Energy Reserves Research Articles

Recruitment of a threatened foundation oyster species varies with large and small spatial scales.

Understanding how habitat attributes (e.g., patch area and sizes, connectivity) control recruitment and how this is modified by processes operating at larger spatial scales is fundamental to understanding population sustainability and developing successful long-term restoration strategies for marine foundation species-including for globally threatened reef-forming oysters. In two experiments, we assessed the recruitment and energy reserves of oyster recruits onto remnant reefs of the oyster Saccostrea glomerata in estuaries spanning 550 km of coastline in southeastern Australia. In the first experiment, we determined whether recruitment of oysters to settlement plates in three estuaries was correlated with reef attributes within patches (distances to patch edges and surface elevation), whole-patch attributes (shape and size of patches), and landscape attributes (connectivity). We also determined whether environmental factors (e.g., sedimentation and water temperature) explained the differences among recruitment plates. We also tested whether differences in energy reserves of recruits could explain the differences between two of the estuaries (one high- and one low-sedimentation estuary). In the second experiment, across six estuaries (three with nominally high and three with nominally low sedimentation rates), we tested the hypothesis that, at the estuary scale, recruitment and survival were negatively correlated to sedimentation. Overall, total oyster recruitment varied mostly at the scale of estuaries rather than with reef attributes and was negatively correlated with sedimentation. Percentage recruit survival was, however, similar among estuaries, although energy reserves and condition of recruits were lower at a high- compared to a low-sediment estuary. Within each estuary, total oyster recruitment increased with patch area and decreased with increasing tidal height. Our results showed that differences among estuaries have the largest influence on oyster recruitment and recruit health and this may be explained by environmental processes operating at the same scale. While survival was high across all estuaries, growth and reproduction of oysters on remnant reefs may be affected by sublethal effects on the health of recruits in high-sediment estuaries. Thus, restoration programs should consider lethal and sublethal effects of whole-estuary environmental processes when selecting sites and include environmental mitigation actions to maximize recruitment success.

Preface

Preface This is the proceedings of the “1st World Energy Materials Conference”, which was held in Shenzhen, China on November 25-27, 2023. There are 24 forums in the conference. This collection consists of papers in new energy materials, new material industry development trends and hot spots, green low-carbon energy technology, development and challenges of renewable energy, etc., to discuss the latest progress and innovation in the field of energy materials, with a view to contributing wisdom to the promotion of world energy development, material science and technology innovation exchanges and cooperation, as well as high-quality and sustainable development.The list of Committees are available in this pdf.

Level of awareness of stakeholders in the construction industry regarding the green building concept in Indonesia

The concept of green buildings evolved and gained momentum rapidly in all nations. Nearly 40% of total CO2 emissions and more than a third of global energy consumption come from the building and construction sector. The application of Green Building is recognized to reduce CO2 emissions and energy consumption. Awareness of the importance of implementing Green Building is needed to support the successful implementation of the Green Building concept. The purpose of this research is to analyse the level of awareness of stakeholders in construction (how well they understand green building and its regulations, how important they think green building is) and find out in what way they gain an understanding of the green building concept. Questionnaires were distributed to various stakeholders and analyzed with descriptive statistics. The result shows that Indonesian people who work in construction environments already know and are aware of the concept of Green Building. However, they still lack an understanding of regulations and consider government support necessary. Until now, they have gained an understanding of green buildings through lectures and the media.

A Novel Hazard for an Endangered Fox in a Novel Environment.

Animals colonizing novel environments can encounter novel hazards. Endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) are found in the cities of Bakersfield and Taft in central California, USA. We documented 66 incidents of kit foxes becoming entangled in sports netting (e.g., soccer nets, batting-cage nets) occurring from the 1980s through 2022. Overall, 25 of the foxes died. Adults were more likely to get entangled in soccer nets, whereas pups (<1 yr) were more likely to get entangled in batting-cage nets. Pups are more likely to die while entangled, probably due to smaller body mass and lower energy reserves. The reasons that kit foxes get entangled in netting were unclear, although incidents involving batting-cage netting and pups may be due to natal dens being located under or near batting cages. At current rates, this hazard is unlikely to limit urban kit fox populations. However, losses of this endangered species should be minimized and the incidents are easily mitigated by dropping or lifting nets when not in use.

Framework of land use planning for an energy producing city of Northwest China based on water-energy-food nexus

The development of cities and their industries is constrained by the water-energy-food nexus (WEF nexus) formed under certain biophysical conditions. Urban-scale WEF nexus research is very different from macroscale (global or national) research. There is a need for quantitative optimization of several economic sectors, as well as spatial heterogeneity of resource endowments, to develop policies that are distinctive for different levels of endowments. Currently, China is implementing Territorial Spatial Planning (TSP) at all administrative levels throughout the country. Its theoretical basis is to realize the overall management of urban ecological protection land, urban expansion, and industrial growth by measuring the resource carrying capacity and land development suitability of each plot. This provides an opportunity to explore the interconnections between WEF nexus at urban scale by examining the wide range of urban resource availability. Here, we propose the WEF-TSP framework, which helps to realize the multi-objective development needs of regional ecological protection, urban expansion, agricultural development, and energy production in a certain city and provides a decision-making basis for future urban land spatial planning. Ordos, a city in China recognized for its significant energy reserves, has been selected as the subject of a case study. Combined with the spatial heterogeneity of Ordos's resource endowment and focusing on the strong constraints of water resources and ecological protection, this study explores the urban land spatial layout scheme of Ordos in 2030 under different energy development scenarios. It can also provide a reference for other cities in China and even the world to study the spatial layout of urban land use and industrial development based on the WEF nexus.

Fear of predators reduces body and physiological condition affecting offspring survival and the ‘quality’ of the survivors

Abstract Predators affect the survival of developing young by eating them. More recently, the fear of being eaten has been uncovered as a powerful driver of offspring survival reducing recruited offspring numbers by 53%, but the mechanisms driving these effects are not well understood. We exposed song sparrows to predator or non‐predator playbacks throughout three breeding seasons. We followed offspring as eggs through development and into maturity. We quantified the repercussions of being reared in a fearful environment on body (fat, mass, size) and physiological condition using 12 different measures categorized into six systems (oxygen carrying capacity, energy reserves, immune function, antioxidant protection, oxidative stress/damage, glucocorticoids). We further tracked offspring survival in the nest to maturity and determined which measures of condition significantly predicted survival. We report that fear of predators affected offspring condition at all stages of life, with survival consequences. Predator‐playback offspring hatched from heavier eggs (8%) but quickly lost this advantage and never regained it. Nestlings reared by ‘frightened’ parents were as heavy and much leaner than non‐predator playback nestlings. This pattern extended throughout development into maturity where offspring reared by frightened parents were up to 31% leaner and 5% lighter. Predator‐playback nestlings also were evidently in poorer physiological condition, having shorter telomeres, while late dependency stage fledglings carried relatively less uric acid and more haptoglobin perhaps indicative of chronic susceptibility to infection. Only body condition (mass and fat) predicted survival during peak mortality periods (nestling and early fledging), with the leanest lightest offspring from the predator‐playback treatment being least likely to survive. Thereafter, mass predicted survival irrespective of playback treatment. Similarly, at this later stage, offspring with less telomere loss and high uric acid levels survived best regardless of playback group. Our findings reveal that fear of predators is a potent form of early life adversity which persistently alters the condition of offspring affecting early stage survival and the ‘quality’ of the survivors throughout their life. Development is fuelled by food and fear‐induced reductions in parental provisioning at the earliest stages likely instigated these effects, with consequences on the population growth rate. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

On Maximum Degree and Maximum Reverse Degree Energies of Splitting and Shadow graph of Complete graph

In this paper, the relations of maximum degree energy and maximum reserve degree energy of a complete graph after removing a vertex have been shown to be proportional to the energy of the complete graph. The results of splitting the graph and shadow graphs are also presented for the complete graph after removing a vertex.

Data-Driven Classification and Logging Prediction of Mudrock Lithofacies Using Machine Learning: Shale Oil Reservoirs in the Eocene Shahejie Formation, Bonan Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, Eastern China

As the world’s energy demand continues to expand, shale oil has a substantial influence on the global energy reserves. The third submember of the Mbr 3 of the Shahejie Fm, characterized by complicated mudrock lithofacies, is one of the significant shale oil enrichment intervals of the Bohai Bay Basin. The classification and identification of lithofacies are key to shale oil exploration and development. However, the efficiency and reliability of lithofacies identification results can be compromised by qualitative classification resulting from an incomplete workflow. To address this issue, a comprehensive technical workflow for mudrock lithofacies classification and logging prediction was designed based on machine learning. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were conducted to realize the automatic classification of lithofacies, which can classify according to the internal relationship of the data without the disturbance of human factors and provide an accurate lithofacies result in a much shorter time. The PCA and HCA results showed that the third submember can be split into five lithofacies: massive argillaceous limestone lithofacies (MAL), laminated calcareous claystone lithofacies (LCC), intermittent lamellar argillaceous limestone lithofacies (ILAL), continuous lamellar argillaceous limestone lithofacies (CLAL), and laminated mixed shale lithofacies (LMS). Then, random forest (RF) was performed to establish the identification model for each of the lithofacies and the obtained model is optimized by grid search (GS) and K-fold cross validation (KCV), which could then be used to predict the lithofacies of the non-coring section, and the three validation methods showed that the accuracy of the GS–KCV–RF model were all above 93%. It is possible to further enhance the performance of the models by resampling, incorporating domain knowledge, and utilizing the mechanism of attention. Our method solves the problems of the subjective and time-consuming manual interpretation of lithofacies classification and the insufficient generalization ability of machine-learning methods in the previous works on lithofacies prediction research, and the accuracy of the model for mudrocks lithofacies prediction is also greatly improved. The lithofacies machine-learning workflow introduced in this study has the potential to be applied in the Bohai Bay Basin and comparable reservoirs to enhance exploration efficiency and reduce economic costs.

Mapping the Country’s Dependence on Indonesia’s Coal Import Market

Indonesia is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of coal. Its strategic geographical location facilitates coal export activities to consumer countries. In addition, the quality of Indonesian coal is also very suitable for steam power plants, especially sold at competitive prices on the international market. This research highlights how the world's largest coal-importing countries depend on the Indonesian coal import market. This means that Indonesian coal significantly influences the world's energy contribution. Based on this fact, the author states that the coal that Indonesia exports to importing countries dramatically affects the economic conditions of these countries. Driven by population increases, economic expansion, improved quality of life, and energy use, coal is an important energy source. Therefore, many countries import coal to meet domestic energy needs and reserve coal supplies long-term. To find out this, the author uses a qualitative research method, descriptive analysis with a dependency theory approach, that is analyzed in a world macro context using a world system perspective. In addition, the author also uses mean calculations to find the average result of the amount of coal imports for each country.

Coal consumption and carbon emission reductions in BRICS countries.

The primary energy consumption structure of BRICS countries is dominated by fossil energy, particularly coal. Coal consumption in BRICS countries is a major driver underlying increased carbon emissions. Therefore, this study developed a spatiotemporal decoupling mode and incorporated factors related to coal consumption-induced carbon emissions into a spatiotemporal decoupling analysis method to provide differentiated and targeted policies for energy restructuring and emission reduction targets in BRICS countries. Moreover, a temporal-spatial decomposition logarithmic mean Divisia index model was developed using the spatiotemporal decoupling index method. The model is based on CO2 emissions generated by coal consumption in BRICS countries, with a primary focus on data from Brazil, Russia, South Africa, India, and China. The findings reveal distinct spatiotemporal distributions and driving effects of coal consumption and carbon dioxide emissions across various countries. Factors such as CO2 emission intensity, coal consumption intensity, economic output per capita, and population structure exerted either positive or negative effects on the distributional effect of the carbon emission-economic output per capita association in BRICS countries. Additionally, country-level heterogeneity in the influence of the distributional effects of CO2 emissions was observed within each BRICS country. Thus, different policies are needed to achieve carbon emission reduction targets in different countries.

Development and progress of radiative cooling materials

Since the industrial era, the extensive use of fossil energy has led to a continuous increase in greenhouse gas emissions, thereby accelerating global warming. Cooling energy consumption represents a significant portion of total energy usage, accounting for approximately 20% of global energy consumption. Therefore, there is an urgent necessity to develop new cooling technologies that are low-energy consumption, highly efficient, and environmentally friendly to meet the growing demand for cooling.

AN OVERVIEW OF COMPONENTS FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT MULTIMEDIA NETWORKS BASED ON 5G RADIO ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES

Modern society is actively transitioning into an information-based one, and multimedia technologies have become an integral part of this process. Thanks to the proliferation of wireless access networks, users are becoming more mobile, and the development of the fifth generation of mobile networks, known as 5G, is a significant step in the advancement of information and communication technologies. 5G networks offer low latency and reliable connectivity, expanding the capabilities of mobile internet and machine communication. However, along with the opportunities provided by multimedia communication, there is a responsibility to consider the impact of associated technologies on the environment, as well as to address new challenges and the need for prudent resource utilization.&#x0D; The article defines the concept of "multimedia" and discusses various aspects of this concept, including digital storage and processing of information, components (text, photos, audio, and video), interactivity, and hypertextuality. It is noted that the transmission of multimedia data and the use of information technologies are closely linked to wireless access networks.&#x0D; The authors discuss challenges and solutions in the field of energy efficiency for networks. They provide statistics indicating that the information and communication technology (ICT) industry is responsible for a significant portion of global energy consumption and CO2 emissions, with radio access networks being a major contributor. Various components and technologies that can contribute to the development of energy-efficient multimedia networks based on 5G radio access technologies are examined. Specifically, heterogeneous networks, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technologies, and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technologies are highlighted as key components for achieving energy efficiency.&#x0D; The importance of using heterogeneous networks to reduce the distance between transmitters and receivers is emphasized, along with the possibility of putting small base stations into sleep mode when there is no network load. Technologies like NOMA and MIMO are discussed as crucial components for achieving spectral efficiency and energy efficiency.&#x0D; Additionally, the article focuses on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and suggests ways to optimize them for energy efficiency. This includes operating sensor units only when necessary, implementing wireless charging, using energy-efficient optimization methods, and applying efficient routing schemes.&#x0D; The authors also highlight the role of green data centers in reducing CO2 emissions and optimizing the use of green energy in high-performance networks. Methods such as using renewable energy sources, increasing the energy efficiency of hardware, and implementing energy-efficient routing are discussed.&#x0D; In conclusion, the article underscores the importance of energy efficiency and reduced CO2 emissions in modern multimedia networks, particularly in the context of 5G networks. It calls for interdisciplinary efforts to address these critical challenges in the field of information and communication technologies.

Sex-specific heterothermy patterns in wintering captive Microcebus murinus do not translate into differences in energy balance

The physiological mechanisms of responses to stressors are at the core of ecophysiological studies that examine the limits of an organism's flexibility. Interindividual variability in these physiological responses can be particularly important and lead to differences in the stress response among population groups, which can affect population dynamics. Some observations of intersexual differences in heterothermy raise the question of whether there is a difference in energy management between the sexes. In this study, we assessed male and female differences in mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus), a highly seasonal malagasy primate, by measuring their physiological flexibility in response to caloric restriction and examining the subsequent impact on reproductive success. Using complementary methods aiming to describe large-scale and daily variations in body temperature throughout a 6-month winter-like short-day (SD) period, we monitored 12 males and 12 females, applying chronic 40% caloric restriction (CR) to 6 individuals in each group. We found variations in Tb modulation throughout the SD period and in response to caloric treatment that depended on sex, as females, regardless of food restriction, and CR males, only, entered deep torpor. The use of deeper torpor, however, did not translate into a lower loss of body mass in females and did not affect reproductive success. Captive conditions may have buffered the depth of torpor and minimised the positive effects of torpor on energy savings. However, the significant sex differences in heterothermy we observed may point to physiological benefits other than preservation of energy reserves.

Assessing worldwide future potentials of renewable electricity generation: Installable capacity, full load hours and costs

Several studies calculate the potential of renewable energies throughout the world. However, these studies vary in the underlying assumptions and do not consider several technologies within a uniform methodology, which affects comparability. In this paper, we calculate the worldwide potentials of ground-mounted photovoltaic (PV), concentrated solar power (CSP), and wind onshore and offshore on a 6.5 by 6.5 km grid. The results consist of installable capacity, generated electricity, and specific cost of electricity generation. Our methodology combines high-resolution data for land uses, slope, and hourly weather data with a thorough analysis of different factors for wind power, like hub heights and rotor diameters, and solar power plants, like tilt angle, and temperature-related loss of efficiency. The results show that the summed-up potential capacity of ground-mounted PV surpasses the amount of CSP, wind onshore and offshore combined with 450 TW. Given the cost-potential curve, ground-mounted PV reaches 560,000 TWh at costs below 20 €/MWh, which is twice the projected worldwide primary energy supply of the World Energy Outlook 2022 for the year 2050 with 205,557 TWh. The calculated results can function as input factors for energy system models, which are an important tool to analyse the energy transition.

Numerical Simulation of Rock Breaking by Diamond Particles Under Ultra Deep Drilling Conditions

In the quest to access deeper fossil energy reserves, the past three decades have witnessed a concerted effort by scientists to develop and refine technologies capable of efficient drilling in environments characterized by high temperatures and pressures. Despite these advancements, our comprehension of the physical phenomena at play remains incomplete. A fundamental challenge pertains to the interaction between the rock and the drilling bit during drilling operations. This study delves into the influence of drilling bit pressure and rotation speed on the rock-breaking efficacy of impregnated diamonds under geostress conditions of 240 MPa and temperatures of 200℃.It juxtaposes these findings with those from rock-bit interaction experiments executed on a physical simulator, which was designed in accordance with similarity principles, in a controlled laboratory setting. Our findings indicate that for ultra-deep formations, a high Weight on Bit (WOB) coupled with a lower rotation speed results in enhanced rock cutting efficiency and a reduced rate of bit wear. Consequently, we recommend optimal drilling parameters of 8.0 to 8.5 kN for WOB and a rotational speed range of 180 to 240 rad/min. Furthermore, the study underscores the profound impact of horizontal differential stress on the rate of penetration (ROP). The insights gleaned from these tests are instrumental in refining the design of rock-breaking tools and optimizing drilling parameters, thereby augmenting the efficiency of rock breaking in challenging drilling environments.

Raising Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change in the Energy and Food Sectors of Egypt

Climate change will likely impact food security globally, regionally, and locally. Climate change can disrupt food availability, reduce access to food, and affect food quality. Accordingly, the impacts of climate change on the agricultural sector reflect food security and pose a serious threat to sustainable development. Furthermore, the total energy demand of Egypt is marked by an exponential growth of electricity demand, at a pace much faster than that of GDP, primary energy consumption, and population mainly due to a doubling up of the consumption of Egypt. The expected development of the industrial sector, the accelerated access to electricity, and the improvement of standards of living (directly connected with the consumption of the residential sector) are the reasons for these consumption upsurges. The different components of climatic change such as projected increases in temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, changes in extreme weather events, and reductions in water availability may all result in reduced agricultural productivity and may cause energy consumption upsurges. The main problem with climatic change and climatic variability in all parts of the Mediterranean Basin is that systematic climate observation programs are, at present, inadequate to permit reliable assessment, quantification, and prediction of climatic conditions and their impacts. More accurate assessments of regional climate variability and change and their related environmental and socio-economic impacts are highly needed.

New insights into dynamic disaster monitoring through asynchronous deformation induced coal-gas outburst mechanism of tectonic and raw coal seams

The coalbed methane energy resources waste, environmental pollution and miner's health remain challenging problems in worldwide mining operations accompanied by coal-gas outbursts; thus, the safe and efficient yield of these resources plays a vital role in the world's energy market. The tectonic coal development is a significant geological feature of coal and gas outburst sites, and the study of coal and gas outburst mechanism should be based on more precise geological occurrence characteristics. In this paper, the geological characteristics of coal and gas outburst sites were analyzed. The failure law of coal body under the stratified occurrence of tectonic coal and raw coal seam with different thickness was studied. The mechanical equilibrium equation of non-synchronous deformation of tectonic coal and raw coal was constructed, the initiation criterion of coal and gas outburst was established based on the support body model, and a case study was carried out. The results show that with the thickness increase of the tectonic coal seam, the peak displacement of the driving face increases. The outburst start-up and development of coal and gas outburst, coal and gas extrusion outburst and coal and gas collapse outburst were deeply analyzed, as well as the internal reasons of the occurrence of coal-gas outburst portent are explained, based on the support body model. The development process from the start to the end of coal and gas outburst is revealed, and a new perspective is proposed for the prevention and control of coal and gas outburst: improving the strength of support body is also of great significance for the prevention and control of coal and gas outburst.

Stakeholder interfaces for excess heat-based urban heat supply— Input from Swedish cases

Excess heat is generated from different industrial processes and from urban infrastructure (sewage water, transport, datacentres and buildings). Thirty-five percent of the European energy demand for heating and cooling could be met by excess heat. Today, however, this energy reserve is barely exploited. There are known barriers to excess heat recovery but limited information on stakeholder interactions in the early stages of excess heat collaborations and on successful collaborations. Sweden is world champion in terms of excess heat recovery into district heating systems, and the country has a long tradition in this field (dating back to the 1970 s). By studying two cases, we shed light on success factors in the early stages and in successful collaborations. We identify that the main success factors for excess heat recovery are (i) trust between the collaborating partners, (ii) the involvement of as many stakeholders across the DH (District Heating) value chain as possible (in the decision-making process), (iii) the establishment of joint goals, and (iv) the identification of a business model allowing for a win-win solution that prioritizes excess heat recovery and secures funding for the necessary investments. Excess heat recovery investments have features similar to those of other investments in climate change mitigation, making the success factors relevant to applications beyond the case of excess heat recovery.

Assessing combined effects of long-term exposure to copper and marine heatwaves on the reef-forming serpulid Ficopomatus enigmaticus through a biomarker approach

Sessile benthic organisms can be affected by global changes and local pressures, such as metal pollution, that can lead to damages at different levels of biological organization. Effects of exposure to marine heatwaves (MHWs) alone and in combination with environmentally relevant concentration of copper (Cu) were evaluated in the reef-forming tubeworm Ficopomatus enigmaticus using a multi-biomarker approach. Biomarkers of cell membrane damage, enzymatic antioxidant defences, metabolic activity, neurotoxicity, and DNA integrity were analyzed. The exposure to Cu alone did not produce any significant effect. Exposure to MHWs alone produced effects only on metabolic activity (increase of glutathione S-transferase) and energy reserves (decrease in protein content). MHWs in combination with copper was the condition that most influenced the status of cell homeostasis of exposed F. enigmaticus. The combination of MHWs plus Cu exposure induced increase of protein carbonylation and glutathione S-transferase activity, decrease in protein/carbohydrate content and carboxylesterase activity. This study on a reef-forming organism highlighted the additive effect of a climate change-related stressor to metals pollution of marine and brackish waters.

Energy Diplomacy in the Era of Energy Transition

The development of international relations after the 1973 oil crisis was accompanied by the emergence of such phenomena and concepts as global and regional energy security, energy security of states, foreign energy policy and energy diplomacy. Institutionalization and development of mechanisms ensuring energy security – including global energy security – occurred and continues to occur under the conditions of dominance of hydrocarbon fossil fuels in the world energy balance, as well as in the context of energy consumption worldwide. The priorities of its provision at the global, regional and state levels were and are the security of demand, supply and transit of hydrocarbon raw materials, and the diversification of energy sources. After signing the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015, efforts are being made to accelerate the low-carbon transformation of the world economy and the pace of the global energy transition. This involves mechanisms for responsible investment, carbon regulation, greenhouse gas emissions management (climate management); uses a variety of socially significant interpretations of ongoing climate change. These processes are increasingly determining the foreign energy policy of states, international energy diplomacy and influencing the previously formed mechanisms for ensuring energy security. The article is aimed at generalization and systematization of the ongoing changes in the activities of both traditional international centers and institutes of global energy policy, and relatively new international platforms in the subject area under consideration, primarily the Conferences of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and their impact on energy policy and energy diplomacy.