Prewar Year Research Articles

AGRO PRODUCTS EXPORTS OF UKRAINE WITHIN ITS TRADE AGREEMENTS WITH THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES

The aim of the research is to work out the recommendations on the geography of the agricultural products trade of Ukraine under the circumstances of the on-going war through the analysis of the trends and dynamics of the agro exports from Ukraine to the CIS, the agricultural products exports from Ukraine to the CIS countries possible correlation with each other, its direction and level. The data are the values of the agricultural products exports from Ukraine to the CIS countries from 2001 to 2023 included with the special identification of the years 2021-2023 as the year 2001 is the earliest one with the available data, 2021 is the pre-war year and 2023 – the year with the latest data available and the second year of the war. Such methods of scientific research as empirical, comparative and statistical analyses, including data mining, cleaning and processing, methods of correlation measuring like Pearson, Spearman and Kendal correlation tests, the method of exclusion, as well as textual and tabular methods for better data presentation and comparison were used while conducting the research presented in the given article. The conducted research indicated, that the agro exports of Ukraine to the following country – pairs appeared to be positively correlated: 1) Armenia – with Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, 2) Azerbaijan – with Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, 3) Belarus – with Uzbekistan, 4) Georgia – with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, 5) Kazakhstan – with Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, 6) Kyrgyz Republic – with Tajikistan, and 7) Tajikistan – with Turkmenistan.

The Effect of War on STEMI Incidence: Insights from Intensive Cardiovascular Care Unit Admissions.

(1) Background: The impact of armed conflicts on public health is undeniable, with psychological stress emerging as a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Nevertheless, contemporary data regarding the influence of war on CVD, and especially on acute coronary syndrome (ACS), are scarce. Hence, the aim of the current study was to assess the repercussions of war on the admission and prognosis of patients admitted to a tertiary care center intensive cardiovascular care unit (ICCU). (2) Methods: All patients admitted to the ICCU during the first three months of the Israel-Hamas war (2023) were included and compared with all patients admitted during the same period in 2022. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. (3) Results: A total of 556 patients (184 females [33.1%]) with a median age of 70 (IQR 59-80) were included. Of them, 295 (53%) were admitted to the ICCU during the first three months of the war. Fewer Arab patients and more patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infraction (STEMI) were admitted during the war period (21.8% vs. 13.2%, p < 0.001, and 31.9% vs. 24.1%, p = 0.04, respectively), whereas non-STEMI (NSTEMI) patients were admitted more frequently in the pre-war year (19.3% vs. 25.7%, p = 0.09). In-hospital mortality was similar in both groups (4.4% vs. 3.4%, p = 0.71; HR 1.42; 95% CI 0.6-3.32, p = 0.4). (4) Conclusions: During the first three months of the war, fewer Arab patients and more STEMI patients were admitted to the ICCU. Nevertheless, in-hospital mortality was similar in both groups.

ADVANCED TRAINING IN POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF MARTIAL LAW

The article focuses on the need to meet the needs of public sector professionals in acquiring new knowledge and skills through the proposals of educational service providers in the field of vocational training under the legal regime of martial law. It is established that under the legal regime of martial law, postgraduate education institutions providing professional training, in particular, advanced training of public servants, continue to operate fully despite various restrictions on the organization of operational activities. They are free to choose the forms, methods and means of training that correspond to the professional development programs. For most postgraduate education institutions, distance learning became the only available form in the system of professional development of civil servants in 2022. Based on the analysis of the Poltava Regional Center for Professional Development, it can be stated that the number of educational events, groups of participants, and the number of participants in professional training has increased. In 2022, vocational training was mainly provided to local government officials and civil servants of regional and district state (military) administrations, and the number of participants in vocational training decreased compared to the pre-war year. The task of providing professional information and explanatory support on topical issues of public service under martial law was a companion to educational services for postgraduate education institutions. The high quality of educational services of postgraduate education institutions can be ensured by expanding the range of educational services in the field of professional training of officials with the simultaneous introduction of innovative educational technologies, various forms and methods of teaching, and wider involvement of practicing teachers, representatives and experts of civil society institutions. Priority areas of training should be determined by the needs of customers of educational services for professional development.

СТРУКТУРА ТОВАРНОГО ЕКСПОРТУ УКРАЇНИ: ОЦІНКА ЕЛАСТИЧНОСТІ ДИНАМІКИ ТОВАРНИХ ГРУП

The article is devoted to the analysis of the structure of Ukrainian exports based on the use of the ABC method. Its purpose is to assess the prospects of various product groups in the future model of Ukraine’s foreign trade based on the use of microeconomic analysis methods. The article substantiates methodical approaches to the division of individual goods of positions A, B and C depending on their specific weight in the total income from exports. Based on the data for 2021 (the last pre-war year of export growth), 5 commodity items that provide more than 75% of export income (group A) and 10 commodity items that make up more than 90% of exports (A+B) were selected. It is these positions that should be the focus of the state’s attention on the formation of export policy. The performed grouping was used to analyze the trends of changes in the export structure over the last 10 years. It was found that in group A, two product positions (chapters XV and XVI according to the Ukrainian classification of goods of foreign economic activity - UCG FEA) have a steady tendency to weaken positions, as well as two other positions (chapters II and III), on the contrary, constantly increase their specific weight in total exports. This phenomenon is qualified as deindustrialization of Ukrainian exports. In order to identify the growth potential of Ukrainian exports and justify the basic principles of the formation of the post-war foreign economic strategy, the ABC analysis was supplemented by the calculation of the elasticity coefficient for individual commodity items, which is defined as the ratio of the percentage change in income from the corresponding commodity item to the percentage change in the total value of commodity exports for the corresponding year. The analysis of the obtained results showed that goods from section XV (Precious metals and products thereof) are characterized by high elasticity both in periods of growth of total exports and its reduction. This gave reason to assume that the main factors of the dynamics of this part of exports lie outside the country’s borders, and therefore it should not form the basis of foreign trade strategy in post-war Ukraine. On the contrary, goods from sections I, II, III and IV (goods related to agro-industrial complexes) have low elasticity, their export is characterized by stability. However, due to these reasons, they also do not have significant growth potential, and therefore should be considered not as a driver, but as a stabilizer of foreign trade. The goods of group XVI (Machines, equipment and mechanisms; electrical equipment) have the greatest potential. Therefore, in the post-war strategy of foreign economic activity, a special place should be given to the stimulation of both the production and export of these goods, as well as the creation of special conditions for investors (domestic and foreign) who are ready to invest in export-oriented machine-building enterprises.

Податкова політика в умовах війни та її вплив на формування доходів місцевих бюджетів

The easing of tax legislation after the outbreak of war was aimed at supporting business and ensuring the functioning of the economy. However, its impact on local budget revenues was ambiguous. Some changes to the tax legislation during martial law had a negative impact on local budget revenues, while others had the opposite effect. The purpose of the article is to identify the impact of tax policy on the formation of local budget revenues during the wartime and to assess the prospects for filling local budgets with tax revenues in the short term. The publication characterizes the tax changes introduced after the outbreak of war in terms of taxes that have a direct impact on the formation of local budget revenues – personal income tax, single tax, land payment, tax on real estate other than land, excise tax on fuel, alcohol and tobacco products. The authors analyze the tendency in changes in tax revenues of local budgets by region. It is found that the introduced tax changes have had a negative impact on local budget revenues from property tax (land payment, tax on real estate other than land, transport tax) and from excise tax on fuel. At the same time, the growth of tax revenues from personal income tax, single tax, and excise tax on alcohol and tobacco products in total ensured a 13.5% increase in local budget revenues compared to the previous pre-war year. However, against the background of the overall growth of local budget revenues, there was a decline in tax revenues in the regions, some parts of which remain under russian military occupation (Zaporizhzhia, Kharkiv, Kherson, Donetsk, and Luhansk regions). The authors critically assess and substantiate the prospects for filling local budgets with tax revenues in the short term. In the near future, we can expect an increase in tax revenues of local budgets, given the possible abolition of «tax relaxations» against the background of the successes of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, which positively affect the business expectations of enterprises and intensification of their business activities.

The sentiments of the population in Vladimir Region during the Great Patriotic War

The article examines the mood of home front workers during the Great Patriotic War based on the materials of Vladimir region, a region that had its own specific features. The author draws attention to the change in the rear position of this territorial unit during the war. The sources for the analysis were archival documents, some of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, as well as documents of a memoir and epistolary nature. The study of Soviet propaganda during the indicated period draws attention to the transition from predominantly internationalist to patriotic slogans - a process that started at the very beginning of the war, with some precedents already in the last pre-war year. In the course of the study, the author identifies the ambiguous sentiments of the population in the rear in relation to the war and their living conditions. Attention is drawn to the fact that citizens had a negative perception of a number of actions of the authorities in the initial period of the war. The article tells the difficult situation in the rear during the battle for Moscow, a victory which to a large extent caused a turn in the mood of the majority of the population. An analysis of the letters of front-line soldiers and home front workers clearly reveals the fatalism of most of them, and their submissive adherence to their prescribed fate. At the same time, their letters show the hope for a quick victory over Nazism and the belief that their closest descendants would be able to build a bright future. Despite the predominantly patriotic statements, the example of the Vladimir region shows a critical attitude towards the Soviet government, not only on regional but also on central level. Still, one cannot but confirm that Soviet propaganda was very successful in consolidating the people during the war, which was of course facilitated by the policy of Nazi Germany both at the front and in the temporarily occupied territories.

Before the Storm: Russia and Britain in Iran in 1913

The article is devoted to the Russian-British relations and the Russian policy in Qajar Iran in 1913. The last pre-war year in Persia was characterized by some normalization of the situation after the crisis of 1911—1912. St. Petersburg and London were able to establish cooperation with the new Iranian Cabinet, get the desired concessions, agree on a joint loan to Persia, and resolve any issues that arise as a matter of routine. Nevertheless, the objective contradictions of the interests of Russia and Britain in the country, different approaches to the interpretation of the 1907 Agreement, constantly produced tension and difficulties in bilateral relations. In this regard, the issue of revising the Convention has become relevant.

Widersprüchliche Optionen: Stationen der Künste 1913

AbstractApart from their rather coincidental origin year, 1913, there is no apparent connection between a monument like the “Völkerschlachtdenkmal” in Leipzig (“Monument to the Battle of the Nations”) and the aesthetic manifestations of the avant-garde. These artistic expressions oscillate between opposite poles: weakness and desire for stability, refinement and primitivism, immanence and transcendence. It might be assumed that precisely these contradictory impulses lie at the heart of the rich and widely influential artistic outcome of this pre-war year.

Władysław Studnicki i pokolenie niepodległościowe

Polish “generation of independence fighters” became politically active during the last year of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, a period of rapid social, political and ideological changes. Władysław Studnicki belonged to this generation. His origin from old Polish Borderlands and family upbringing explains his belief that a recovery of Polish independence should be absolute political priority, as well as his anti-Russian attitude. Because in Studnicki’s opinion recovering of Polish independence could only be regained as a result of war between powers responsible for Polish partition, he was actively supporting creation of Polish military organizations. During the World War I, drawing conclusions from declining importance of Austro-Hungary, Studnicki decided that restoration of independent Poland can only happen with German help and persuaded Germans that this was in their interest. In 1915 the central powers proclaimed recognition of Poland’s independence, known as “Act of 5th May”) that had a major influence on accepting the desire of restoration of Poland by France and Gt. Britain (at that time allies of Russia). Due to his absence of political ability, his role in bringing about the Act of 5th May brought him no popularity. During the inter-war period Studnicki was mainly active as a writer, producing books and articles on politics and economics. In politics he advocated idea of Polish-German cooperation and during the last pre-war year, foreseeing the disastrous effects of Polish-German war, he argued against Poland joining antiGerman alliance. During German occupation of Poland he attempted to persuade Germans to cease their brutal suppression. These attempts were totally unsuccessful and caused him to be imprisoned and being beaten by Gestapo. The last years of his life Studnicki spent in exile in England.

The Future of the Panama Canal

Throughout most of its history, the importance of the Panama Canal — to the United States, to Panama, and to the international shipping community — was never questioned. This situation changed when the political confrontation between the United States and the Noriega regime took place in the 1980s, and most of the media began to suggest that the usefulness of the Panama Canal was on the decline and no longer of much importance to world trade. In this regard, the media seriously misrepresented the facts. Let us take a closer look at the Canal in order to gain a better perspective on the actual situation.Prior to World War I, the volume of trade going through the Panama Canal, though a useful transportation artery, was relatively small. In fact, in 1929, its peak pre-War year, the total volume was just 30 million tons.

View of a war from a pathology department: Croatian experience.

This report presents an analysis of autopsy records from the Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Osijek General Hospital, in the period from 2 May 1991, when 12 Croatian policemen were killed in an ambush in Borovo Selo and the war against Croatia unofficially began, until 15 January 1992, when the last cease-fire agreement between Croatia and Serbia, sponsored by the United Nations, became effective. During that time, 651 war-related autopsies were performed, constituting 42 per cent of all the deaths recorded in eastern Slavonia for that period. This number presents an 11-fold increase in the number of violent deaths in comparison to the same period of the pre-war year 1989 to 90. Forty-four per cent of all deaths were civilian ones. Explosive wounds were the most frequent cause of death: they accounted for 60 per cent of the civilian and 49 per cent of all the deaths. This fact and the extensive destruction of the cities in eastern Slavonia, including their hospitals, indicate that a principal characteristic of this and many modern wars is sudden and unexpected ground and air attacks on civilian targets.

USSR Foreign Trade Indicators

Soviet foreign trade statistics investigate the economic relationships between the Soviet Union and countries abroad. The statistical data testify to a substantial increase in Soviet foreign trade. The volume of trade between the USSR and foreign governments was almost seven times higher in 1958 than in the prewar year of 1938, in comparable prices. In connection with the rapid growth in its foreign commerce, the Soviet Union, which prior to World War II was 16th in the world in foreign trade, has now advanced to 6th place. Trade with socialist countries represents the bulk of the postwar commerce of the Soviet government.

Does Productivity Rise Faster in the United States?

IT is widely believed that productivity normally increases substantially faster in the United States than it does elsewhere, but a survey of the relevant statistics relating to the present century suggests that this is far from certain, at least in peacetime. It may be that we sometimes suffer from an optical illusion in this matter. We can, for example, easily be misled by comparing a recent prewar year (such as I937 or the average of I934-38), when the United States was depressed, with a postwar year like I949 or I950, when the rest of the world had not fully recovered from the war. In making comparisons of Britain and America we can also be misled if we ignore the rapid growth in the American population, which is increasing by nearly one million every four months. In I955 it was 28 per cent greater than in I937, a year often used for comparisons with the present. During the same period the United Kingdom population rose by only 8 per cent. Britain, moreover, has probably been less successful in raising productivity than many other countries. And, perhaps most important of all, we may not always take sufficient account of the two world wars which have played such havoc with the economies of many nations outside the United States. We are of course discussing proportionate rates of growth in productivity. It is undeniable that the absolute level of productivity and the absolute annual increase in output per head are much higher in the United States than in most other countries; and the absolute gap in living standards is steadily widening. This raises important economic and political problems, but it is not the question at issue here. It should be noted that the diagrams throughout this article are drawn on semi-logarithmic, or ratio, scales so as to show proportionate, rather than absolute, changes in the magnitudes portrayed. We shall have to examine the behavior of a good many index numbers, and a once-for-all warning and apology at this stage will avoid tedious repetition. Index numbers are, for good theoretical reasons, notoriously and inevitably dangerous to interpret, especially when longterm trends are in question; and some of the figures we shall have to use are in addition based on shaky estimates and of doubtful comparability. To some extent this is inevitable. Better basic figures, at least about the past, may never be available. But there is also scope for more careful exploration of the data that exist (including statistics bearing indirectly on the subject and nonstatistical information as well) than was possible for our present purpose. It is to be hoped that others will attempt this task, but, in the meantime, we must seek provisional conclusions from the figures presented in the following pages. It is certainly impossible to form a judgment without any figures at all; for, as we shall see later, there is no clear a priori reason why productivity should increase much faster in the United States than it does elsewhere. The statistics that follow exclude Russia and China throughout, and usually the countries of Eastern Europe after I939 1 (the index numbers have then, of course, been linked at a prewar year, and so require no upward adjustment in postwar years to give a true picture of rates of growth). We start with a summary of production (not productivity) of raw materials, foodstuffs, and manufactures in the United States and in the * This paper will appear, in a somewhat different form, as a chapter in a forthcoming book on the dollar problem to be published by Macmillan. It will be supported by an Appendix but, since this is as long as the text itself, it has not been possible to reproduce it here. The references to it have, however, been retained so that the reader may have some idea of the statements and figures that are more fully explained in it. The conclusions reached here should not be taken to imply that there is, or is not, a long-run dollar problem; the relation between rates of growth of productivity in different areas and the balance of payments between them is a complex one. No account is taken in this paper of possible differences in rates of innovation. I am greatly indebted to Miss Monica Verry and Mr. Maurice Scott for invaluable assistance and to many others who have commented on the draft. The exception is the index of raw material production, where it was statistically more convenient to include Eastern Europe throughout.

昭和 30 年度における福岡県小学生の体位

We've inquired into the physical condition of 7240 pupils of primary schools (consisting of 6, 9 & 11 year old) in Fukuoka Prefecture, Kyushu in 1955. And, in comparison between cities and countries, and between the year of 1955 and the year of 1939, 1948 and 1952, we have reached the following conclusion : (1) Boys have finer physique than girls, in average, both in cities and countries in 1955. (2) There isn't so remarkable difference in height between cities and countries in the case of boys as well as girls. In weight those who are living in countries are heavier than those in cities in average. In girth of the chest, on the contrary, those in cities are larger than those in countries. (3) In 1955 compared with 1938 (the pre-war year), their physique is upward a bit both in cities and countries. But, the increasing of weight, above all other things, is most backward. (4) And in 1955 as compared with 1948 and 1952, they are growing to a remarkable degree. There is especially a marked sign of growing tall in the case of girls.

Research Library Acquisitions from Great Britain

Previous articleNext article No AccessResearch Library Acquisitions from Great BritainEdwin E. WilliamsEdwin E. Williams Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Library Quarterly Volume 20, Number 3Jul., 1950 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/617658 PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Chemical Expansion Revealed in First Postwar Census

ONE of the largest industrial expansions in the nation's history took place in chemical manufacture between 1939 and 1947. The Census of Manufactures, a detailed survey of production, sales, labor, materials, and other costs in American industry, shows that between the prewar and the postwar years chemical manufacture in this country more than trebled in point of production and sales, and that some of its branches such as medicinal chemicals increased more than 800%. It will be seen from the accompanying statistical summaries that organic chemicals led all other divisions of the chemical industry with shipments of more than $3 billion, a gain of almost four times over 1939, the last previous census year. For all chemicals and allied products (Table II), the total volume measured in terms of dollar sales or shipments was $12.1 billion, as compared with $3.5 billion during the prewar year, an increase of about 3.5 ...

The role of botanical research in the chicle industry

An American industry which in the last pre-War year did a total retail business of $140,000,000 and has been based largely on exploitation of the sapodilla forests in the Yucatan Peninsula without much concern for perpetuating the supply.

American Rubber in 1946

THE year 1946 will be remembered for a long time by the rubber industry. The change to a heavy production of passenger tires and the release for the need of truck tires by the armed forces permitted the converting of rubber hydrocarbon into fabricated production at a level far higher than any previous year. Whereas the all-time high consumption of rubber of all kinds (except reclaim) previously had been 781,259 tons, there was over 1,000,000 tons used in 1946. The total number of tires manufactured approached 85,000,000 units compared to 59,000,000 units in the best prewar year. These high production volumes have been possible only through continued high production of American rubber. This year has brought the return of appreciable imports of crude rubber which permitted converting to crude rubber of a large number of products where American rubber had been at a disadvantage in quality comparison. Thus, the industry is now producing products on ...

Retrospect 1939–1945

These notes are not intended to be a history of the Second World War. They are no more than a survey of the effect of that war on the financial institutions, namely, the Life Insurance Companies, with which British actuaries are particularly concerned. It is hoped that the survey will be of value to those members of the Students' Society who have been out of touch—through no fault of their own—with what has been happening in the field in which their peace-time activities mainly centre.The Companies operate under conditions of ‘Freedom with Publicity’ in furtherance of which there was published, pre-war, the yearly volume of Assurance Companies' Returns, which, with the summaries appended to it, offered a convenient source of facts and figures. The publication of the Returns ceased during the war years, the last figures available relating to the operations of the year 1937; for most purposes, therefore, 1937 has been used as the ‘pre-war basic year’.

Industrial Expansion and Location

IN APRIL of the prewar year of 1940, manufacturing accounted for approximately 10.3 million workers out of a total employment in nonagricultural establishments of about 30.8 million. (Total nonagricultural employment, including proprietors, the self-employed, and domestic workers was nearly 6 million higher.) Among metropolitan areas there was a wide variation in the relative importance of manufacturing. In nearly half of the 120 major industrial communities in the eastern part of the country-southeast as well as northeast-one-half or more of the workers in nonagricultural establishments were employed in manufacturing, whereas in several of the trading communities in agricultural sections of the South and West the portion was under one-fifth. It is also significant that in these less industrialized communities the factory operations were usually restricted to consumer goods made for the local population. In the older industrial areas manufacturing is for the most part confined to definite districts, whereas in many of the trading areas plants have been scattered throughout the commercial part of the city. The difference has resulted from the nature of the operations. Large-scale metal fabrication and chemical processes, because of their space and transportation requirements, are usually carried on in a separate part of the area, whereas food processing, printing, and other types of production for local consumption are often mixed with or adjacent to commercial zones. Moreover, wherever manufacturing is of considerable local importance, operations are often specialized. This results from a number of factors, among them, the success of an early prominent concern, the skills of the labor force, and the special service industries that develop. An area thus tends to devote a large portion of its industrial activity to making a few outstanding products. One area is an automobile center. Another is devoted mainly to steel; still others to textiles, tires, machine tools, furniture, foods. There were, of course, before the war, areas that were sufficiently diversified so that no one industry accounted for more than 10 per cent of the total value of manufactured products; but these were exceptional, and during the war most of them came to be dominated by a few munitions products. Not only is the local economy often concentrated in a few industries, but wherever the economies of size operate in an industry, a few plants employ a large fraction of the area's work-