Price Impact Research Articles

Explaining why increases in generic use outpace decreases in brand name medicine use in multisource markets and the role of regulation.

Healthcare systems worldwide face escalating pharmaceutical expenditures despite interventions targeting pricing and generic substitution. Existing studies often overlook unwarranted volume increases in multisource markets due to differential physician perceptions of brand name and generics. This study aims to explain the outpacing of generic medicine use over brand name use in multisource markets and assess the regulatory role, specifically examining the impact of reference pricing on volume and intensity increases. Analyzing German multisource prescription medicine markets from 2011 to 2014, we evaluate regulatory mechanisms and explore whether brand name and generic medicines constitute separate market segments. Using an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition approach, we divide the differential in brand name versus generic medicine use rates into market structure and unobserved segment effects. Generic use rates surpass same-market brand name substitution by 3.87 prescriptions per physician and medicine, on average. Reference pricing mitigated volume increase, treatment intensity and expenditure. Disparities in quantity and expenditure dynamics between brand name and generic segments are partially explained by market structure and segment effects. Generic medicine use effectively reduces expenditures but contributes to increased net prescription rates. Reference pricing may control medicine use, but divergent physician perceptions of brand name and generics, revealed by identified segment effects, call for nuanced policy interventions.

Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan Harga dan Lokasi Terhadap Kepuasan Pelanggan Pada Penginapan Wisma Jampea Makassar

Abstract The Impact of Service Quality, Price and Location on Customer Satisfaction at Wisma Jampea Makassar Lodging This research rigorously aimed to investigate the current customer satisfaction at Wisma Jampea customers. The variables used consisted of service quality (X1), price (X2), location (X3), and Customer Satisfaction (Y). Further, this study included 53 respondents as samples and conducted quantitative research using primary data. Thus, this research collected the data from questionnaires. The population of this study involved 53 Visitors then performed survey method as sampling techniques. Afterwards, this research applied analytical methods including validity tests, data reliability tests, normality tests, multicollinearity tests, heteroskedasticity tests, multiple linear regression analysis, simultaneous influence tests (F tests), partial influence tests (t) and R2 simultaneous determination tests. Therefore, the results showed that: (1) Service Quality indicated a positive influence on Customer Satisfaction at Wisma Jampea Makassar Lodging; (2) price reported a non-positive effect on Customer Satisfaction at Wisma Jampea Makassar Lodging; (3) location found a positive impact on Customer Satisfaction at Wisma Jampea Makassar Lodging. Keywords: Service Quality, Price, Location and Customer Satisfaction

Balancing innovation and affordability in anti-obesity medications: the role of an alternative weight-maintenance program.

Despite remarkable clinical advances in highly effective anti-obesity medications, their high price and potential budget impact pose a major challenge in balancing equitable access and affordability. While most attention has been focused on the amount of weight loss achieved, less consideration has been paid to interventions to sustain weight loss after an individual stops losing weight. Using a policy simulation model, we quantified the impact of a weight-maintenance program following the weight-loss plateau from the initial full-dose glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists or incretin mimetic use. We measured long-term health care savings and the loss of some health benefits (eg, maintenance of weight loss, improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors, and reductions in diabetes and cardiovascular events). Our model suggested that, compared with continuous long-term full-dose GLP-1 receptor agonists or incretin mimetic drugs, the alternative weight-maintenance program would generate slightly fewer clinical benefits while generating substantial savings in lifetime health care spending. Using less expensive and potentially less effective alternative weight-maintenance programs may provide additional headroom to expand access to anti-obesity medications during the active weight-loss phase without increasing total health care spending.

ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL PRICING STRATEGY AND PRODUCT QUALITY AND THEIR IMPACT ON MARKETING EXCELLENCE (A CASE STUDY OF RETAILERS OF CELLULAR DEVICES IN NAJAF)

This research aims to understand and analyze the impact of psychological pricing and product quality on marketing excellence. The research is descriptive and quantitative, focusing on the retail market for mobile phones in the city of Najaf. The researcher relied on a study population of 423 retail stores catering to consumers' needs for mobile phones. A random distribution of questionnaires was employed to obtain genuine results as a tool for collecting primary data from a sample of 100 responses, representing 23.6% of the population. Each questionnaire comprised 35 questions. The primary data was collected and analyzed, and research hypotheses were tested using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The research is structured into three main sections. The first section discusses the psychological pricing strategy and product quality. The second section delves into the marketing excellence of the surveyed company through innovation and creativity, brand name, as well as the site, and differentiation achieved by the company in comparison to its competitors in the market. The third section presents conclusions and recommendations.

Circular behavior of oil consumption and the impact of oil prices with the Fourier approach

In the changing world, oil continues to be important in energy production. Using monthly data from 1965 to 2022, the permanency of oil consumption fluctuations was investigated. Fourier-based Granger causality tests were used to examine cause-and-effect relationships between variables. Long-term relationships were estimated using Fourier-based Engle Granger cointegration tests. Unlike previous research, this study considers the long and short-term effects of countries that consume the most and least oil, as well as on a global scale, from different perspectives, examining oil price fluctuations together, and estimating these analyzes using the Fourier approach. Oil consumption fluctuations appear temporary in New Zealand and Luxembourg but permanent in all other countries. Oil consumption and prices share a causal relationship in the US, Japan, New Zealand, and Luxembourg, but no relationship elsewhere. A long-term relationship exists between oil consumption and prices in the US, India, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Japan, South Korea, Canada, Mexico, and Estonia. In other countries, no long-term relationship is found between these two variables. Error correction model estimation shows only the equation for Japan can be interpreted based on statistical significance. A one-unit deviation between oil consumption and prices can reach equilibrium in 20 months.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Personalized Marketing Strategies of AMAZON

In today's digitally driven marketplace, personalized marketing has emerged as a pivotal strategy for businesses aiming to engage customers on a deeper level and foster long-term relationships. With the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI), personalized marketing has reached unprecedented levels of customization and effectiveness. This master's thesis delves into the intricate relationship between AI and personalized marketing strategies, focusing on how AI-powered techniques can revolutionize customer engagement and satisfaction. The research explores various facets of personalized marketing, including data collection, analysis, and implementation of tailored campaigns. Through a comprehensive literature review, this thesis examines the theoretical underpinnings of personalized marketing and the evolution of AI technologies in this domain. Moreover, empirical studies and case analyses are conducted to illustrate real-world applications and outcomes of AI-driven personalized marketing strategies across diverse industries. Key themes investigated include the role of machine learning algorithms in deciphering consumer behavior patterns, the ethical considerations surrounding data privacy and consent, and the implications of AI-generated content on brand-consumer interactions. Additionally, the study investigates the impact of personalized recommendations, dynamic pricing, and predictive analytics on enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty. Furthermore, this research highlights the challenges and opportunities associated with integrating AI into personalized marketing initiatives, such as algorithm bias, algorithmic transparency, and the need for continuous adaptation to evolving consumer preferences. Insights gathered from interviews with industry experts and surveys of consumers contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the practical implications and future directions of AI-enabled personalized marketing

Financial regulations and sustainability: The role of energy price and climate policy uncertainty

Russia ranks among the top five countries worldwide in terms of carbon emissions, with the energy, transportation, and manufacturing sectors as the major contributors. This poses a significant threat to both current and future generations. Russia faces challenges in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 13, necessitating the implementation of more innovative policies to promote environmental sustainability. Considering this alarming situation, this study investigates the role of financial regulations, energy price uncertainty, and climate policy uncertainty in reshaping sectoral CO2 emissions in Russia. This study utilizes a time-varying bootstrap rolling-window causality (BRW) approach using quarterly data from 1990 to 2021. The stability test for parameters indicates instability, suggesting that the full sample causality test may yield incorrect inferences. Thus, the BRW approach is employed for valid inferences. Our findings confirm the time-varying negative impact of financial regulations on CO2 emissions from energy, manufacturing, and transportation sectors. Additionally, findings confirm time-varying positive impact of energy prices and climate policy uncertainty on CO2 emissions from the energy, manufacturing, and transportation sectors. Strong financial regulations and stable energy and climate policies are crucial for achieving sustainability, highlighting significant policy implications for policymakers and stakeholders.

Statistical Examination of the Impact of Export Prices of Some Selected Agricultural Commodities to Nigeria Economic Growth (1999 – 2022)

In this paper we examined empirically the impact of three selected export prices of agricultural commodities such as coca, rubber and soya beans to Nigeria Economic Growth from 1999 to 2022. The data for this study were of secondary source obtained the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. The Multiple Regression Model of GDP of the three selected export prices of agricultural commodities have significant relationship with the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) with the p-value of (=0.000) which is less than

Decoding Consumer Behavior: The Role of Pricing, Branding, and Social Media in Market Choices

This study explores the impact of price, brand, and social media on consumer purchasing decisions within a regional textile market, employing a quantitative methodology. Data was collected through questionnaires and analyzed using multiple linear regression. Findings reveal that each factor significantly influences consumer behavior, suggesting that a holistic marketing strategy incorporating these elements is crucial for enhancing consumer engagement and retention. This research highlights the importance of synchronized marketing efforts in maximizing the effectiveness of pricing, branding, and digital engagement in regional markets. Highlights : Price, Brand, and Social Media Impact: Each factor significantly affects consumer purchasing decisions, emphasizing their critical role in marketing strategies. Holistic Marketing Approach: Integrating price, brand, and social media strategies is vital for enhancing market penetration and customer loyalty. Quantitative Analysis Validation: The use of multiple linear regression confirms the strong influence of these variables on consumer choices, supporting targeted marketing tactics. Keywords : Consumer Behavior, Pricing Strategy, Brand Influence, Social Media Marketing, Textile Industry

How does green investment respond differently to decomposed oil shocks?

This study investigates the asymmetric impact of oil price shocks on green investment by using a Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) framework. Oil price shocks are decomposed from perspectives of supply, demand, and risk of the oil market, and the green investment is proxied by the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index. The asymmetry of the oil price impact is examined from different sources of the shocks and the condition when the specific shock level is positive or negative. Our findings indicate that impacts of oil shocks on green investment are different depending on sources of the shocks and time horizons. Specifically, supply shocks exhibit no obvious asymmetric effects. Positive and negative changes of the demand shock depict asymmetric impacts on green investment, while such an asymmetry gradually evolves to be symmetric in the long-run. In contrast, the impact of risk shocks is symmetric in the short-run while being evolved to be asymmetric in the long-run. Moreover, the linkage of oil shocks with green investment is shown to be altered by unanticipated events such as the financial crisis or the COVID-19 pandemic, suggesting the uncertainty embedded in the two is somewhat similar.

The impact of housing prices and land financing on economic growth: Evidence from Chinese 277 cities at the prefecture level and above.

With the rapid progress of urbanization in China, the real estate industry, characterized by a long industrial chain, has become a pillar industry for economic development. Therefore, we inspect the nexus between land finance, housing prices, and economic growth. For this purpose, we use the panel data of 277 cities at the prefecture level or above in China from 2011 to 2019, and empirically examine it by using the Panel Vector Auto Regression (PVAR) model. The results show that there is a causal relationship between housing prices and economic growth. Housing prices promote economic growth in the short term and inhibit it in the long term. Both economic growth and housing prices have a significant impact on land finance. The economic growth show a significantly positive impact, while housing prices promote land finance in the short term with a long-term trend from positive to negative. This is the first study that tries to probe the relationship between urban housing prices, land finance, and economic growth by considering 277 prefecture-level and above cities in China. To promote the stable development of the regional economy, local governments need to overcome their dependence on the housing market and land finance and promote the healthy development of the housing market.

Exploring Inflation Dynamics with the Phillips Curve in Türkiye: Evidence from the Markov Regime Switching Model

Unlike in many advanced and emerging market economies, inflation was already a problem for the Turkish economy before the COVID-19 pandemic. During the 1990s, Türkiye experienced severe inflation, which reached three digits in some months. Although inflation was reduced to single digits in the 2000s through a successful disinflation program under an implicit inflation targeting framework with a flexible exchange rate regime, price stability became a problem again after the global financial crisis. Inflation gradually increased during the 2010s and became out of control after late 2021. This study aims to explore inflation dynamics in Türkiye using the Phillips curve framework for different inflation environments. To this end, the Phillips curve equation, augmented with the exchange rate and oil prices, is estimated using the Markov regime switching model between January 2006 and September 2023. Two regimes are identified in the sample, namely low- and high-inflation regimes. According to the estimation results, the Phillips curve is invalid in both regimes. The unemployment gap is statistically insignificant despite its negative impact on current inflation. The increasing coefficient of backward inflation in the high regime reflects the resurgent indexation behavior, which was dominant before inflation targeting was introduced in Türkiye. The positive impact of oil prices is only statistically significant in the low regime. While an increase in the exchange rate significantly raises inflation in both regimes, the effect is greater in the high-inflation regime. These empirical findings indicate that the primary issues for controlling inflation in Türkiye are inflation inertia and exchange rate stability.

The Impact of Service Quality, Prices and Consumer Trust on Interest In Goods Deliveri Services (Case Study of Local Expedition Company Service Users in Pontianak City)

This research aims to determine service quality, price and costumer trust in interest in goods delivery services at local expedition companies in the city of Pontianak. The population in this study were all existing users of local expedition company services and the sample was determined using the Purposive Sampling method. The form of research is a form of causality research with data collection techniques using questionnaires. The analytical method used in this research is the rating scale method which is processed on a computer using the SPSS version 25 program. Data testing is carried out using validity tests, reliability tests, classical assumption tests (normality, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation), correlation tests, coefficient tests determination, multiple linear regression test, F test and t test. Based on the test results (Test F), it shows that the variables of service quality, price and customer trust influence consumer buying interest. Partial test results (t test) show that service quality does not influence costumer buying interest, but price and costumer trust influence interest in using the company's goods delivery services.

Evaluating the impact of minimum unit pricing (MUP) on alcohol sales after 3years of implementation in Scotland: A controlled interrupted time-series study.

On 1May 2018, Scotland introduced minimum unit pricing (MUP), a strength-based floor price below which alcohol cannot be sold, throughout all alcoholic beverages. The legislation necessitates an evaluation of its impact across a range of outcomes that will inform whether MUP will continue beyond its sixth year. We measured the impact of MUP on per-adult alcohol sales (as a proxy for consumption) after 3 years of implementation. Controlled interrupted time-series regression was used to assess the impact of MUP on alcohol sales in Scotland after 3 years of implementation, with England and Wales (EW) being the control group. In adjusted analyses, we included household disposable income, on-trade alcohol sales (in off-trade analyses) and substitution between drink categories (in drink category analyses) as covariates. Weekly data were assessed on the volume of pure alcohol sold in Scotland and EW between January 2013 and May 2021, expressed as litres of pure alcohol per adult. The impact of MUP on total (on- and off-trade combined), off-trade and on-trade alcohol sales was assessed separately. The introduction of MUP in Scotland was associated with a 3.0% (95% confidence interval = 1.8-4.2%) net reduction in total alcohol sales per adult after adjustment for the best available geographical control, disposable income and substitution. This reflects a 1.1% fall in Scotland in contrast to a 2.4% increase in EW. The reduction in total alcohol sales in Scotland was driven by reduced sales of beer, spirits, cider and perry. The reduction in total sales was due to reductions in sales of alcohol through the off-trade. There was no evidence of any change in on-trade alcohol sales. Minimum unit pricing has been effective in reducing population-level alcohol sales in Scotland in the 3 years since implementation.

THE INFLUENCE OF PRODUCT QUALITY, PRICE AND PROMOTION ON THE DECISION TO PURCHASE VANS SHOES (Case Study of Students at the Faculty of Economics and Business, Indonesian Christian University)

The studies aim to understand following aspects of the purchase decision: the presence of a partial influence on the quality of the product on decisions to purchase Vans shoes, existence of a Partial influency on price of decision on purchase of Vans footwear, Presence of an influencing of promotions on purchasing decisions of Vans brand shoe, and the combined impact of products quality, prices, and promotions on Vans’ decisions to buy shoes. Most of populations in these studies were active student at Christian University Indonesia who already wore Vans shoes. Respondents to this study consisted of 58 respondents and sampling techniques use is purposive Sampling. Data analyst techniques use in these studies is Double Linear Regressions use application SPSS 25. Results of these studies show that (1) the quality of the product has partials influence on the purchase decisions of the Vans branded shoes, (2) the price has no partial effects on the buying decision of Vans, (3) the promotion is partially influenced on the purchasing decision for Vans Brand Shoes, and (4) the products quality, prices, and promotions combined have an impact on Vans’ brands shoe purchase decisions. Keywords: Product Qualities, Prices, Promotions, Purchase Decisions

Impacts of hydrogen price and carbon dioxide emission factor on bi-objective optimizations of absorption and subsequent methanation processes of carbon dioxide capture, utilization, and storage

The bi-objective optimization of the CO2 absorption and subsequent methanation process using monoethanolamine (MEA) was performed based on two evaluation indexes: cost and CO2 emissions. In the evaluation boundary, the methanation-generated exothermic heat and absorption-generated reboiler heat duty were integrated using low-pressure steam. The indexes, cost and CO2 emissions, of the whole evaluation boundary were evaluated based on the electricity demand, process water, natural gas, hydrogen, and MEA. Further, Pareto solutions were explored by combining machine learning and genetic algorithms. Notably, the bi-objective optimizations were implemented for the following two cases using different hydrogen prices and CO2 emission factors: the present baseline and target values in the U.S. national clean hydrogen strategy (Hydrogen Shot), and 21 and 12 Pareto solutions were obtained for the present baseline and the target of Hydrogen Shot, respectively. The expenses and CO2 emissions for the Hydrogen Shot target reduced by approximately 80% and 50%, respectively, compared with the present baseline. Thereafter, the impacts of the hydrogen price and CO2 emission factor, as well as the process simulation design variables, were analyzed. The analyses revealed that most of the evaluation indexes (cost and CO2 emissions) were derived from hydrogen; additionally, the methanation pressure and temperature significantly impacted the Pareto solutions. Thus, the bi-objective optimization approach implemented here is promising for the optimizations of subsequent utilization processes.

The Impact of Portraits, Product Pricing, and Voice Emotion on Crowdfunding Success Rates Across Different Genders

In recent years, crowdfunding as an internet entrepreneurial method has gradually entered the public's attention. Crowdfunding platforms have witnessed significant development across various sectors, including charity, cultural creativity, and technological innovation. This study explores the impact of gender, visibility, product pricing, and voice emotion on crowdfunding success rates within the American platform Kickstarter. Emphasis is placed on understanding how gender factors influence crowdfunding in different contexts, aiming to assist project founders to enhance their project success rates. The study analyzes success rates of founders of different genders in various situations. The findings under face visibility conditions, the success rate of male funders is significantly lower than the mean success rate of female funders. Crowdfunding success rates are generally higher when product prices exceed the average, with female funders consistently achieving higher success rates than male funders in this scenario. In crowdfunding video voiceovers, for founders of different genders, the impact of energy levels in crowdfunding videos on success rates is not significant. However, higher upset values lead to a greater success rate, with a similar increase for founders of different genders. The study concludes that in crowdfunding videos where faces are shown, female fundraisers significantly enhance success rates. Higher crowdfunding project prices lead to higher success rates, and female fundraisers are more likely to succeed in these projects. While the degree of discouragement in voiceovers significantly influences projects, gender is not a crucial influencing factor.

Effect of exchange rate uncertainty, energy prices and sectoral spending on agriculture value added, household consumption, and domestic investment

The agricultural value chain is underpinned by the interdependence of agricultural value added, household consumption and domestic investment. Understanding the complex interactions between these microeconomic outcomes and the uncertainties in the macroeconomic variables of exchange rates, energy prices and sectoral spending remains under-researched. Therefore, this study examines the impact of exchange rate, energy prices and sectoral spending on agricultural value added, household consumption and domestic investment in Nigeria from 1981 to 2020. Using Kernel regularized least squares (KRLS), the results show that the average pointwise marginal effects of exchange rate and agricultural spending are positive, while the average pointwise marginal effect of energy price is significantly negative for the agricultural value-added model. The results also show that the exchange rate, energy prices and agricultural expenditure all have a positive effect on household consumption. Regarding domestic investment, the effect of the exchange rate is positive and statistically insignificant, while the effects of energy prices and agricultural expenditure are negative and statistically significant. The study recommends the need to strengthen the social safety nets currently in place in Nigeria to support households that are vulnerable to exchange rate fluctuations. In addition, incentives should be given to households and farmers to help use renewable energy sources such as solar or wind power for agricultural activities. Also, investment in value chains and agribusiness initiatives should be encouraged rather than just in crop production.

Cognitive influence on the evaluation of wine: The impact and assessment of price

Price is one of the most important product-extrinsic factors influencing the consumers’ response to, and presumably experience of, wine. This is ironic inasmuch as the research tends to highlight either no, or else even a slightly negative relationship between price and liking in typical consumers when they taste wines blind. Nevertheless, providing price information, especially when it is high leads to enhanced taste ratings, especially for low to mid-priced wines. Similarly, bottle and label information (that makes a wine look cheaper or more expensive) has also been shown to influence the evaluation of wine by regular consumers (i.e., non-experts). Indeed, product-extrinsic information often appears to outweigh the product-intrinsic sensory attributes of wine in people’s hedonic (in not necessarily in their sensory-discriminative) ratings. Such findings therefore highlight the importance of cognitive as compared to direct sensory cues in the evaluation of wine. This narrative historical review critically reviews and evaluates the published experimental literature that has examined the impact of price on wine ratings.

Impacts of commodity prices and governance on the expansion of tropical agricultural frontiers

Deforestation in the tropics remains a significant global challenge linked to carbon emissions and biodiversity loss. Agriculture, forestry, wildfires, and urbanization have been repeatedly identified as main drivers of tropical deforestation. Understanding the underlying mechanisms behind these direct causes is crucial to navigate the multiple tradeoffs between competing forest uses, such as food and biomass production (SDG 2), climate action (SDG 13), and life on land (SDG 15). This paper develops and implements a global-scale empirical approach to quantify two key factors affecting land use decisions at tropical forest frontiers: agricultural commodity prices and national governance. It relies on data covering the period 2004–2015 from multiple public sources, aggregated to countries and agro-ecological zones. Our analysis confirms the persistent influence of commodity prices on agricultural land expansion, especially in forest-abundant regions. Economic and environmental governance quality co-determines processes of expansion and contraction of agricultural land in the tropics, yet at much smaller magnitudes than other drivers. We derive land supply elasticities for direct use in standard economic impact assessment models and demonstrate that our results make a difference in a Computable General Equilibrium framework.