Previous Training Experience Research Articles

Prescribing, dosing and titrating exercise in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy for prevention of comorbidities: Ready for prime time.

The benefits of physical activity are well established, leading to both cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular benefits, improving quality of life and reducing mortality. Despite such striking body of evidence, patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are often discouraged by health professionals to practice physical activity and personalised exercise prescription is an exception rather than the rule. As a result, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients are on average less active and spend significantly less time at work or recreational physical activity than the general population. Exercise restriction derives from the evidence that vigorous exercise may occasionally trigger life-threatening arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. However, while participation in competitive sports should be prudentially denied, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients can benefit from the positive effects of regular physical activity, aimed to reduce the risk of comorbidities and improve the quality of life. Based on this rationale, exercise should be prescribed and titrated just like a drug in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients, considering individual characteristics, symptoms, past medical history, objective individual response to exercise, previous training experience and stage of disease. Type, frequency, duration, and intensity should be defined on a personal basis. Yet exercise prescription in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and its long-term effects represent major gaps in our current knowledge and require extensive research. We here review existing evidence regarding benefits and hazards of physical activity, with specific focus on viable modalities for tailored and safe exercise prescription in these patients, highlighting future developments and relevant research targets.

A Game Theoretic Approach for Digital Forensic Tool Selection †

Digital forensic investigations are getting harder and more time consuming everyday because of various problems including rapid advances in technology, wide variety of available devices in investigations, and large amount of data to be analyzed. In order to tackle with these issues, digital forensic tools are developed by open-source communities and software companies. These software products are released as a complete toolkit or standalone tools targeting specific tasks. In either case, digital forensic investigators use these tools based on their familiarity because of previous training experiences, available funding from their agencies/businesses, tool’s ease of use, etc. Moreover, using additional tools to verify the findings is a common practice in digital forensic investigations. This is particularly common when the previously selected tools do not generate an expected output. In this paper, we propose a game theoretic approach to the tool selection problem in order to help investigators to make a decision on which digital forensic tool to use. We particularly focused on file carving tool usage when building and analyzing our model because of the available data on these tools. Our results show how important it is to investigate the dynamics of strategy changes between the tools during an investigation to increase the efficiency of the investigation using game theoretic modeling.

Investigation Police Dog Olfactory Acuity Through: Comparing Various Dog Breeds, Previous Training Experiences and Searching Site on the Detection of Narcotics

Investigation Police Dog Olfactory Acuity Through: Comparing Various Dog Breeds, Previous Training Experiences and Searching Site on the Detection of Narcotics

A Preliminary Investigation into Collegiate Student-Athletes’ Attitudes towards Athletic Trainers and Sport Psychology Consultants

To investigate if athletes’ attitudes toward athletic trainers and sport psychology consultants differ considering nature of athletic ability beliefs and previous experiences with these professionals; collegiate student-athletes (n = 114 male, n = 81 female, M age = 19.77, SD = 1.43) completed the Conceptions of the Nature of Athletic Ability Questionnaire-2 (Biddle, Wang, Chatzisarantis, & Spray, 2003), Attitudes Toward Athletic Trainers-Form (modified from the Attitudes toward Physiotherapist-Form; Arvinen-Barrow, Clement, & Bayes, 2012), and the Sport Psychology Attitudes Revised-Form (Martin, Kellman, Lavallee, & Page, 2002). Multiple analyses of variance revealed small statistically significant mean differences in attitudes considering ability beliefs, previous athletic training, and sport psychology experiences. Athletes with previous athletic training experience were less confident in their athletic trainer than those without such experience. In contrast, athletes with previous sport psychology experience were more confident in their consultant than those without such experiences. Results suggest athletes’ attitudes towards helping professionals may be partially influenced by subjective norms and expectations about the nature of such relationships.

Validation of a Physical Education Teachers' Self-Efficacy Instrument Toward Inclusion of Students With Disabilities.

Acquiring specific training in disability seems to be a key aspect for achieving school inclusion. Teachers who receive such prior training would be more prepared to address diversity in the classroom, which could be related to their perception of self-efficacy. The aim of this study was to validate the Spanish version of the Self-Efficacy Scale for Physical Education Teacher Education Majors toward Children with Disabilities (SE-PETE-D). Two hundred and eighteen in-service physical education teachers participated in this study, with a Mage = 38.06 years and Mteaching experience = 11.72 years. To obtain the three subscales resulting from intellectual, physical, and visual disabilities, several exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted. The results supported three independent models made up of three factors (intellectual, physical, and visual disabilities). The structure of the models was invariant with respect to gender, the educational stage in which the teaching was taking place, previous teaching experience, previous training, and previous experience in adapted or inclusive physical activity and sports. The subscales presented high reliability values for Cronbach’s alpha, and Omega’s index ≥0.81. This study provides evidence of the validity and reliability of an instrument to measure the perceived self-efficacy of physical education teachers to include students with disabilities in their classes and is the first study to be applied with in-service teachers. In addition, some methodological and conceptual limitations of the original scale are identified, opening new lines of work in relation to training situations to assess the perception of self-efficacy or the type of disability.

Research ethics and research integrity training for investigators :Reflections based on the working practice of Peking University Human Research Protection Program

Objective Summarize and share the working practice of Investigator Research Ethics and Research Integrity Training conducted at Peking University Human Research Protection Program (PKU HRPP), to further explore continuing quality improvement of investigator ethical training at university level. Methods Conduct systematic review of the archiving files of PKU HRPP investigator training activities during 2012-2018, summarize feedback information from investigators to identify possible experiences for sharing and space for improvement. Results There are some positive experiences for sharing about the training mechanism and practices at PKU HRPP. Conclusions Based on the previous ethical training work and experiences at PKU HRPP, possible proposals for continuing quality improvement may including: strengthening the requirements of ethical training of investigators, encouraging and recognizing ethical training conducted by research teams, emphasizing training Quality and the promotion of sharing and mutual recognition mechanisms for ethical training. Key words: Ethical training; Capacity building; Experiences; Improvement

Percutaneous vs surgical emergency cricothyroidotomy: An experimental randomized crossover study on an animal‐larynx model

Airway management is a paramount clinical skill for the anaesthesiologist. The Emergency Cricothyroidotomy (EC) constitutes the final step in difficult airway algorithms securing a patent airway via a front-of-neck access. The main distinction among available techniques is whether the procedure is surgical and scalpel-based or percutaneous and needle-based. In an experimental randomized crossover trial, using an animal larynx model, we compared two EC techniques; the Rapid Four Step Technique and the Melker Emergency Cricothyrotomy Kit®. We assessed time expenditure and success rates among 20 anaesthesiologists and related this to previous training, seniority and clinical experience with EC. All participants achieved successful airway access with both methods. Average time to successful airway access for scalpel-based EC was 54 (±31)seconds and for percutaneous EC 89 (±38)seconds, with 35 (95% CI: 14-57) seconds time difference, P=.003. Doctors with recent (<12months) EC training performed better compared to the non-training group (37 vs 61seconds, P=.03 for scalpel-based EC, and 65 vs 99seconds, P=.02 for percutaneous EC). We found no differences according to clinical seniority or previous real-life EC experience. Our study demonstrated that anaesthesiologists achieved successful airway access on an animal experimental model with both EC methods within a reasonable time frame, but the scalpel-based EC is performed more promptly. Recent EC training affected the time expenditure positively, while seniority and clinical EC experience did not. EC procedures should be regularly trained for.

What students who perform in “secondary roles” can learn from scenario training in vocational education

Context: Learning through scenario training and live simulation in vocational education is generally regarded as an effective tool for developing professional knowledge. However, previous research has largely overlooked the learning of students in secondary roles in scenario training. The objective of this study is to explore learning for students who act in secondary roles during scenario training in vocational educational settings. &#x0D; Method: The studied case entails scenario training for police students in a Swedish police education programme. A case study design, which included both participant observation and a questionnaire, was used. The analytic lens applied was inspired by practice theory and focused on how structural and situational arrangements of the training activity affect learning. &#x0D; Results: Our findings show that students who act in secondary roles learn from their scenario training experiences, but this learning often is overlooked in the design of training activities. Due to the structural arrangements of training activities, learning emerged as students in secondary roles were tasked to support the primary participants in relation to their learning objectives. In addition, it emerged in how students in secondary roles used previous scenario training experiences in relation to the current scenario and its learning objectives. Examples of learning from situational arrangements emerged as students in secondary roles formulated and provided feedback to primary participants and through informal discussions and reflection processes. Learning also emerged as students in secondary roles embodied the “other” during scenario training, something that provided the students with new perspectives on police encounters. &#x0D; Conclusions: We theorize and extract three dimensions for how learning emerges in this case for secondary participants. It emerges through embodying the “other”, in students’ sensory experiences, and through reconstruction of knowledge through repetition. However, our findings also show that learning for students in secondary roles can be improved through mindful set-up and design. Based on the findings, our article provides a discussion and suggestions on how scenario training can be planned and set-up to develop professional knowledge for students in secondary roles.

Perfecting practice: a protocol for assessing simulation-based mastery learning and deliberate practice versus self-guided practice for bougie-assisted cricothyroidotomy performance

BackgroundSimulation-based medical education (SBME) is a cornerstone for procedural skill training in residency education. Multiple studies have concluded that SBME is highly effective, superior to traditional clinical education, and translates to improved patient outcomes. Additionally it is widely accepted that mastery learning, which comprises deliberate practice, is essential for expert level performance for routine skills; however, given that highly structured practice is more time and resource-intensive, it is important to assess its value for the acquisition of rarely performed technical skills. The bougie-assisted cricothyroidotomy (BAC), a rarely performed, lifesaving procedure, is an ideal skill for evaluating the utility of highly structured practice as it is relevant across many acute care specialties and rare – making it unlikely for learners to have had significant previous training or clinical experience. The purpose of this study is to compare a modified mastery learning approach with deliberate practice versus self-guided practice on technical skill performance using a bougie-assisted cricothyroidotomy model.MethodsA multi-centre, randomized study will be conducted at four Canadian and one American residency programs with 160 residents assigned to either mastery learning and deliberate practice (ML + DP), or self-guided practice for BAC. Skill performance, using a global rating scale, will be assessed before, immediately after practice, and 6 months later. The two groups will be compared to assess whether the type of practice impacts performance and skill retention.DiscussionMastery learning coupled with deliberate practice provides systematic and focused feedback during skill acquisition. However, it is resource-intensive and its efficacy is not fully defined. This multi-centre study will provide generalizable data about the utility of highly structured practice for technical skill acquisition of a rare, lifesaving procedure within postgraduate medical education. Study findings will guide educators in the selection of an optimal training strategy, addressing both short and long term performance.

016 Assessing the Benefits of a Hands-On Male Pelvic and Prosthetic Surgery Cadaveric Simulation Course for Residents

Simulation is increasingly used to augment first-hand surgical experience in urology residency training. Our institution hosted a resident-focused, hands-on, cadaveric simulation course for male pelvic and prosthetic surgery. Teaching modules included T-shunt for priapism, inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP), male AdVance™ sling, and artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) placement. We sought to investigate resident self-perceived surgical ability before and after course attendance. We hypothesized that cadaver training would enhance resident surgical confidence at every level of training in each of the four procedures taught. To assess the benefits of cadaveric simulation laboratory training on resident confidence in performing male pelvic and prosthetic surgeries. Trainees in ACGME-accredited regional urology residencies were invited to attend the course. Attendees were surveyed for previous training experience, and perceived ability to perform each surgery independently with 10-point Likert scale questionnaires. A similar post-course test was administered after completion of the curriculum. Statistical analysis with Wilcoxon rank-sum testing was utilized to assess for differences in resident self-perceived abilities.

Barriers and facilitators of using augmentative and alternative communication with students with multiple disabilities in inclusive education: special education teachers’ perspectives

ABSTRACT This study investigated special education teachers’ perspectives regarding barriers and facilitators when using Augmentative and Alternate Communication (AAC) with students with multiple disabilities. A sample of 172 teachers of such students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, responded to two questionnaires concerning barriers and facilitators to using AAC. The findings indicate that the school environment dimension poses the most serious barriers, more than the dimensions of teacher skills and students. Female teachers are more aware of their lack of knowledge and skills as barriers than are male teachers. Positive correlations were confirmed between previous AAC training and teaching experience as well as recognition of the seriousness of barriers. Participants also expressed positive and strong agreement about what facilitators provided to AAC use. The findings suggest fruitful ways to increase AAC use and improve the experiences of teacher and student users.

Effects of concomitant high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training on exercise capacity and response to exercise- induced muscle damage in mountain bike cyclists with different training backgrounds

BACKGROUND: While interval training is considered an effective modality for improving performance, its effectiveness among athletes may be influenced by previous training experience. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether differences in training background are reflected in the development of exercise ca pacity and level of muscle damage following a single bout of repeated maximal sprints after an 8-week intervention of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), sprint interval training (SIT), and endurance training (ET). METHODS: Three groups of male cyclists were studied: E1 (n= 10) included cyclists with a background in high-volume moderate-intensity training, E2 (n= 7) comprised cyclists with low-volume high-intensity training experience, and C (n= 7) served as a control group with an identical training background as E1. During 8-week intervention HIIT, SIT, and ET were performed by cyclists in group E1 and E2, group C performed only ET. At pre- and post-intervention, cyclists performed two exercise tests: 1) incremental testing protocol (ITP) to assess maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and maximal power (Pmax); and 2) sprint interval testing protocol (SITP) to determine oxygen uptake (VO)2, work, and change in creatine kinase (ΔCK) and myoglobin (ΔMb) levels. RESULTS: After intervention, VO2max increased in E1 and E2 group although Pmax increased only in E1. During post-intervention sprint interval testing protocol, VO2 and work increased only in E1, whereas ΔCK and ΔMb decreased in E1 but increased in E2. CONCLUSIONS: A history of high-volume moderate-intensity training can induce beneficial performance adaptations by reducing muscle damage and allowing greater work output. It is suggested that interval training be preceded by a longer period of high-volume training in athletes.

Effect of Yoga on Respiratory Endurance Test in Medical Students

Introduction Yogic practices can be considered to be a very good exercise for maintaining proper health and also has a profound effect on the lung functions of an individual. They are also used as psycho-physiological stimuli to increase the physiological functions and human performance. The present work is undertaken as there was no reported data on comparison of pranayama & suryanamaskar practitioners in various pulmonary endurance functions. Materials & Method The present study was conducted at MNR Medical College & Hospital, Sangareddy. The Institute Ethical Committee approved the study protocol. Informed consent was taken from all the subjects. The study was conducted with 80 subjects (aged between 18 to 20 years), under the supervision of a qualified yoga trainer. Inclusion Criteria: Medical students of age between 18–20 years, Only volunteers who are interested in practicing Yoga, Non alcoholic & non smokers. Exclusion criteria: Previous experience of yoga training and physically challenged persons. Results The MVV, 40 mm endurance and chest expansion were significantly increased (p<0.005) in the pranayama group (Group-II) and suryanamaskar group (Group-III). But the RR was significantly decreased (p<0.005) in pranayama (Group-II), suryanamaskar (Group-III) and combined group (Group-IV) than control group (Group-I), (p<0.005). Conclusion The regular practice of pranayama and Suryanamaskar practice induces more beneficial effects than physical exercise which mostly affects skeletal muscles. To meet the modern life style which is full of challenges and stress, an all-round personality development has become mediatory for the student, this aspect of relaxation and detachment is lacking in our education system and it is this new dimension (yoga) that needs to be added to the curriculum.

Health Emergency Disaster Risk Management of Public Transport Systems: A Population-Based Study after the 2017 Subway Fire in Hong Kong, China.

Background: Literature on health emergency disaster risk management (Health-EDRM) for urban public transport safety is limited. This study explored: (i) the confidence in public transport safety, (ii) the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and risk perception of transport safety and (iii) the association between previous first-aid training and response knowledge. Method: This is a population-based cross-sectional telephone survey conducted in March 2017, one month after a major subway incident in Hong Kong. Respondents were randomly selected with the Random Digit Dialing method among Cantonese-speaking population ≥15 years. Sociodemographic information, type of transport used and the corresponding worries, response knowledge and previous first-aid training experience (as a proxy for individual skills in Health-EDRM training proxy) were collected. Results: Among the 1000 respondents, 87% used public transport daily. The self-reported confidence in subway safety was 85.6% even after a subway fire accident. Female, those with lower income and people unmarried were more likely to express worry about transport safety. About 46.1–63.2% respondents had the correct fire related health response knowledge. Previous first-aid training (32%) was found to be associated with fire response knowledge in a mixed pattern. Conclusions: Despite inadequacy in fire response knowledge, previous first-aid training appeared to be a beneficial factor for emergency response knowledge. Emergency responses education should be provided to the public to reduce health losses during emergencies.

Самостійні заняття в системі фізичного виховання студентів закладів вищої освіти

The article considers the feasibility of using self-study physical exercises by students of higher educational institutions as a form of reducing the deficit of physical activity, which contribute to a more effective recovery of the body after fatigue, versatile physical development, learning material on physical education, increasing mental and physical performance, self-education and education of the best character traits, improve the health of students and is the means of an active rest. It was determined that compulsory physical education classes in the volume and in the form used at the present stage are not able to solve all the tasks. One of the ways to solve this problem is independent study of students by physical exercises during the week. It is proved that the effectiveness of self-study depends on the availability of knowledge and previous training experience obtained under the guidance of a teacher and on the activity of students, on their conscious attitude to innovations. The forms, means, priority tasks of independent study of students are distinguished. Forms of self-study in physical culture are morning hygienic gymnastics, exercises during the school day, independent training sessions. Means of self-study are physical exercises of different directions. The most accessible means of independent study are walking and running, swimming, walking and running by skiing, rhythmic gymnastics, athletic gymnastics, sports and outdoor games, hiking, cycling. The priority tasks of self-study: the development of motor skills and functional capabilities of the body; physical improvement; improved physique and posture, an increase in muscle volume and a decrease in the volume of fat mass; the formation of skills and skills of self-organization of exercise; self-control over the dynamics of indicators of physical fitness and functional state of the body of students. The conclusion is made about the need to provide state support: the introduction of a variety of activities promoting healthy lifestyles, will form the students' value attitude to health; providing personnel professionalism of teachers of the departments of physical education; The improvement of the material and technical base of high schools with modern and attractive sports facilities for independent use (running and cycling tracks, sports simulators, playgrounds for sports, etc.) should be accessible and safe.

Survey results on adults and cybersecurity education

Cyberattacks and identity theft are common problems nowadays where researchers often say that humans are the weakest link the security chain. Therefore, this survey focused on analyzing the interest for adults for ‘cyber threat eduction seminars’, e.g., how to project themselves and their loved ones. Specifically, we asked questions to understand a possible audience, willingness for paying / time commitment, or fields of interest as well as background and previous training experience. The survey was conducted in late 2016 and taken by 233 participants. The results show that many are worried about cyber threats and about their children exploring the online domain. However, seminars do not seem to be a priority as many individuals were only willing to spend 1-1.5h on seminars.

Awareness of Basic Life Support among Egyptian Medical Students; a Cross-Sectional Study.

It is important for all medical and paramedical staff to be aware of basic life support (BLS) maneuvers. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the level of BLS awareness among Egyptian medical students. The level of BLS knowledge was assessed using a validated questionnaire and the results were analyzed using an answer key, prepared from the Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) manual. We used the Student's t-test to analyze the association between awareness level and year of study, previous BLS training and practical experience. A total of 823 medical students with the mean age of 20.3 ± 2.7 years, from Al-Azhar medical schools completed the questionnaire (463 and 360 in academic and clinical years, respectively). About 72% and 84% of students failed to recognize the proper point of chest compression in adults and infants, respectively. Moreover, the majority (80%) did not know how to give rescue breathing in infants. Only 18% of students correctly identified early signs of shock and only 22% knew how to help patients with myocardial infarction. Being in clinical years, previous BLS training or practical experience were significantly associated with higher BLS knowledge scores (p < 0.001). The level of BLS awareness among Egyptian medical students is generally poor. Introduction of regular BLS courses into the undergraduate curriculum is a must to increase the level of BLS knowledge among Egyptian future physicians.

Physiological demands of standing and wheelchair fencing in able-bodied fencers.

The purpose of this study was to determine the cardiorespiratory demands of standing and wheelchair (seated) fencing in a group of able-bodied fencers during simulated competitive bouts. Participants were ten male able-bodied fencers of regional level with previous training experience in wheelchair fencing. After a standardized warm-up, participants performed two series of simulated competitive épée bouts (5 and 15 touches) in a random order, either while standing or while sitting in a wheelchair. Expired gas was analyzed for oxygen consumption (V̇O2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and heart rate were continually monitored. Energy expenditure (EE) was subsequently calculated. V̇O2, HR and EE peak responses were greater during standing than seated fencing (P<0.05). Mean V̇O2 during all ST bouts (5- and 15-touch) was 43% greater than in wheelchair fencing (44.2±7.8 vs. 25.1±5.4 mL/kg/min). Mean HR during the standing 5- and 15-touch bouts was 91±20% and 84±7%, respectively, of that recorded during the seated bouts. HR, V̇O2 and EE data also indicated that the 15-touch bouts were more physiologically demanding than the 5-touch bouts (P<0.01). The HR-V̇O2 relationship was similar between both fencing modes. The duration of the 5- and 15-touch bouts were shorter for the seated than the standing bouts (P<0.01). The physiological demands of wheelchair fencing are lower than those for standing fencing. Furthermore, the physiology of 5 versus 15-touch bouts, similar to those undertaken in fencing competition, also differs.

Nurses' knowledge and attitudes regarding major immobility complications among bedridden patients: A prospective multicentre study.

To gain insight into nurses' knowledge and attitudes regarding major immobility complications (pressure ulcers, pneumonia, deep vein thrombosis and urinary tract infections) and explore the correlation of nurses' knowledge and attitudes with the incidence of these complications. Immobility complications have adverse consequences, and effective management requires appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills. Evidence about nurses' knowledge and attitudes regarding immobility complications is lacking. Cross-sectional study. A total of 3,903 nurses and 21,333 bedridden patients from 25 hospitals in China were surveyed. Nurses' knowledge and attitudes regarding major immobility complications were assessed using researcher-developed questionnaires. The content validity, reliability and internal consistency of the questionnaires were validated through expert review and a pilot study. The incidence of major immobility complications among bedridden patients from selected wards was surveyed by trained investigators. Correlations between knowledge, attitudes and the incidence of major immobility complications were evaluated with multilevel regression models. Mean knowledge scores were 64.07% for pressure ulcers, 72.92% for deep vein thrombosis, 76.54% for pneumonia and 83.30% for urinary tract infections. Mean attitude scores for these complications were 86.25%, 84.31%, 85.00% and 84.53%, respectively. Knowledge and attitude scores were significantly higher among nurses with older age, longer employment duration, higher education level, previous training experience and those working in tertiary hospitals or critical care units. Nurses' knowledge about pressure ulcers was negatively related to the incidence of pressure ulcers, and attitude towards pneumonia was negatively correlated with the incidence of pneumonia. Clinical nurses have relatively positive attitudes but inadequate knowledge regarding major immobility complications. Improved knowledge and attitudes regarding major immobility complications may contribute to reducing these complications. Nursing managers should implement measures to improve nurses' knowledge and attitudes regarding major immobility complications to reduce the incidence of these complications in bedridden patients.

General practitioners' (GP) attitudes and knowledge about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Ireland.

ADHD is the most frequent reason for attendance at Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS). General practitioners (GPs) play a key role in recognising symptoms, referring for assessment and supporting ongoing treatment. However, there is an ambiguous understanding of ADHD among GPs, and different attitudes regarding the validity of ADHD as a construct. The present study aims to explore and identify GPs attitudes and beliefs about ADHD in the Irish context, and to find out the association of those attitudes with other factors. Representative sample of qualified GPs registered to the Irish Medical Directory. The survey included questions about GPs' practice, attitudes towards ADHD, knowledge of symptoms and workup for ADHD, previous training and personal experience of ADHD. A hundred and forty GPs participated (response rate 28%). Factor analysis indicated 58.8% expressed a positive attitude towards ADHD. Those who have positive attitudes were more likely to be between 36 and 55years old, seeing fewer children with suspected ADHD per year and working as part of a primary care team. Years of practice, personal experience of ADHD, training and knowledge in ADHD and access to CAMHS or psychology were not significantly related to either positive or negative ADHD attitudes. Despite the high rates of ADHD among children, a slim majority of Irish GPs have positive attitudes towards ADHD. This could lead to undiagnosed or misdiagnosed cases. Strategies need to be considered to address this.