pediatric cases. Keywords: Premature Loss, Space Regainer, Submergence, Second Premolar, Eruption Disturbance

Evaluation of Bioceramic putty as a direct pulp capping material in primary molars

Evaluation of Bioceramic putty as a direct pulp capping material in primary molars

Interfacial assessment of cention forte vs. equia forte and two forms of calcium silicate cements at two time intervals

AimAssessment of interfacial gaps and mechanical impact of the materials layering between Cention Forte and Equia Forte restorations with two forms of Calcium Silicate Cements (CSCs) at the interfacial surface at two-time intervals.MethodologySix groups of 72 primary molars were categorized by restorative material type and CSCs: Cention Forte(C), Cention Forte without primer (Cx), and Equia Forte (EQ). All were applied over MTA Angelus powder (M) or Bio-C Repair putty (P). Restorative materials were applied immediately (subgroup A) or delayed (Subgroup B). SEM was used to detect interface gaps. EDX measured element migration from the interface at specific distances. Vickers Microhardness Tester assessed microhardness.ResultsRegarding SEM, there were no gaps between CSCs interfaces of both types (Powder and Putty) with all restorations at two-time intervals. Microhardness, there was a statistically nonsignificant difference between subgroups A & B in all groups except at 200 µm in the Cention groups (subgroup A) was significantly lower than (subgroup B) (P = 0.002, 0.03) respectively. At 400 µm in the MTA Angelus powder Group Cx, subgroup A was significantly higher than subgroup B (P = 0.003*). While Bio-C Repair putty in Group EQ (subgroup A) was significantly higher than (Subgroup B) (P < 0.0001*).ConclusionsThe delayed application of Cention Forte over two types of CSCs is useful in getting the maximum HV and, in turn, the long survival rate of the filling. Immediate application of Cention Forte without primer is better over both types of CSCs. The delayed application of Equia Forte over MTA angelus powder is more considerable.

Awareness of Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) and Hypomineralised Second Primary Molars (HSPMs) among Northern Italian Dentists: A Questionnaire Survey.

The purpose of this study was to assess the awareness of molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) and hypomineralised second primary molars (HSPMs) among dental practitioners in Northern Italy, and to gather data on the occurrence of these conditions in their paediatric patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured online questionnaire administered through Google Forms. The survey comprised 10 single-choice questions addressing the occurrence of MIH and HSPM in caries-free patients aged 6-9 years. A total of 315 dentists participated in the survey, yielding a response rate of 31.5%. The majority of respondents reported that 1-25% of their paediatric patients exhibited HSPMs. Among this group, 43.62% of respondents observed MIH in 1-25% of cases. The findings from this survey suggest a consistent perception of MIH and HSPMs among dental practitioners, aligning with known prevalence data and indicating recognition of these conditions within the dental community in Northern Italy.

Effectiveness of a dental simulation game on reducing pain and anxiety during primary molars pulpotomy compared with tell-show-do technique in pediatric patients: a randomized clinical trial

BackgroundDental simulation games are virtual educational games that help children get familiar with different dental procedures. This study aimed to evaluate the pretreatment exposure to the “Baby Panda Dental Care” game in reducing pain and anxiety in comparison with the tell-show-do (TSD) technique during primary molars pulpotomy for patients aged 6–10 years.Materials and methodsIt was a triple-blinded, two-arm, parallel-group, randomized, active-controlled trial. It was done on 60 patients, who were randomly divided into two groups: the control group, TSD technique (n = 30), and the experimental group, “Baby Panda Dental” Care (n = 30). For the TSD technique, children were provided with a verbal explanation followed by a demonstration of the dental treatment in a non-threatening way. The “do” phase is then initiated during performing treatment. For the “Baby Panda dental care” game, children were asked to play for 5 min before treatment, selecting root canal therapy procedures. Pulse rate and RMS pictorial scale were recorded at four time points: (1) at the baseline (t0). (2) After conditioning the child (t1). (3) During treatment (t2). (4) After finishing the treatment (t3). Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) behavioral pain scale was recorded during treatment (t2).ResultsThe pulse rate is higher in the control group at t1 (p = 0.012) and t2 (p = 0.015). There was a statistically significant difference in the mean RMS pictorial scale score at t1 (p < 0.001), t2 (p = 0.006), and t3 (p < 0.001), a statistically significant difference was noticed in FLACC behavioral pain assessment between the two groups (p = 0.033).ConclusionsThe mobile dental game showed better results than the TSD technique, but neither technique did not reduce anxiety and pain effectively during dental treatment.Trial registrationThe trial was registered at the ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN30470866) on 19/04/2024.

Prevalence of different types of interproximal contacts in the permanent dentition – a study cast evaluation

Background A new classification called OXIS was proposed for categorizing the interproximal contacts of primary molars, modified for the primary canines and its prevalence was established. No such information is available for the permanent dentition. Hence, the aim was to establish the variations in interproximal contacts of the permanent dentition and thereby modify the OXIS classification of primary molars and primary canines to the permanent dentition. Methods We propose a study-cast-based classification of interproximal contacts of the permanent dentition. Three hundred and forty-three pretreatment casts of patients based on an inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. Contacts of posterior teeth were classified based on OXIS classification of interproximal contacts, and its modification was used for anterior teeth. Results Among the posterior contacts, the ‘O’ type of contact was least prevalent, while most prevalent was the ‘S’ type for second molar-first molar contact, ‘I’ type for the first molar-second premolar contact, and ‘X’ type for the second premolar-first premolar contact. Among the anterior contacts, least prevalent was ‘S1’ type for the first premolar-canine contact, and I type for the canine-lateral incisor and the lateral incisor-central incisor contacts. There was no statistical significance between right- and left-side contacts (P &gt; 0.05) while significance was seen between maxillary and mandibular contacts (P &lt; 0.05). Similarity of contacts ranged from 5.17% to 10.05%. Conclusion The OXIS classification is applicable to posterior permanent teeth, and its modification is representative of anterior permanent teeth.

Success rate of Hall Technique for restoring carious primary molars - systematic review and meta-analysis.

The overall pooled success rate of the Hall Technique (HT) in various types of studies has not been investigated. The present study aims to evaluate the success rate of HT to restore carious primary molars. A systematic search was carried out in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Scopus, Web of Science, and LIVIVO electronic databases, as well as the ProQuest database for grey literature review. A search was carried out up to September 2023 for studies meeting the eligibility criteria: Randomised Clinical Trials (RCTs) and Non-Randomised Studies of Interventions (NRSIs); children with primary molars treated using HT; and reporting success for at least 1-month post-treatment. Single-arm meta-analysis assessed the pooled proportion (95% CI) of HT success rates. Risk of bias and certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach were assessed. Searching identified 665 studies, with 25 (15 RCTs and 10 NRSIs) meeting the eligibility criteria. In meta-analyses of RCTs, the pooled proportion success rate was 98% (95% CI: 97-99%) at 12-month follow-up. For NRSIs, the pooled proportion success rate was 95% (95% CI: 91-100%) up to 89 months. HT presents a high success rate, even though the primary studies had "low" to "high" risk of bias and demonstrated "moderate" to "low" certainty of evidence. One of the main reasons for downgrading was related to blinding, which was generally unfeasible due to visibly different restorative materials. The systematic review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021204415).

Qualitative surface roughness of lithium disilicate endo-crown for pulpotomized primary molars

Rehabilitation of pulpotomized primary molars with an appropriate restoration is essential for recovering function and safeguarding the durability of the treatment. This study aimed to assess and compare the surface roughness of stainless steel (ST) crowns, zirconia (ZR) crowns, fiberglass (FG) crowns, and lithium disilicate (LD) endo-crowns as a restoration for pulpotomized primary molars also, evaluating the surface roughness of their antagonists. Sixty pulpotomized primary mandibular first molars were used for qualitative surface roughness evaluation and divided into four groups (n = 15/group) according to the crown type (group-ST, group-ZR, group-FG, group-LD). While the other sixty sound, unprepared primary maxillary first molars were used for evaluation of their surface roughness against the tested crowns. Specimens’ preparation and cementation were carried out according to each crown type and manufacturer’s instructions. The surface roughness was done using a two-body wear test. The data were statistically analyzed. All tested crowns showed an increased change in surface roughness, except group-ZR, which had the least change in surface roughness after mechanical wear with no statistically significant difference(P = 0.681). All crown types significantly increased the surface roughness of their antagonists after mechanical wear, except group-ST which showed insignificant affection (p ≥ 0.05). Zirconia crowns and lithium disilicate endo-crowns had the least change in surface roughness compared to other groups while SSCs showed the least tooth loss in the antagonist enamel.

A Comparative Assessment of Outcomes Following Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis and Tongue-Lip Adhesion in Pierre Robin Sequence.

The purpose of this study was to assess long-term outcomes of tongue-lip adhesion (TLA) and mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) to resolve upper airway obstruction in patients with Robin sequence (RS). A retrospective cohort study was performed of subjects presenting to a tertiary care pediatric center who underwent either primary MDO or TLA for the treatment of RS between 2004 and 2020. N=59 subjects met inclusion criteria (n=34 MDO, n=25 TLA), and there were no significant differences in preoperative patient characteristics other than age at surgery (MDO 31d vs. TLA 17d, P=0.049). Preoperative apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was similar between cohorts (33.9 and 46.7, P=0.38). Subjects who underwent MDO demonstrated improved AHI on initial postoperative polysomnogram performed at 2 weeks (3.4 vs. 11.6, P=0.014), however AHI at the second postoperative timepoint (270 vs. 142d, P=0.007) was no different between cohorts (2.8 vs. 2.6, P=0.89). No subject in either group required enteral nutrition or supplemental oxygen at last follow-up. In subjects undergoing MDO, 14.7% demonstrated temporary asymmetric marginal mandibular nerve dysfunction. Forty-seven percent of MDO patients had injury to first primary molars. MDO and TLA both ultimately achieved similar long-term resolution of upper airway obstruction and associated feeding difficulties in patients with Robin sequence. MDO offered a more immediate airway improvement, but the procedure carried a potential risk of neurosensory and dental injury when compared with TLA.

Influence of Different Application Modes of a Universal Adhesive System on the Bond Strength of Bulk-Fill Composite Resin to Enamel and Dentin in Primary Teeth.

The objective of this study was to assess how the application mode of a universal adhesive system affects the microshear bond strength (μSBS) of bulk-fill and conventional composite resins to enamel and dentin in primary teeth. A total of 80 caries-free primary second molars were randomly assigned to eight experimental groups (n = 10) based on the bonding substrate (enamel or dentin), the application mode of the universal adhesive system (etch and rinse [E&R], or self-etch [SE]), and the type of composite resin used (bulk-fill or conventional). After bonding the composite resin to enamel or dentin, the μSBS of the bonded composite resins was measured. The mean μSBS value of bulk-fill composite resin was significantly higher than that of conventional composite resin for both enamel and dentin substrates, regardless of the application mode (p < 0.001). An interaction effect between the bonding substrate and the application mode of the adhesive system was observed, indicating a significant relationship (p < 0.001). The highest μSBS values for primary teeth enamel were achieved using the E&R mode with bulk-fill composite resin, while for dentin specimens, the SE mode with bulk-fill composite resin yielded the highest μSBS values. The μSBS of the E&R group was significantly higher than that of the SE group for enamel specimens (p < 0.001), whereas the μSBS of the SE group was significantly higher than that of the E&R group for dentin specimens (p < 0.001). Bulk-fill composite resin demonstrated higher μSBS in comparison to conventional composite resin. The universal adhesive system exhibited superior performance in the SE mode compared to the E&R mode on primary dentin. Pre-etching the enamel before the application of the universal adhesive enhanced the μSBS to primary teeth enamel, highlighting the importance of selectively acid etching the enamel of primary teeth.

Comparative Evaluation of the Survival Rates of Atraumatic Restorative Treatment Restorations Using Bilayer Technique along with Nanofilled Coating in Primary Molars: A Clinical Study.

To enhance the survival rate of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) restorations using (class I and class II) bilayer technique of placing glass ionomer cement (GIC) along with nanofilled coating (NC) over the restorations, thereby improving longevity. A total of 178 primary molars in 67 children were selected and randomly divided into four groups. Group IA was treated with a single layer of GIC, followed by a protective layer of petroleum jelly in class I restoration. Group IB was treated with a single layer of GIC, followed by a protective layer of petroleum jelly in class II restoration. Group IIA was treated with bilayer GIC restoration followed by NC of GC-Coat Plus in class I, whereas group IIB was treated with bilayer GIC restoration followed by GC-Coat Plus in class II. Clinical analysis of all three groups was performed at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months to evaluate the success of treatment procedures using predetermined criteria. Pearson's Chi-square and Kaplan-Meier estimates were utilized to evaluate the success of all four treatment procedures (p < 0.05). Out of 178 teeth, 33 teeth were in group IA, 36 teeth were in group IB, 43 teeth were in group IIA, and 40 teeth were available for evaluation at the end of the 12-month follow-up period. The overall success was determined to be 81% for group IA, 79.2% for group IB, 79.5% for group IIA, and 88.6% for IIB. At 6th-month follow-up, one clinical failure was observed in groups IA and IB. At 9 months follow-up, two clinical failures were observed in both group IA and group IB and three failures were observed in group IIB. At 12 months follow-up, four clinical failures were observed in group IA, three in group IB and one clinical failure was observed in group IIB. There was no statistically significant difference observed between the success of the four groups, suggesting that either of the techniques can be utilized for ART. No statistically significant difference was observed between the survival of class I and class II restorations of both the groups, indicating that either single-layer or bilayer technique along with NC can be adopted for the management of dental caries in primary molars using the ART approach. Khan N, Garg N, Garg N, et al. Comparative Evaluation of the Survival Rates of Atraumatic Restorative Treatment Restorations Using Bilayer Technique along with Nanofilled Coating in Primary Molars: A Clinical Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(S-1):S55-S60.

To Evaluate and Compare Platelet-rich Fibrin and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate as Direct Pulp Capping Agents in Primary Molars: A Randomized Prospective Clinical Study.

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the clinical and radiographic success of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as direct pulp capping (DPC) agents in primary molars. In this study, 50 primary first and second molars from healthy children aged 5-9 years requiring pulp therapy were randomly allocated into two groups. In the PRF group, after coronal pulp removal and hemostasis, the remaining pulp tissue was covered with PRF preparation. In the MTA group, after coronal pulp removal and hemostasis, MTA was placed, followed by a zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) base and glass ionomer cement (GIC) in both groups. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were undertaken at 1-, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month intervals. By the end of the 12th month, the overall success rate was 82.6% in the PRF group, whereas it was 61.9% in the MTA group. Platelet-rich fibrin can be used successfully as an appropriate alternative material in DPC of primary teeth when compared with MTA. Tiwari T, Tyagi P, Tiwari S, et al. To Evaluate and Compare Platelet-rich Fibrin and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate as Direct Pulp Capping Agents in Primary Molars: A Randomized Prospective Clinical Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(S-1):S25-S29.