Primary Sources Of Islam Research Articles

ISLAMIC PERCEPTION OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION (AN EXPLORATION OF ISLAMIC THOUGHT)

Islam considers freedom of expression, speech and thought as an imperative human right and liberty. Primary Islamic sources, as the Holy Quran, Hadith and Seerah of the beloved Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and Islamic jurisprudence discuss its principles parameters and boundaries comprehensively. There are many verses of the Quran, ?h?d?th of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and many terms of Islamic Fiqh, which guide us to describe the freedom of expression, its meanings, significance, principles and limits. Islamic scholars of different fields define the freedom of expression in different ways. It’s also observed during exploration in Islamic and Western perspectives, there is no specific and agreed upon definition of freedom of expression. Some scholars try to define it according to their own interest and requirement, but they can’t make an agreement on its definition. So, there is found a variety of definitions of freedom of expression in academic discourse. Different Islamic scholars mention different definitions due to its being a modern term. In this study efforts are made to elaborate Islamic concept of freedom of expression, thought and speech in modern context. It’s concluded, the Islamic teachings give all kind of freedom and rights to human being but their limits and boundaries are different from Western thought.

Analysing the Institution of Caliphate in the Context of Political Islamists

The Caliphate is an important concept for Muslims, especially for those who have been experiencing turmoil, disorder and conflict in their lands, as it presents as a collective body that is to be governed with fairness, assuring safety and justice for all associated with it. Once again it has resurfaced as a hot topic, debated by Muslims and non-Muslims alike. The advent of the 21st century has seen the establishment of many varied initiatives, all in attempt to re-establish the concept of a caliphate, however many of these have been short-lived and have received little support. Gradually, with the declining influence of terrorist organisations, the debate has almost lost its significance. This was until more recently, when the political Islamists of Turkey reignited the discussion through their claims of leader Recep Tayyip Erdogan as the rightful caliph of Muslims, inviting all Muslims to give him their pledge of allegiance. Therefore, it becomes imperative to examine the institution of the caliphate, its relevance to Muslims through identifying the nature of the caliphate and its theological and political values. More importantly, this paper aims to analyse the negative effects of the Justice and Development Party (the AKP) on Muslims, in Turkey and in other parts of the world, as a result of the party’s methods of conveying its extreme views through Islamic concepts and extremist religious interpretations. Political Islamists use primary Islamic sources and religious arguments to justify the declaration of caliphate.

Transmitting the Teachings of Islam in Contemporary Times: Glimpses from Prophetic Approach

There is a growing body of literature that recognizes the importance of proper approach to transmission of learning. This is because an effective method teaching always goes a long way in helping to understanding what is being taught. Contemporary discourse on teaching style often stresses either a teacher-centered or student-centered approaches. This paper takes a critical look at the Prophet Muhammad’s methods of teaching Islam to the Companions (Sahaba). This study attempts to understand the intent of these methods used by the Prophet Muhammad and investigates their possible implications. Through historical and descriptive methods examines the primary sources in Islam – the Qur’ān and the life case of the Prophet Muḥammad as presented in his sayings and teachings (Ḥadīth). The study reveals that the prophetic approach, apart from being very effective, is also a very practical method that can be used in our contemporary times and provides a better understanding of the message of Islam and prophetic heritage.

In Search of the Sharīʿah

Abstract The centrality of Sharīʿah as a term and concept, together with its ubiquitous usage, reflects present Muslim understanding of their religion. Existing research indicates this Sharīʿah-based conception represents a later historical development. However, earlier studies have not documented contemporary understanding and use of the term in the primary sources of Islam. This has important implications regarding the imparting of sacredness according to its traditional conceptualization. Based on comprehensive research and close examination of the Hadith literature in particular, this represents the first work to examine whether and to what extent the term Sharīʿah was used by the Prophet and his companions. The present investigation makes the case for fundamentally re-evaluating the role of the Sharīʿah in understanding Islam, and argues that this is necessary in order for a positive impact on contemporary Muslim societies and their relationship with the rest of the world to occur.

ETIKA MENUNTUT ILMU DALAM QS. AL-KAHFI AYAT 60-82 REINTERPRETASI KISAH NABI MUSA DALAM UPAYAMENGHADAPI DEKADENSI MORAL PELAJAR

For moslems, al-Qur’an is a guide book for everything and its’ content will always be relevant over times. Therefore, it is necessary to refer problems in educations to al-Qur’an with its interpretations, both classic and new interpretation. One of many problems in education is students’ ethics in the process of education. So far, moral decadence is a main concern that yet to be solved. There are many violence against teachers that show us that morality issue is a major consideration in education. Based on this background, the writer observe that it is important to formulate an ethical basis that are inspired by islamic primary sources, al- Qur’an and al-Sunnah. One of Quranic content that is relevant with this matter is Moses PBUH story in surah al- Kahfi verses 60-82, as one of the goals of al-Qashash (Quranic stories) is as lesson from the previous ummah. In addition, the verses clearly show the ethics of the Prophet Moses when studying with the Prophet Khidr, such as: being polite, accepting punishment, obedience etc. This work will use thematic analytical methods and see the verse general discussion of the Prophet Moses, in order to bring up new meanings of ethical values in these verses. Keywords : Ethics, Qashash (Quranic Stories), Education, Khidir, Moses.

The Usage of Excommunication (Takfir) in the Ideology of Justice and Development Party (the AKP), Political Islamists of Turkey

The usage of excommunication goes back to the early history of Islam for the extreme Kharijite sect declared for the first time all other Muslims who did not agree with them as apostates and killed them brutally in the 7th century. The extreme mentality of the Kharijites has been witnessed in various extreme sects throughout Islamic history. More recently, Justice and Development Party (the AKP), the political Islamists of Turkey, has been using the concept of takfir (excommunication) against its opponents. In this essay, we will examine the concepts of faith (iman) and disbelief (kufr) and then attempt to analyze the ruling AKP’s usage of excommunication (takfir) on the basis of primary Islamic sources. The essay will seek the relation between the takfir and extremism as well as its connection with violence and terrorism by examining the ideology of the ruling AKP in Turkey.

Shah Waliullah and his Concept of Welfare State: An Analysis

Muslim scholars have contributed enormously to the concept of welfare State. Among them Shah Waliullah is the rising sun who was born in South Asian sub-continent in the 19th century. He was holding the firsthand knowledge of Quran and Hadiths, the first primary sources in Islam. Shah Waliullah's point of view regarding welfare state occupies central theme in his works. His basic concepts like equality, justice, anti-usury, and rights of working classes, espoused with responsible governance, are the pillars of the edifice of the Islamic polity. To purge the Muslims out of dogmas and channelize their energies in compliance of the true religion, Islam, Shah Waliullah has left deep imprints on modern mind. His solutions to the prevailing ills of the society can be found in his works and thought. This paper is aimed to present Waliullah's thought on establishing a happy society by curbing the inequality in the socio economic conditions of the Muslims. Historical descriptive approach is adhered to investigate the ills and present solution thereof.

Islamic principles of conflict management

This article explores and analyzes Islamic principles that govern conflict management within the Islamic human resource management (HRM) context and provides new insight into the theoretical development of conflict management from an Islamic HRM perspective. Current models are analyzed through Islamic principles and integrated into a comprehensive Islamic framework that can function as a guide for HRM toward developing a proactive nonlinear conflict management strategy. This study shifts the dialogue of Islamic conflict management from intervention to organizational culture. The premise of this study is to develop a model for HRM practitioners among a Muslim workforce. The proposed model suggests that conflict is referred back to Quran and Sunnah, the two primary sources of Islam. Islam mandates selection of Shura (council) and appointment of a Muslih (mediator) whose function is (1) al-tathabbut (verification) and (2) nasīhah (advice). HRM must consider proactive organizational traits based on Islamic principles: (1) ta’awun (cooperation), (2) sabr (patience), (3) al-ta’akhi (brotherhood), and (4) husn al-dhann (good assumptions).

The Application of the Rule of Istihsan bi Al-Maslahah (Juristic Preference by Interest): A Practical Approach on Some Medical Treatment

Islamic jurisprudence is built from two major foundations which are to give maslahah (interest) to human beings and push away all the troubles from them. This is as stated in the method of fiqhiyyah which is “Jalbu al Masalih wa Dar’u al Mafasid”. Istihsan is one of the secondary sources in Islamic law that is created from the principle of maslahah. Islamic jurists define istihsan as leaving a designated law to a new law, in an event with the acoount of Islamic primary sources and current relevance. Today, the method of istihsan is used to solve many current social issues. This study is done using the methodology of library research to prove the relevance and efficiency of this method in countering new emerging issues. Several current medical issues are analysed with the use of printed and electronic resources. These issues are then examined and scrunitised from Islamic point of view to visualise the process of law designation through the method of Istihsan bi al Maslahah that is utilised by some Islamic jusrists to give answers to current problems. The outcome of this research is important as an evidence that Islam is a religion that is also capable of solving current issues.

MALAYSIA HALAL TRUST: BETWEEN REALITY AND CHALLENGES

Public acceptance regarding the permissibility of certain products whether it is lawful, particularly for Muslims, founded through the display or the label to verify the halal certification issued by an authorized organization. Accordingly, the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) is an organization that has the authority to issue halal certificates, especially in Malaysia. Islam has laid down rules and regulations for driving humanity to adhere to the principles of Islam prescribed in the Quran and Hadith. The research methodology of this paper is by using library research methods. This article describes the rules and regulations that already mentioned in the Quran and hadith which are the two primary sources of Islam. Besides, it is also describes recent developments in the halal industry conducted by the Malaysian government. In fact, it has been a goal of the government to make Malaysia a global halal hub. The purpose of this article is to introduce Malaysia as a halal hub at the international level and to share experience in the challenges and problems when conducting activities related to the halal industry. Finally, some suggestion for improving the operations of halal in Malaysia has been proposed by the academician, so it provides an opportunity for a broad agenda for future research in the halal industry in Malaysia.

ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИХ УСЛОВИЙ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТИ В ИСЛАМСКИХ РЕЛИГИОЗНЫХ ПЕРВОИСТОЧНИКАХ

Одной из ключевых задач, стоящих перед педагогической наукой, является формирование в молодом поколении качеств толерантности. Научный опыт поиска педагогических условий их формирования может быть обогащен содержащимися в исламских первоисточниках потенциалами. Для получения результатов, отвечающих критериям научной ценности предложена концепция учета и согласования общенаучных и частных исламоведческих методологических факторов. Применение данной концепции на практике позволило установить, что заключенные в исламских первоисточниках педагогические условия формирования толерантности содержат в себе богатый потенциал принципиально новых подходов для решения существующих задач.

ʿAbdolkarim Soroush’s Approach to ‘Experience’ as a Basis for His Reform Project

ABSTRACTDuring the past few decades, many Muslim scholars and reformers have established new principles of reform through various hermeneutical approaches towards primary sources of Islam. Thus, Islamic thought, like any other religious tradition, has undergone a process of development in the modern period and will surely continue to do so in the future. ʿAbdolkarim Soroush (b. 1945) is undoubtedly one of the most influential religious reformers in contemporary Iran and he has gained an international reputation. One of the central ideas that consistently appear throughout Soroush’s writings is that religion can be linked to a type of human ‘experience’, a theme that has long been the concern of Western scholars of religion. This article argues that the theme of experience became the fundamental element in two aspects of Soroush’s reform project, namely his approach to qur’anic rulings and his philosophy of religious pluralism. Indeed, the article shows that Soroush’s conception of revelation as a religious experience of the Prophet Muhammad is not only confined to a theological depiction of God’s relation to humanity, but also has legal and social implications for approaching Islam in the context of the present time.

Humanizing the Sacred: Sisters in Islam and the Struggle for Gender Justice in Malaysia

Humanizing Sacred: Sisters in Islam and Struggle for Gender Justice in Malaysia. by Azza Basarudin. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 2016. Softcover: 330pp. Sisters in Islam (SIS) is a non-governmental organization (NGO) that advocates for Muslim women's rights in Malaysia. The NGO works within an Islamic framework, reinterpreting sacred texts through a feminist lens. Members of SIS have been labelled as deviants by Islamic authorities, have had their books banned, received threats and had a fatwa issued against them. Humanizing Sacred is a richly detailed ethnographic account of this path-breaking organization. Basarudin's book has two goals. The first is examine the possibilities and challenges of translating feminist interpretations of Islam into grounded activism effect change in social mores and legal codes, and illuminate how women's activism within Islam is a space of dissent and of remaking 'Muslim' self and identity (p. 5). The second is to explore activism as space for women transform themselves into political actors and visible women subjects in public sphere (p. 6). The work of SIS in understanding primary sources of Islam, such as Quran and sunna (practices of Prophet that include hadith, traditions/ narrations) through a feminist reinterpretation allows for a vision of Islam that is kind, compassionate and compatible with human rights values of equality and justice. This new form of knowledge-making challenges patriarchal interpreters and traditional religious institutions. This book examines SIS' struggle reclaim women's human dignity as believing Muslims and call on their communities re-evaluate communal and moral obligations, as well as ensure that Islam remains a 'living' religion (p. 5). Carefully researched and thoughtfully written, author's writing style draws on Kirin Narayan's enactment of hybridity, interspersing narratives with analysis as a strategy that problematizes the dichotomies of theory and praxis, personal and professional, insider and outsider, and authentic and inauthentic (p. 27). This strategy works well, and makes for an engaging and lively book. Chapter 1 provides cultural and political context by describing history of British colonial intervention and institutionalization of Islam in national laws and policies after independence. Chapter 2 introduces reader life histories of SIS' founding members, their personal trajectories and struggles, and how their understanding of Islam informs organization's vision of equality and justice. Chapter 3 examines strategies employed by SIS by looking at specific advocacy campaigns and other activities such as study sessions and workshops, illustrating process of translating feminist interpretations of sacred texts into grounded activism. Chapter 4 examines state power and religious authorities' invalidation techniques silence alternative discourses. Chapter 5 discusses how SIS members provide an alternative model of female leadership by showing that women can be powerful knowledge producers and transmitters. Chapter 6 assesses impact of SIS' activism at international level and vice versa. Here author focuses on Musawah, a transnational initiative spearheaded by SIS, highlighting NGO's global success but also impact and repercussions it has within Malaysia. Humanizing Sacred joins a line-up of innovative studies on Muslim women's participation in faith-based movements that extend our understanding of agency and resistance, such as Saba Mahmood's Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and Feminist Subject (2005), Lara Deeb's An Enchanted Modern: Politics and Piety in Shi'i Lebanon (2006) and Sherine Hafez's An Islam on Her Own: Reconsidering Islam and Secularism in Women's Islamic Movements (2011). …

In Search of Shariah

The centrality of Sharīʿah as a term and concept, together with its ubiquitous usage, reflects present Muslim understanding of their religion. Existing research indicates this Sharīʿah-based conception represents a later historical development. However, earlier studies have not documented contemporary understanding and use of the term in the primary sources of Islam. This has important implications regarding the imparting of sacredness according to its traditional conceptualization. Based on comprehensive research and close examination of the Hadith literature in particular, this represents the first work to examine whether and to what extent the term Sharīʿah was used by the Prophet and his companions. The present investigation makes the case for fundamentally re-evaluating the role of the Sharīʿah in understanding Islam, and argues that this is necessary in order for a positive impact on contemporary Muslim societies and their relationship with the rest of the world to occur.

Tools for Risk Management in Islamic Finance: A Case Study of the 'Harm and Retaliation by Harm Is Not Allowed' Shari’Ah Maxim

Tracing through the pages of history, it becomes apparent that ‘risk’in the field of finance was always there, and the measures to control it—or to minimize it and/or to get rid-off from it—were also taken. Thus, it is not an alien concept today. Speaking from the Islamic point of view, the Islamic primary sources—holy Quranand Prophetic Traditions—provide guidelines on the risk management. This paper, in this direction, is a humble attempt to throw light on the management of risk in Islamic finance in the light of Shari’ah Maxim—the “redress of harm”. Harm has not been given any space in Islam either as initiative or in response. The measures taken in this direction and the rules deduced from this maxim to cover the risk has been highlighted. While risk is an important tool which is being focused before going to any financial transaction, this paper highlights how this maxim provides relief to minimize risk in Islamic financial sector, and gives the satisfaction to Islamic financial sector, application of the maxim in Islamic financial sector. Rules for redress of harm laid down by jurists have been also discussed.

The Scientific Revolution of Thomas Kuhn and Their Relevances for Humanization of Islamic Law

This paper tries to explore the views of Thomas Kuhn that science is moving through the stages that will culminate in normal conditions and then "rot" because it has been replaced by science or new paradigm. So next. The new paradigm threatens the old paradigm that had previously become the new paradigm. With this thinking concept, Thomas Kuhn is not just a major contribution in the history and philosophy of science, but more than that, he has initiated the theories that have broad implications in the social sciences, arts, politics, education and even religious sciences , provide an important contribution in order to project humanization Islamic sciences. in showing Islamic humanist deconstruction re the primary sources of Islam, namely the Qur'an and Tafseer already should keep abreast of the needs of Muslim humanist paradigm so that the functional interpretation theories and theories of literacy is very possible to grow, to challenge the needs of the times.

THE REGULATION OF THE USE OF FORCE IN THE ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS PRIMARY SOURCES. THE PHENOMENON OF JIHAD

The article attempts to compare the theoretical limits of tolerance to justify the possibility of the use of force in the primary sources of Islam.

A Religious Tolerance and Harmony the Qur'anic Perspective

The religious tolerance and harmony is something necessary to develop due to the need of global security and peace today. For this purpose, all religions have to be fairly “tolerant” to others. Islam as a revealed religion, whatever its motive, is often perceived and accused as the religion of intolerance and violence. Some political and ideological questions, for example raised to this context: "Can Islamic faith tolerate other faiths, religions or groups?”, What’s actually the Islamic teachings on tolerance and peace or harmony?” and the likes. This article attempts to unpack and elaborate of how far at Qur’an –as the first and primary source of Islam– has a teaching on tolerance and peace. Using a hermeneutical approach the writer understands and analyses what is actually taught by al Qur'an on the concepts and practices of the tolerance. Based on the analysis, he highlights any conclusions of which al-Qur’an (Islam) teaches the followers to respect and implement the doctrine of tolerance and peace. The Muslim world is imperatively to tolerate others, or respect the differences for strengthening the world security and peaceful life amongst nationwide.

JIHAD AND WAR: DELVING INTO CONNECTIONS AND DISTINCTIONS IN THE PRIMARY SOURCES OF ISLAM

JIHAD AND WAR: DELVING INTO CONNECTIONS AND DISTINCTIONS IN THE PRIMARY SOURCES OF ISLAM

ISLAMSKI DOPRINOSI RJEŠENJU RASNOG PITANJA

This paper treats the racial issue, which is present in an entire human history, and contributes to Islamic teachings overcoming and solving this issue. This important topic is present in the primary Islamic sources: the Qur’an and Sunnah, but also in the sira of Prophet, s.a.w.s. and biographies of companions ... Companions of the Prophet, s.a.w.s., were of different nationalities and races. During that time, their true brotherhood, commitment and helping each other was a revolutionary idea for which is hard to find examples in an entire human history. Therefore, this paper examines the basic instructions and advice of Qur’anic and sunnah texts, as well as their implementation by the early Muslims. The paper proves that Islam brought the true solution to racial issues and that in the in Islamic doctrines and Islamic orthopraxy there is no basis for any conflict that may arise from race, nation, etc. This can be felt in all Islamic norms, and the holy places of Islam, where all races and nations are met together, fully committed to the Divine Creator, who is One, like they all are, in fact, only a manifestation of a unique humanity.