Primary Link Research Articles

Research on the uncertainty problem of SDG fault diagnosis based on information flow

Accurate and complete diagnosis of nuclear accidents is the primary link to nuclear emergencies. The signed directed graph (SDG), as a common method of fault diagnosis, has good completeness. However, if there are feedforward and negative feedback control loops, compensation response and reverse response will be generated in the process of fault occurrence and propagation, which makes the state of the compensation variable and reverse variable uncertain, thus destroying the compatibility of the fault propagation path, leading to incomplete SDG reverse reasoning. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a SDG fault diagnosis method based on information flow. This method first finds out all the directed edges with the compensation variable or inverse variable node as the endpoint. By comparing the goodness of fit between the information flow on these directed edges and their total information flow curves, the path that contained the directed edge represented by sub-information flow with the highest R2 is obtained, and it is used as the fault propagation path with the maximum probability to determine the state of the compensation variable or inverse variable and fault location. At the same time, this paper extends the SDG model from the structure to build an FR-SDG model that can intuitively describe the node steady-state information under the final response and the fault propagation path with the maximum probability, which improves the diagnosis resolution. Finally, this paper carried out the relevant experiments in the subsystem of the nuclear reactor primary loop by using the simulation system PCTran AP1000, which verified the feasibility of this method.

Research on Communication Technology of OPGW Line in Distribution Network under Interference Environment

In optical fiber composite overhead ground wire (OPGW) networks, the current monitoring is mainly through installing electronic sensors on the cable and manually monitoring the video on the cable, where the interference plays an important role in the communication and monitoring based systems. In essence, the interference arises from aggressive frequency reuse, especially in the frequency-limited Internet of Things (IoT) networks. The existence of interference causes a negative effect on the system performance of communication systems and IoT networks including the OPGW networks. Hence, this article investigates the communication technology of OPGW line in distribution network under interference environment, where there is one primary link, one secondary link, and one legitimate monitor listening to the secondary link. The secondary user needs to transmit its message to the secondary receiver under the interference power constrained by the primary node. We firstly define the outage probability of legitimate monitoring based on the data rate, and then analyze the system performance by theoretically deriving a closed-form expression of the outage probability for the OPGW communication under interference environment. Simulation results are finally demonstrated to verify the correctness of the closed-form expression for the OPGW communication under interference environment, and show that the interference has a negative impact on the OPGW communication performance.

САМОВРЯДНА СКЛАДОВА ПУБЛІЧНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ ІНКЛЮЗИВНИМ РОЗВИТКОМ ОБ’ЄДНАНИХ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД ТА РАЙОНІВ УКРАЇНИ

The formation of the UTC and of new districts led to significant changes not only in the administrative-territorial system, but also in the territorial organization of society, the key feature of which is manifested in the growing role in social processes of the self-governing as component of public administration in the conditions of the formation of "mixed" in terms of population composition, complex according to their functions, sectoral and socio-spatial direction of development of continuous-convergent formations of the agglomeration type with signs of inclusiveness. From this follows the scientific and practical relevance of the problem related to determining the role of the self-governing component of public management of inclusive development of UTC and regions of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the social purpose of the self-governing component of public management as a motivator and agent of inclusiveness formation within the spatial boundaries of the UTC and regions of Ukraine. For her implementation, the task of revealing the role of local identity in this process as the basis of an appropriate inclusive environment was formulated; of systemic characteristics of inclusive self-government; determining the place of the self-governing component in the system of public administration of inclusive development of UTC and districts. It is proven that the reform of decentralization of power and management created opportunities for the democratization of the system of public management of inclusive development through the direct implementation of self-governing principles at the level of local government and self-governing and representative interests of communities at the level of districts. However, such potential opportunities in the form of a self-governing component of public management of the inclusive development of these socio-spatial entities can turn into reality, first of all, under the condition of recognizing the individual as the primary self-governing link. This is precisely the scientific novelty of the research. It is noted that the basis of inclusive self-governance of UTC and districts is the organization of local communities' life activities through the formation of local identity, the self-determination of each person as an agent of inclusive development, followed by their involvement to cohesion and of integration around the solution of common social problems. Social inclusion of the residents of the UTC in the local space of the districts is possible under the condition of combining self-governing and management functions based on commonality and representation of the interests of each individual person, community and district local community as a whole. The formation of an inclusive local environment presupposes the presence of financial and economic, inclusive, self-governing and public-management capacity of UTC and districts. Attention is focused on the expediency of focusing further attention of scientists on the substantiation of the integral index of inclusiveness of these socio-spatial formations, as well as the deepening of scientific ideas about the essence of inclusive governance.

Оцінка стану репродуктивного здоров'я жіночого населення Закарпатської області в сучасних умовах

Introduction. The demographic crisis in Ukraine is a socio-medical problem caused by: socio-economic factors; the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, which continues in conditions of war; a decrease in the total fertility rate against the background of somatic and gynecological pathology; the increase in the specific weight of reproductive losses; high level of maternal and infant mortality. Goal. To analyze the dynamics of reproductive health indicators of the female population of the Transcarpathian region for 5 years. Determine the priority directions for improving the situation in the region. Materials and methods. Analysis and statistical processing of data by region for 2018-2022. Conclusions of the commission of the health care department on the analysis of cases of maternal and perinatal mortality. The results of a sample survey of the female population. Research results and their discussion. The reasons for the deterioration of reproductive health and the structure of morbidity among women of reproductive age and adolescent girls are determined. The most urgent problems are the increase in miscarriages, high rates of oncogynecological morbidity, the increase in the level of maternal mortality against the background of the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, chronic extragenital pathology. When analyzing cases of maternal and perinatal losses, deficiencies in the provision of assistance were revealed. The results of the survey indicate a low level of sanitary education. Two international projects aimed at improving the quality of medical services and perinatal care were launched in the region. Conclusions. Analysis of reproductive health indicators of the female population shows negative trends and requires further development and implementation of effective measures to improve the situation. The implemented medical reform is imperfect in terms of: monitoring; coordinated work of the primary and secondary links of assistance; quality of training of specialists and improvement of their qualifications.

Напрями ефективізації публічної політики підвищення якості медичного обслуговування населення в Україні

The article emphasizes the urgency of forming and implementing a public policy of improving the quality of providing medical services to the population. The purpose of the study is the scientific substantiation of the methodological and applied principles of the streamlining of the public policy of improving the quality of medical care of the population in Ukraine. It is shown that carrying out the medical reform in Ukraine actualizes the problem of improving the quality of medical care for the population, especially at the local level; for territorial communities, this means, first of all, the formation of an integral system of medical care, which will cover its primary and secondary links and will allow to simplify the access of residents of the territory of the community to quality medicine. The development strategies of the regions of the Ukrainian Carpathians were analyzed, and on this basis it was proved that in Ukraine, at the regional and local levels, quite significant attention within the framework of public policy is paid to medicine in general and, in particular, to the improvement of the quality of medical care of the local population. The modern processes of transformation of the domestic system of providing medical services to the population are characterized, namely trends that reflect the fact that the health care system began to noticeably lose its stability during the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, and with the unfolding of the full-scale Russian war on Ukraine, it experienced colossal shocks due to the transfer of part of medical workers to serve the needs of the army, migratory losses of personnel, increased burden on the industry due to a large number of injured civilians and military personnel, as well as a new wave of forced migrants. The directions of the public policy of improving the quality of medical care for the population in Ukraine were defined and substantiated, namely, the initialization of the infrastructural part of the health care reform; creation of a single coordination center based on the center of emergency medical care and disaster medicine; development of regulations regarding vulnerable population groups, including IDPs, in the context of obtaining the necessary medical and rehabilitation assistance; activation of work with international funds; ensuring rotation of medical and social workers at meeting points for IDPs.

МЕТОДИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОЦІНКИ РІВНЯ ЦИРКУЛЯРНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

It is substantiated that an important role in the process of the country’s transition to a circular model of economy is played by the primary links of the economic system – enterprises. Implementation of the circular economy principles can transform various aspects of businesses, including the organisation of business processes, interaction with suppliers, selection of raw materials, transport and distribution networks, customer relations and the end of the product life cycle. It is established that the lack of reliable data of the circular economy principles at the micro level leads to managerial problems, which impedes the formation of an effective strategy for sustainable enterprise development. It is noted that indicators of the closed-loop economy are necessary to monitor the progress in order to generate managerial influences to activate the cumulative effects of the circular economy model. It is envisaged that circular economy indicators can be used as key performance indicators for benchmarking enterprises by various stakeholders (partners, investors, government agencies), for informing consumers, and as a basis for regulatory changes, etc. The article substantiates the theoretical aspects of the circular economy at the current stage and outlines the predicted effects of its implementation at the micro level. The results of the analytical review and comparison of the most common in scientific research methodological approaches to the evaluation of the closed-loop economy at the local level are analyzed. It is determined that the formation of a relevant system of indicators of enterprise circularity requires complex changes in the traditional social, economic and environmental mechanisms of functioning. It is established that the indicators of the circular economy at the micro level usually cover the 3R imperatives. At the same time, they do not reflect the multi-vector nature of the closed cycle, and insufficiently analyse the environmental friendliness and zero-waste nature of production and consumption. A comprehensive methodological tool for assessing the circular development of an enterprise is developed. It will enable to ensure economic, environmental and social balance on the basis of circularity.

Development of Departmental Statistical Accounting of the Federal Penitentiary Service in the Conditions of Digital Transformation

The purpose of the study is to analyze the existing departmental statistical accounting of the Federal Penitentiary Service and to form approaches to its development in the context of modern transformations associated with the use of digital technologies. Materials and methods: the peculiarities of the organization of the information resource and departmental statistical accounting of the Federal Penitentiary Service are analyzed, their shortcomings that prevent the integration of departmental statistics with other information resources of the department are identified, the main directions of digital transformation of departmental statistical accounting are highlighted, technological solutions for the implementation of the main processes are proposed, guidelines for the digital transformation of departmental statistics are formulated. In this paper, the author applied methods of theoretical study of control systems in the form of analysis and synthesis, modeling, empirical research - in the form of comparison and observation. Results. The transition of state bodies to the digital environment should include not only the automation of processes, but also the introduction of a process approach to management. End-to-end automation of work processes in the Federal Penitentiary Service is ensured by the introduction of a unified information system. The core task of the integration of information resources belongs to statistics, a data mart that is a supplier of open ordered data in the department and for interdepartmental exchange, will be formed on its basis. A necessary direction for the development of the established practice of collecting, processing and analyzing information is the use of its various sources for statistical purposes on the principles of their methodological and technological compatibility. The demand for statistical information will be the basis for the production of statistical products. Conclusion. The material outlines the contours of a modern model of departmental statistical accounting, capable of adapting to the requirements of consumers. Accounting is based on the primary missing link, which creates the prerequisites for reliable statistics. This type of accounting is designed for solving management problems, creation of favorable conditions for all interested users to navigate in the digital space, to understand the logic of working with data and to use them in their daily practical activities.

STUDY OF THE ANTIHYPOXIC EFFICIENCY OF SUCCINATE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF METHEMOGLOBINEMIA

Modeling of methemoglobinemia (MetHb) led to a violation of antioxidant protection, which was manifested by a decrease in the activity of enzymes of the primary link of the antioxidant system – superoxide dismutase and catalase in blood plasma and brain homogenates of experimental animals. The state of MetHb also led to an increase in the concentration of malondialdehyde, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, as well as an indicator of oxidative modification of proteins. It has been established that the antihypoxic activity in the application of succinic acid significantly suppresses the biochemical changes caused by the hypoxic state.

Discrete Bat Optimizer for Disassembly Line Balancing Problem

The recycling of end-of-life (EOL) products is the primary link in the remanufacturing process. EOL products rely on disassembly lines to retain valuable parts for remanufacturing. In this work, a disassembly line balancing model is established based on an AND/OR graph. It takes precedence relation, cycle time restriction, failure risk, and time uncertainty into consideration and aims to maximize the dismantling profit and minimize the energy consumption. Then, a multi-objective discrete bat optimizer based on Pareto rules is designed according to the problem model, and a precedence preserving crossover operator, a single point mutation operator and a 2-optimization operator are used to simulate the flight strategy of bats to satisfy the search of feasible solutions. To speed up the convergence, we propose an elite strategy to maintain the non-dominate solutions in the external files. By decomposing products of different sizes and analyzing the experimental results, the proposed algorithm is evaluated with the existing multi-objective discrete gray wolf optimizer, artificial bee colony optimizer, non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II, and multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in solving this problem is verified.

Discrete Bat Optimizer for Disassembly Line Balancing Problem

The recycling of end-of-life (EOL) products is the primary link in the remanufacturing process. EOL products rely on disassembly lines to retain valuable parts for remanufacturing. In this work, a disassembly line balancing model is established based on an AND/OR graph. It takes precedence relation, cycle time restriction, failure risk, and time uncertainty into consideration and aims to maximize the dismantling profit and minimize the energy consumption. Then, a multi-objective discrete bat optimizer based on Pareto rules is designed according to the problem model, and a precedence preserving crossover operator, a single point mutation operator and a 2-optimization operator are used to simulate the flight strategy of bats to satisfy the search of feasible solutions. To speed up the convergence, we propose an elite strategy to maintain the non-dominate solutions in the external files. By decomposing products of different sizes and analyzing the experimental results, the proposed algorithm is evaluated with the existing multi-objective discrete gray wolf optimizer, artificial bee colony optimizer, non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II, and multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in solving this problem is verified.

A Comparative Study on the Elements of Recruitment System for Doctoral Students between China and America

As the starting point of doctoral training, the enrollment of doctoral students is the primary link to ensure the quality of doctoral training. Doctoral education in the United States has gradually become "the model of doctoral education in the world" and is called "international academic gold standard". In order to accurately grasp the similarities and differences between China and the United States graduate enrollment system, this paper will focus on the four major elements reflecting the characteristics of the enrollment system, namely enrollment plan, enrollment (application) conditions, examination (application) content and selection process. Through the comparison, finally put forward the reform proposal.

Mutualistic Cooperative Ambient Backscatter Communications Under Hardware Impairments

Mutualistic cooperative ambient backscatter communications (AmBC) have been proposed to improve the spectrum and energy efficiencies of Internet-of-Things (IoT) systems, where a primary link (from a primary transmitter to a primary receiver) and an AmBC link (from an IoT device to the same primary receiver) form a mutualism relationship. We note that hardware impairments (HIs), which are unavoidable in practical systems and may significantly affect the transmission rates of the primary and AmBC links and their mutualism relationships, have been largely ignored in the study of mutualistic cooperative AmBC networks. In this paper, we study a mutualistic cooperative AmBC network with HIs at all the active transceivers and a non-linear energy harvesting circuit at each IoT device. We derive closed-form rate expressions for both the AmBC and primary links and theoretically prove that the mutualism relationship between the AmBC and primary links is maintained under HIs, i.e., the rate of the primary link in the mutualistic cooperative AmBC network is still higher than that without the AmBC link. To maximize the weighted sum rate of all links in a cooperative AmBC network under HIs, we propose two resource allocation schemes for two scenarios with a single link and multiple AmBC links, respectively. For the single AmBC link case, we derive the optimal transmit power of the primary transmitter and the optimal power reflection coefficient of the IoT device in closed forms. For the scenario with multiple AmBC links, the weighted-sum-rate maximization problem is transformed into a convex one and solved with convex optimization tools. Computer simulations validate our theoretical results and that our proposed schemes outperform the benchmark schemes in terms of the weighted sum rate.

INCLUSIVE MUSIC EDUCATION: PERSPECTIVES AND PROBLEMS

If you can fill the unforgiving minute
 With sixty seconds' worth of distance run,
 Yours is the Earth and everything that's in it,
 And – which is more – you'll be a Man, my son!"
 ("If" by Rudyard Kipling)
 The article is devoted to the topic of introducing inclusive education in Ukrainian art institutions. The historical background of the genesis of the phenomenon of inclusion in society is presented, as well as a description of the state of art education during the Soviet totalitarianism. It is noted that inclusion in art is a synthesis of a number of components, among them relevant are: legislation (national and international), historical background, mental features, socio-cultural context. The content of inclusive education in art schools and specialized music schools operating at conservatories is also considered. Attention was drawn to the problems of implementing inclusion in such educational institutions, because just a few years ago, such a model of education with its equal opportunities and barrier-free access was not a priority and was not even considered. It is noted that the new paradigm in general (and, in particular, in art education) is a complex system of knowledge in pedagogy, medicine, psychology, which is necessary for the integration and adaptation of a special contingent of people into society.
 One of the pedagogical art programs for working with children with disabilities in educational institutions, created by direct participants in the educational process – music teachers of one of the regional art schools, was presented. It is noted that the document approves the education system for children with special educational needs as vertical-horizontal (in fact, the usual simple Descartes coordinate system), because the level of the program takes into account the age qualification of the applicant (child) and is directly related to the psychophysical development of the applicant. The main provisions, goals and principles, directions of implementation of the "Concept of inclusive art education" are also outlined, which cover the entire spectrum of this paradigm in education.
 The article highlights the non-institutional form of inclusion in art: festivals, creative competitions. It is noted that this form of entry of a child into society is no less important than the actual education in educational institutions.
 The study uses empirical research methods: observation, synthesis, and analysis.
 The paper concludes that the needs of society (including the humanization of education, Ukraine's attempts to join the European community), which required urgent solutions, created a situation in which professionally high-quality personnel of art educational institutions were psychologically unprepared to work with children with special educational needs. That is why the presented work indicates that the teaching staff prepared for specific working conditions is the primary link, the basis for further successful development of inclusion in art education.

The Review and Development of Devices with an Increasing Rate of Penetration (ROP) in Deep Formation Drilling Based on Drill String Vibration

The oil and gas resources stored in deep strata are an important replacement field of the petroleum industry. Accelerating the exploration and development of deep oil and gas is of great significance to the security of energy strategy. Drilling is the primary link and necessary means of deep oil and gas exploration and development. Slow drilling speed is one of the key problems restricting the exploration and development of deep oil and gas. The research and development of down-hole equipment with an increasing ROP provides a technical means for increasing the ROP. However, the energy of existing down-hole equipment with an increasing ROP comes from the drilling circulation medium, and the ROP increase effect of such equipment is relatively obvious in shallow and middle formations. However, with the increase in well depth, energy in the circulation medium increasingly struggles to reach deeper formations, and the ROP increase effect is not good at the later stage of drilling. In the drilling process, drill string vibration is a frequently encountered complex situation, but it also contains sufficient energy, and the energy of drill string vibration will increase with an increase in the well depth, which can meet the energy demand of increasing the ROP in deep oil and gas exploration. This paper analyzes the characteristics of drill string vibration, and introduces six kinds of devices that take drill string vibration as energy and realize drill string vibration reduction, bottom-hole pressurization, and high-pressure pulse jet, providing a new idea for the development of deep down-hole speed-increasing devices.

Enhanced Multilink Single-Radio Operation for the Next-Generation IEEE 802.11 BE Wi-Fi Systems

For the next-generation Wi-Fi systems, the Enhanced Multilink Single-Radio (EMLSR) operation has become a promising feature to improve the Wi-Fi system performance. The EMLSR enables dynamic switching among multiple bands with low-cost implementation and efficient power consumption. However, with realistic channelization of multiple links with 320 MHz bandwidth on 6 GHz and 160 MHz bandwidth on 5 GHz, the performance of EMLSR is jeopardized due to the crowded 5 GHz band with existing Wi-Fi systems. In addition, the unbalanced bandwidth configuration between an access point (AP) and stations (STAs) multilink devices (MLDs) may result in wasted secondary channels when STAs supporting smaller bandwidth stay on the primary channel only. We proposed the further enhanced EMLSR with a new MAC protocol and link selection mechanism, where a primary link (PL) is selected between AP and STA with the unbalanced Link/Band and one or multiple secondary links (SLs) with balanced Link/Band. The STA tunes the main radio on the PL and the scan radio to one of the SLs. The PL will be more prioritized than the SL based on the link selection algorithm to maximize the channel utilization. Compared with legacy EMLSR, the enhanced EMLSR can improve the utilization of the secondary channel. Even under heavy OBSS load on SL or both PL and SL, the further enhanced EMLSR can achieve 50% to 70% throughput gain.

Efficacy of an esophageal mucosal protectant in the treatment of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most widespread gastrointestinal pathologies and the most common reason for seeking medical care at the level of a primary link of public health services in many countries around the world. The classic clinical presentations of GERD are heartburn, belching, and regurgitation (spitting up), but the overall spectrum of GERD symptoms is broader and more heterogeneous in scope, including extraesophageal symptoms. Clinical and/or endoscopic refractoriness of some patients to the standard proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) therapy remains a global challenge in the management of patients with GERD at the current stage of clinical medicine development. A medicinal product of a fundamentally new class was developed to optimize the treatment of patients with GERD – an esophageal mucosal protectant, which consists of a fixed combination of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate dissolved in a bioadhesive carrier (polymerase 407). This review is primarily aimed at systematizing data on the efficacy of the esophageal mucosal protectant in the treatment of patients with GERD. The systematic review that summarized the results of 10 studies involving 1090 patients with GERD showed that adding this esophageal mucosal protectant to the PPI therapy increased the efficacy of GERD therapy, as well as improved the frequency of symptomatic, endoscopic and morphological response to the treatment. Such combination therapy contributes to the optimization of the treatment of patients with various disease phenotypes, regress of both esophageal and extraesophageal symptoms, and potentiation of repair of the esophageal mucosa. To increase the efficacy of treatment and improve the prognosis of the disease, this approach should be implemented at the early stages of therapy in real clinical practice.

Intervention components of link worker social prescribing programmes: A scoping review.

In the United Kingdom (UK), link worker social prescribing has emerged as an option to improve long-term condition management and address primary care patients' non-medical needs by linking patients with community-based activities and support. Social prescribing is a complex, heterogenous intervention, and there is currently no taxonomy of components to guide its implementation and evaluation. This study aimed to identify and categorise the components of link worker social prescribing schemes in the United Kingdom. A scoping review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted. Six databases were used to identify papers that met inclusion criteria. Eligible articles were original research studies in the United Kingdom describing interventions that included (1) initial referral of adults with chronic physical health conditions and/or unmet social needs from primary care to a link worker or equivalent role, (2) consultation with a link worker or equivalent role and (3) referral to a community-based or government service. Of the 1078 articles identified, 32 met study eligibility criteria, representing 22 social prescribing schemes. We drew from the template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) to identify, organise and report intervention components. We found wide variations in geography, target populations and intervention components such as activities and procedures conducted by primary care staff and link workers, organisational and staffing configurations and use of tools and financing approaches to facilitate adoption. Intervention components are summarised into a taxonomy to guide future research, policy and practice efforts in addition to supporting standardised intervention reporting.

TRANSFORMATION OF APPROACHES TO HUMAN RESOURCES WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The article discusses the changes that inevitably affect the views and interpretations of the concept of sustainable development in Russia and the world. It is noted that the widespread dissemination of the sustainable development goals and the concept itself, on the one hand, is a positive factor that popularizes progressive ideas, on the other hand, becoming a fashionable direction of public discourse, somewhat “blurs” the focus of attention to the real state of affairs and the implementation of the stated goals. The article reveals the transformation of views and approaches to the implementation of sustainable development goals. There is a progressive increase in the role of human resources. The solution of social problems, the social life of a person, previously on the periphery of the interests of economists, scientists and politicians, now come to the fore, becoming the main factors in assessing economic development. Particular attention is paid to the participation of Russia in the implementation of the basic principles and goals of the UN concept of sustainable development, adopted in 2015. An analysis of the activities and strategic objectives of the International Labor Organization, including in Russia, is provided, as well as ESG-principles that are in line with the goals of sustainable development. The common basis is the ideas of equality of rights and a decent life for all. It is noted that the main opportunities for the implementation of these ideas are moving to the level of organization. It is organizations, their management and personnel that are becoming today the primary link, the basis for achieving the sustainable development goals adopted by the UN. The author connects this fact with the increasing influence and importance of human resource management at this level for achieving the SDGs. The article analyzes examples of the participation of organizations in the implementation of sustainable development goals.

Differential metabolic profiles of ginsenosides in artificial gastric juice using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry.

Ginsenosides have poor oral bioavailability and undergo rapid biological transformation in the complex gastrointestinal environment. Most studies on the metabolism of ginsenosides have focused on gut bacteria, yet gastric juice remains a nonnegligible factor. Metabolic profiles of ginsenoside monomers formed in artificial gastric juice were separately investigated and qualitatively identified using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MSn ). A common pattern of their metabolic pathways was established, showing that ginsenosides were transformed via deglycosylation, hydration, and dehydration pathways. Two major structure types, 20(S), 20(R)-protopanaxatriols and 20(S), 20(R)-protopanaxadiols, basically shared similar transformation pathways and yielded deglycosylated, hydrated, and dehydrated products. Fragmentation patterns of major ginsenosides were also discussed. Consequently, gastric juice, as the primary link in ginsenoside metabolism and as important as the intestinal flora, produces considerable amounts of degraded ginsenosides, providing a partial explanation for the low bioavailabilities of primary ginsenosides.

Features of the organization of coloproctological care to the population taking into account regional indicators of incidence

Rationale. The article provides an analysis of the features of the organization of coloproctological care for the population of the Perm Territory, taking into account regional morbidity rates, which made it possible to identify a number of significant shortcomings. There is no connection between the volume of specialized coloproctological care provided and the real need of the population. It was revealed that 32.0 % of coloproctological patients are being treated by doctors of other specialties. In 2018, 47,172 cases of coloproctological diseases were registered, and only 30,900 specialized outpatient appointments were made in the region (11.7 appointments per 1,000 population). More than half of them (57.4 %) were held in Perm.The aim of the study. Determination of the features of the organization of coloproctological care for the population of the Perm Territory, considering the incidence rates.Materials and methods. An analysis was made of the distribution among the adult population of the Perm Territory of pathologies related to the profile of coloproctology according to official statistical reports and the report of the chief specialist of the region for 2018.Results. In 2018, 3.9 sigmoidoscopies per 1,000 population were performed and 1.7 fibrocolonoscopies per 1,000 population, which led to an insufficient level of diagnosis of coloproctological pathologies. At the same time, identified for the period 2004–2018, a significant increase in the incidence of colorectal cancer (by 48.1 %), with an average annual growth rate over 15 years of 7.8 %, which is 3 times higher than the national figure, requires a change in approaches to the organization of coloproctological care, incl. for early diagnosis.Conclusion. Thus, in order to improve the quality of early diagnosis of coloproctological, and especially onco-coloproctological diseases, it is required to optimize the outpatient specialized coloproctological care in the Perm region. It is proposed to reorganize the service with the aim of organizing a primary link on the basis of an outpatient coloproctology center with a daily stay hospital, separate or at the coloproctology department of the City Clinical Hospital.