Primary Economic Activity Research Articles

Analysis of crisis situations in nautical tourism

With rapid industrialization, the current social system is facing a variety of crises that deplete resources, pollute the environment and generate large amounts of waste. Excessive destinations dependence on tourism, as a primary economic activity, make them more vulnerable to global crisis situations and their negative effects. The tourism industry is also sensitive to external disasters and the deterioration of the tourism product, and is becoming more exposed to the crisis, which leads to a growing interest in contingency planning. Economic crisis, the crisis in the world shipping economy and political instability represent some of the crisis situations that developed and developing countries are struggling with. The goal of the research is literature review to determine which crisis situations exist in nautical tourism, which ones occur most often and what is the cause of them. Also, by analyzing the content of selected articles, the aim is to present possible solutions to such situations, applying to a greater extent to the principles of sustainable development. This paper analyzes the scientific literature on the crisis situations and their negative effects on nautical tourism, as relatively new multidisciplinary tourism activity. Contrary to the long history of piracy, terrorist attacks, as a one type of crisis situations that occur in the maritime industry are rare. However, high-energy consumption, high water pollution and increased port production, consequently negatively affect the ecological environment. Pollution created by vessels, in addition to disrupting the natural ecological balance, also encourages climate change, therefore, ecological restoration measures can help improve the quality of the environment on land and in water.

Research for tourism development model in Cu lao Gieng – An Giang

Cu Lao Gieng (Gieng Island) – An Giang is gradually changing its face day by day from an isolated island with agriculture as a primary economic activity to a rural area for tourism development. The study proposes considering rural tourism as a specific approach not only to effectively exploit natural tourism potentials, humanistic tourism potentials, but also to help the region to solve its economic, cultural, and social problems in the community living on the island. From researched data and ethnographic fieldwork with participative observation in potential tourism areas through January to April 2020, positive results were achieved to identify natural resources in Gieng Island which are suitable for tourism development in rural areas. Since then, the study proposes tourism products for cultural and relic sightseeing tours, eco-tourism products for river tours, and specific agricultural eco-tourism products for Gieng Island. Positive rural tourism activities that contribute to increasing income and towards a sustainable livelihood for community participation. In addition to participating in the tourism development orientation of local authorities, the rural tourism model will harvest positive results if it receives closer attention from the community and businesses in the development process.

Impacts of Population Pressure on Agricultural Production and Farming Practices of Households: The Case of Essera Woreda in Dawro Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia

Agricultureasaprimaryeconomicactivityisthemajoreconomicbaseoftheworld’spopulation. Agriculture as a primary economic activity is the major economic base of the world’s population. More than 60 percent of the world population depends on agriculture for their livelihood. This study was conducted in Dawuro Zone Essera district achieve the general objective that assessed the impacts of population growth on agricultural production and farming practices. Essera district is 102,848, of whom 51.35% are male and 48.64% are female. This district falls into three agro-ecological regions, of which, kolla within (500-1500masl), weina-dega within (1501-2500 masl) and Dega above (> 2500 masl). To conduct this study, the cross-sectional survey design with the application of both qualitative and quantitative approaches were employed. The study involved a multistage sampling, i.e. a combination of purposive, stratified, and simple random sampling procedures to select the study area and sample households. To draw the samples, the households in the study area, Stratified random sampling technique was applied to collect information from respondents. Study area districts stratified into 3 stratums based on agro ecological zone, after this stratification in agro-ecological zone, kebeles that study has been undergone, selected purposively. That is kola whose elevation ranges from 1000m-1500m above sea level, woynadega whose elevation ranges from 1500m-2000m above sea level, and dega whose elevation ranges from 2000-3000m above sea level. Data that was made available through different instruments was analyzed using quantitative and qualitative techniques. Different tables, maps and figures were also used to illustrate the various aspects of the study. In the light of the theories considered and the finding of the study indicated, both the population pessimistic views of Malthusians and neo Malthusians and the optimistic views of Boserupian could not separately provides the complete explanations regarding the population and agricultural production relationship of this study. It was observed that, increase in population growth of the area associated with an increase in usage of modern inputs which increase in total crop outputs in general and yields for some crop types such as cereals in particular. Moreover, labor intensive land investment practices including tree planting; terracing, manuring croplands were increasingly under taking by peasants as result of rapid change in population size of the area. Farmers have to be advised to plant tree at area far away from land serving agricultural activities.

Assessing the applicability of a bottom-up or top-down approach for effective management of a coastal lagoon area

The coastal lagoon of Lesina, is situated on the Italian southern Adriatic coast, in a primarily rural area. Agriculture is the primary economic activity, while the lagoon supports only small scale fisheries and one aquafarm enterprise. However, the lagoon ecological state shows a slow but constant deterioration. In this study, we a) assess the causes for this decline; b) evaluate why the existing regulations have failed to protect the environment from this deterioration; c) explore the potential for community involvement in the management of the lagoon; d) formulate suggestions for developing a management plan that will ensure the preservation of the lagoon and the well-being of the community, according to a shared stakeholders’ vision. For this purpose, available social, economic and physical data were gathered, organized and successively used to identify the causes for the lagoon deterioration. We found that the main causes are: increased discharge of sediments and nutrients from inland activities; unmanaged fishing; loss of human capital; unclear regulations due to vertical and horizontal lack of coordination among authorities. Further, three workshops were conducted with local stakeholders to identify the multiple problems affecting the lagoon area and discuss possible shared solutions. The workshops highlighted that participants perceived the lagoon as an unexploited source of income, mostly in terms of nature based tourism, and suggested that negative externalities caused by the inland activities and mismanagement of the fishery sector should be accounted for by the authorities. However, the mapping of stakeholders indicates that the tourist sector in the area is not developed enough to effectively promote in a bottom-up fashion the development of a management plan of the lagoon area, which could encourage sustainable tourism by protecting the lagoon and generating economic development for the area.

What Do We Know About Changing Economic Activity of Firms?

Identification of primary economic activity of firms is a prerequisite for compiling several macro aggregates. In this paper, we take a statistical approach to understand the extent of changes in primary economic activity of firms over time and across different industries. We use the history of economic activity of over 46,000 firms spread over 25 years from CMIE Prowess to identify the number of times firms change the nature of their business. Using the count of changes, we estimate Poisson and Negative Binomial regression models to gain predictability over changing economic activity across industry groups. We show that a Poisson model accurately characterizes the distribution of count of changes across industries and that firms with a long history are more likely to have changed their primary economic activity over the years. Findings show that classification can be a crucial problem in a large data set like the MCA21 and can even lead to distortions in value addition estimates at the industry level. JEL Classifications: D22, E00, E01

Cyber-Physical Labs to enhance engineering training and education

The current market requirements of manufacturing sectors are boosting the development and adoption of digital tools increasingly every day. Training simulation software for automatic systems, process optimization, and system validation are a must-have for all production centers to do faster machine integrations and more rapid prototyping to find advantages over their competitors. The new form of system validation is known as virtual commissioning, which emulates a real industrial environment thanks to computer software, and it provides the user with a safe place to train before dealing with a problem in the real world. This technology represents an opportunity for specialized education where virtual commissioning could be used to equip control and automation laboratories in which students and trainees in automation can test, validate, and debug their control and automation strategies. Thus, the student learns by doing; the technology saves the training center money by not needing costly, industrial machinery to reinforce student understanding. The student’s practice becomes a regular habit. In our global economy, many developing nations whose primary economic activity is production feel these pressures, but their training laboratories are resource-poor and are commonly equipped with improvised homemade systems that do not represent what students will face in the real industrial environment. This article describes the creation process, capabilities, and scope of a set of new virtual commissioning elements within Cyber-Physical Laboratories (CPL). A CPL is a merger of physical laboratories equipped with real industrial controllers and virtual environments to emulate industrial processes which can be used for engineering training in automation, control, and robotics for the purpose of achieving low costs and effective use of laboratories. As in a physical system, in a Cyber-Physical Laboratory, devices are totally connected, all operating in their own spaces, real and virtual, and interacting with each other. This research paper also shows examples of in situ Cyber-Physical Laboratories and their capabilities, scope, usage, and contributions to student training.

Exploration of Contributions of Women in Rural Development and Determinant Factors Influencing Their Participation, The Case of Agricultural Cooperatives in Ethiopia

Women constitute about 50% of the world population and contribute about 75% to subsistence production. On the other hand, they earn one tenth of the world’s income and they own one hundredth of the world’s property including land. In Ethiopia, as in most parts of the world, women’s role in the socio-economic activities is high, but they have less access basic resources than men do. Therefore, the enhancement of women’s participation in all spheres of life has become a key issue in development discourses, which ratifies socio-economic development, cannot be fully achieved without the active participation of women. The primary economic activity of Ethiopia is agriculture which greatly depends on family labor where women play crucial role. Majorities of the rural populations are engaged in agricultural cooperatives, which is the business owned and controlled by the people to meet peoples’ common requirements. Hence, this article explored women participation status and associated factors influencing their participation in agricultural cooperatives. Although the feminist theory proved that women and men have equal potential for individual development, the fruits that go to women are by far very low. The review identified that culture/customs, heavy work load and lack of time, lack of capital/credit, gender differentials, lack of education and training, lack of access to key economic resources, laws and rules, lack of access to property ownership, income generation and purchasing power as determinant factors influencing women participation in agricultural cooperatives. Therefore, to improve the situation, proposed interventions have to be made include: creating awareness through education and training to bring attitudinal change in the society, encouraging women participation, making different types of credit accessible, following the implementation of laws and rules as designed. For that matter, government organs at all levels and other stakeholders ought to work to attract more women to the cooperative members and also to bring them to the decision making positions. Keywords: Agriculture; Contribution; Cooperative; Determinants; Participation; Women DOI: 10.7176/JCSD/61-03 Publication date: September 30 th 2020

The Lifecycle of Pottery Art Processes and Production in Mpraeso, Ghana

The production of traditional earthenware is a prehistorical/archaeological and historical practice among women in Mpraeso, in the Eastern Region of Ghana. Although pottery has been a vibrant industry in Mpraeso since prehistorical and historical times, there is little known research or published literature regarding the raw materials used, the lifecycle of the production process, the tools of potting, and the socio-cultural and economic importance of the art. This study investigated the raw materials used, production techniques, and the socio-cultural and economic significance of pottery in Mpraeso to elucidate knowledge on pottery production by women and the symbolism and taboos around making pottery in Mpraeso. The cross-sectional study utilised qualitative techniques to collect data from women potters. The results are presented based on themes related to production processes. Production tools are local rudimentary objects, mostly of wood and metal, and production materials are of two kinds: clay materials and grog extracted from the locality. Pots are formed by the coiling method and open-fired. The pots are used for many domestic chores and for funerals, among other uses. Potting is a primary economic activity for women in Mpraeso. The industry needs to be developed in view of the role it plays in Mpraeso, as it promotes the transmission of culture and the art of pottery production and stimulates the local economy of Ghana.

Bisnis Informasi Lowongan Kerja: Sebuah Komodifikasi di Portal Media Online dan Jejaring Sosial

The information society makes the production, processing, distribution and consumption of information the primary economic and social activity. This makes information as one of the main commodities in the information society market industry. LokerJogja.ID as an online media portal and with its social media network makes job content as a marketable commodity and is considered to be able to attract the attention of the public. This study identifies and criticizes how LokerJogja.ID offers commodities in the form of job content to be of appropriate use value. By using a critical paradigm, this study uses virtual ethnography method. Data collected documentation through online media portals and social media networks used by LokerJogja.ID. Then, the findings are analyzed through collection, reduction, and presented in a qualitative-descriptive. Based on the analysis of researchers, online media portals and social networks are only used as a 'container' for profit, that is, by utilizing audiences and content that is sufficiently distributed from job openers. Not only modifying job content as something of exchange value, but LokerJogja.ID has exploited the audience. This relates to the number of audiences as followers and visitors of the online media portal and social network LokerJogja.ID which can affect the profitability of the job content platform.

Assessment of intensive agriculture on water quality in the Culiacan River basin, Sinaloa, Mexico.

The percentage of agricultural land cover effect on water quality in Culiacan River basin is studied in this research. The basin contains only intensive cropland as primary economic activity with 60% of the total area. Mathematical relationships between percentages of cropland and total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations were established. Sampling sites in middle and lower basin and water quality information during 2013-2018 were considered, and percentages of cropland were obtained by geospatial methods including variable area buffers. During rainy season, coefficients of determination were less than 0.2, although quantified nutrient concentration was higher, related to point sources of pollution in the basin. During dry season, coefficients of determination were higher than 0.76 and 0.90 for TN and TP, respectively, with an exponential mathematical trend. Results suggest that intensive agriculture practices generate accelerated loss of soil consolidation, which is transported to water bodies. These soils are in continuous contact with fertilizers and pesticides, mostly organophosphates which have been transported by runoff and underground flows. Using the information generated will help to establish environmental management plans, and to improve environmental diagnosis and effect in countries where there is not enough historical cartographic information and/or water quality data.

Marriage dynamics in old Lower California: ecological constraints and reproductive value in an arid peninsular frontier

ABSTRACT It is commonly expected that natural selection will favor earlier reproduction, yet ecological constraints can force people to delay marriage. Furthermore, humans demonstrate sex-specific preferences in marriage partners – with grooms normally a few years older than their brides; however, the age at which individuals marry can influence the spousal age gap. We investigate factors influencing age at first marriage and age difference at marriage using nineteenth-century historical demographic data from Baja California Sur, Mexico. Analyses suggest ecological constraints affected male, but not female, age at first marriage. Males who migrated from their natal community and who married in communities whose primary economic activity was agriculture experienced delayed age at first marriage. The age at which females first married increased over time causing a reduction in the age gap between spouses. Furthermore, the spousal age gap showed sex-specific effects: women who married early in life were much younger than their husbands, while women who married late in life were older than their husbands, suggesting that variation in female reproductive value influenced mate choice. Males, on the other hand, who married late in life showed a preference for marrying much younger females, indicating preferences for females with high reproductive value.

What Do We Know About Changing Economic Activity of Firms?

Identification of primary economic activity of firms is a prerequisite for compiling several macro aggregates. In this paper, we take a statistical approach to understand the extent of changes in primary economic activity of firms over time and across different industries. We use the history of economic activity of over 46,000 firms spread over 25 years from CMIE Prowess to identify the number of times firms change the nature of their business. Using the count of changes, we estimate Poisson and Negative Binomial regression models to gain predictability over changing economic activity across industry groups. We show that a Poisson model accurately characterizes the distribution of count of changes across industries and that firms with a long history are more likely to have changed their primary economic activity over the years. Findings show that classification can be a crucial problem in a large data set like the MCA21 and can even lead to distortions in value addition estimates at the industry level. JEL Classifications: D22, E00, E01

Agricultural growth and land use land cover change in peri-urban India.

Varanasi district is comprised of eight administrative blocks. Owing to economic development, it has shown an increase in urban activities. Analysis of remotely sensed data for a period of two decades reveals that the built-up area increased by about 345% while vegetation decreased by 86% during 1993-2013. Contrary to other observations, land use changes, due to urban growth, increased not only the built area but also the agriculture class. Agricultural area increased by 39% in the two decades. Population density increased from 1217 to 1806 person/km2 and household density grew from 152 to 273 households/km2 during 1991-2011. Land absorption coefficient (LAC) and land consumption ratio (LCR) were calculated as demographic indices of land use land cover change (LULC). Vegetation delineation shows that sparse vegetation increased from 40.2 to 90.1 km2 while dense vegetation decreased from 28.4 to 1.7 km2 in 1993-2013. There was a distinct shift from agriculture, as a primary economic activity, towards non-agricultural pursuits. In order to frame better strategies for sustainable development and food security, this phenomenon of increasing urbanization around cities needs to be studied. This micro scale study can be helpful in formulating policy for urban areas in developing countries like India which heavily depend on agriculture to sustain their population and economy.

Drivers of Variability in Public‐Supply Water Use Across the Contiguous United States

AbstractThis study explores the relationship between municipal water use and an array of climate, economic, behavioral, and policy variables across the contiguous U.S. The relationship is explored using Bayesian‐hierarchical regression models for over 2,500 counties, 18 covariates, and three higher‐level grouping variables. Additionally, a second analysis is included for 83 cities where water price and water conservation policy information is available. A hierarchical model using the nine climate regions (product of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) as the higher‐level groups results in the best out‐of‐sample performance, as estimated by the Widely Available Information Criterion, compared to counties grouped by urban continuum classification or primary economic activity. The regression coefficients indicate that the controls on water use are not uniform across the nation: e.g., counties in the Northeast and Northwest climate regions are more sensitive to social variables, whereas counties in the Southwest and East North Central climate regions are more sensitive to environmental variables. For the national city‐level model, it appears that arid cities with a high cost of living and relatively low water bills sell more water per customer, but as with the county‐level model, the effect of each variable depends heavily on where a city is located.

Social alienation and environmental decline in a coral reef: Challenges to coastal management in the Mexican Caribbean

Tourism is the primary economic activity on the Riviera Maya in Quintana Roo, Mexico. The area's main attractions are the fringing coral reefs along the coast and the myriad white sand beaches produced by them. Rapid growth of tourism and supporting industries generates jobs and a steady flow of immigrants, increasing demand for housing and services. It also increases pressure on coastal and marine resources through impacts such as pollution, overfishing, coastal zone modification, etc. In this context, Akumal a small tourism-support town associated to the coastal tourism center Akumal Beach, was selected to assess its level of dependence and appropriation of marine resources. A two-pronged approach included a characterization of the town's population socio-economic indicators, as well as their use and perception of easily identifiable marine resources (coral reef, fish and water quality), applying surveys with close-ended questions. And the second approach was the interview of key local business owners and tours operators to establish their vulnerability to coral reef degradation, and their disposition towards conservation efforts. The relationships between community involvement and resource appropriation, as well as, socioeconomic indicators and local perceptions about the past, present and future condition of marine resources were explored using redundancy analysis (RDA), and additionally important variables identified were tested for significance with a Chi-squared test. Surveys highlighted two socio-economic factors: its high employment rate (90%) with 80% working directly in tourism (but earning average wages 25% lower than the regional average), and the heavy out-of-state immigration. Surveys also brought up two phenomena among newcomers: deterritorialization (or social alienation), consisting in lack of involvement by the local community in decision-making processes, scarce participation in natural resources use, and shifting-baselines associated to ignorance of current resource condition. Interviews with local stakeholders found that they felt only partially vulnerable in a hypothetical situation of total reef loss, and were open to support conservation efforts as long as transparency and full cooperation from all stakeholders was ensured. The measures recommended to coastal managers, broadly applicable to the Mexican Caribbean, focus on development of local strategies addressing the root causes of social mistrust and misperceptions, leading to environmental degradation.

Algonquin Provincial Park as Policed Space

This paper explores the creation of Algonquin Park, and its social and economic exclusion of local people, including the people after which the park was named, in favour of industrial resource exploitation. The very foundation of the park in 1893 was a form of exclusion, though Aboriginal people were so socially marginalized that their existence was only subsequently recognized through the casting of their everyday behaviours as deviant. Non‐Aboriginal trappers were also confronted with the prohibition of their primary economic activity. Surveillance and law enforcement became important as hunting and simply entering the space without permission were criminalized. Official publications and brochures highlight the public and recreational aspects of the park, but industrial resource extraction, particularly clear cut logging by private lease‐holding companies, was deemed a legitimate activity. This reflects the related capitalist and colonial values of the provincial government and suggests that the creation of Algonquin Provincial Park was hegemonic and economic. The record of legislation, policy construction and enforcement in the park provide an excellent testimony of this reality.8

Evaluation of Soil Salinity and its Impacts on Agriculture: Nexus of RBOD-III, Pakistan

Agriculture is a primary economic activity of man since long period; agriculture is a huge platform to provide the jobs in this sector. As agriculture simply financial records for 4.2 % of direct service in developed nations, at present employs over 52 % of the labor force in the Africa, and 59 % in Oceania. In this sector employs over 1.3 billion people all over the world or near to 40 % of the global labor force. Over the fifty countries, agriculture employs half of the total population and even 75 % in the pitiable nations.Soil is a backbone of economy of an agricultural country, which increases not only the GDP but also provides the childhood and source of income in rural areas. Agriculture of any region depends upon the Soil fertility, it is natural resource which provides the food and helps to maintain eco-system and supportsus to control on climate change. Soil salinity is a disease or cancer of soil, by this disease annual production of different crops and fruits are reducing day by day. District Kamber-Shahdadkot is also facing this disease due to the construction and mismanagement of Right Bank Outfall Drain-III (R.B.O.D-III). A six kilometers long belt of Kamber-Shahdadkot along the both sides of RBOD-III is webbed by the soil salinity. Where, farmers are seeking for a grain of rice and wheat. For the recuperation of soils fertility, a scientific experience was done in laboratory on the three parameters pH, Electric Conductivity (E.C) and Total Dissolved salts (TDS).

IZGRADNJA POLJOZAŠTITNIH ŠUMSKIH POJASEVA U POSTUPKU KOMASACIJE

Global considerations of vulnerability to different land degradation processes, indicate that significant areas, not only in the germ and the desert areas of the world, but throughout Europe, to a greater or lesser extent, affected by wind erosion. Conducted analyses and assessments have shown that wind erosion in Europe threatens a total of about 42 million hectares of land (European Environment Agency-EEA, 2000). Wind erosion is particularly pronounced in the plains, where the primary economic activity is agriculture. Vojvodina, based on its natural characteristics, located in the zone of moderate and medium-intensity wind erosion, but with potentially high to very high risk of the emergence and intensification of erosion processes caused by human activity. Agri-protection windbreaks in the process of land consolidation, as a biological way to combat wind erosion, are the subject of this paper, in order to determine the differences between the projects of agri-protection forest belts and the actual situation on the ground. Therefore, the paper will be presented with the following characteristics agri-protection forest belts, the first project, and then view the current situation in the field.

Promises and perceptions in the Guianas: The making of an artisanal and small-scale mining reserve

In sparsely populated areas of the interior of the Guianas, artisanal and small-scale gold mining has become the primary economic activity for local and migrant populations over the last three decades. Because of the adverse environmental and social impacts often associated with artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM), these activities can be a source of unease for governments, and the question of how to confront the growing challenges of ASM has become a global concern. Formalization of the sector is increasingly being put forward as one strategy to mitigate the impacts associated with ASM, and there is a growing consensus that large-scale mining (LSM) companies have a role to play in this process. This article examines the perspectives of artisanal and small-scale miners on an initiative to formalize the ASM sector in a rural region in the interior of the Guianas. Through an analysis of a collaboration between a national government and a LSM company to create a reserve for artisanal and small-scale gold miners, we identify the major opportunities and limitations of this strategy. These opportunities and limitations demonstrate that although an artisanal and small-scale mining reserve could be one way to formalize the sector and support rural livelihoods, there are clear barriers to overcome to improve the interactions among governments, companies, artisanal and small-scale miners, and local communities.

‘You should build yourself up as a whole product’: Transgender female identity in Lima, Peru

ABSTRACTTransgender women in Lima, Peru have, until recently, been grouped together with gay and bisexual men in the category MSM, or men who have sex with men, with little consideration of their unique situation and needs. Transgender women, self-identified in Peru as travesti, are a socially vulnerable population with many unmet health needs, including an HIV prevalence of 30%. Understanding specific transgender identities and their contexts will contribute to the improvement and development of HIV prevention programs. Through qualitative open-ended interviews with trans-identified women in Lima, Peru, this study found that the non-normative travesti identity is constructed within a conservative homophobic and heteronormative social context. Participants strive towards appearances and relationships perceived as feminine, seeking out silicone injections and abusive men as social markers of this femininity. Sex work is the primary economic activity available and travestis are often alienated from their families and communities. Work is needed to increase self-esteem and decrease violence, stigma, and discrimination. There is a need for multilevel HIV prevention campaigns prioritising travesti in Lima, utilising a human rights framework.