Prevention Of Nosocomial Infections Research Articles

Мікробний склад повітря кабінетів стоматологічного профілю як фактор поширення внутрішньолікарняних інфекцій

The air environment of medical institutions plays a significant role in the spread of pathogens of a number of nosocomial infections, primarily coagulase-positive staphylococci, as well as respiratory viruses and pathogens of some mycoses. Nowadays, in the epidemiological situation regarding Covid-19, more and more attention is paid to the issues of microbiological assessment of air quality in medical institutions. The constant circulation of pathogenic and opportunistic microflora and the associated potential risk of infection of medical personnel is due to the specifics of the work process in dentistry. The purpose of this study was to conduct a sanitary-microbiological study of the air. Material and methods. Sampling was carried out by sedimentation method in 14 offices of dental clinics. Petri dishes with nutrient media, meat peptone agar and bile salt agar were placed on a horizontal surface at the level of human respiratory organs. The number of microorganisms grown on the nutrient medium was counted after 24 hours of incubation. Results and discussion. The obtained results showed that in the studied premises, the total microbial count varied from 756±0.8 Colony-forming units /1m3 to 6497±3.4 CFU / 1m3. Thus, only in 4 rooms the air was clean according to microbiological criteria, in 3 - questionable and in - 6 polluted. Analysis of the presence of sanitary-indicative microorganisms showed that S. aureus was not detected in 2 rooms in the air, in others - the amount of staphylococcus varied from 2 to 8 CFU / 1m3. Microscopic fungi were not detected in only 4 rooms. In other rooms, the number of microscopic fungi varied from 12 to 345 CFU/m3. Microbial air pollution is the greatest danger in medical institutions, especially infectious, surgical, burn and maternity wards, as it plays a leading role in the spread of nosocomial infections. At the same time, dental institutions pose a special danger in terms of the high prevalence of microorganisms in the air. Formation of aerosols consisting of small drops of oil, saliva, water, dust, manure, blood, microorganisms when working with high-speed turbines, drills, ultrasonic devices. Aerosols can be kept in the breathing zone of the doctor and the patient for up to 30 minutes and spread over a distance of up to 50-80 cm. When using water cooling, the diameter of the aerosol cloud reaches two meters. Conclusion. The systematic assessment of the air environment in dental offices and the development of a system of effective monitoring and measures to prevent aerogenic transmission of infectious diseases is of particular importance. The development of recommendations for the organization of nosocomial infections prevention in dental institutions is a promising task to be solved

Fish Bone Derived Bi-Phasic Calcium Phosphate Coatings Fabricated by Pulsed Laser Deposition for Biomedical Applications.

We report on new biomaterials with promising bone and cartilage regeneration potential, from sustainable, cheap resources of fish origin. Thin films were fabricated from fish bone-derived bi-phasic calcium phosphate targets via pulsed laser deposition with a KrF * excimer laser source (λ = 248 nm, τFWHM ≤ 25 ns). Targets and deposited nanostructures were characterized by SEM and XRD, as well as by Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and FTIR spectroscopy. Films were next assessed in vitro by dedicated cytocompatibility and antimicrobial assays. Films were Ca-deficient and contained a significant fraction of β-tricalcium phosphate apart from hydroxyapatite, which could contribute to an increased solubility and an improved biocompatibility for bone regeneration applications. The deposited structures were biocompatible as confirmed by the lack of cytotoxicity on human gingival fibroblast cells, making them promising for fast osseointegration implants. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) coatings inhibited the microbial adhesion and/or the subsequent biofilm development. A persistent protection against bacterial colonization (Escherichia coli) was demonstrated for at least 72 h, probably due to the release of the native trace elements (i.e., Na, Mg, Si, and/or S) from fish bones. Progress is therefore expected in the realm of multifunctional thin film biomaterials, combining antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative properties for advanced implant coatings and nosocomial infections prevention applications.

Assessment of Staff Performance in CSSD Unit by 360 Degree Evaluation Method

Background: 360 degree evaluation is a method that an employee is evaluated by the others and given feedback to him/her. Considering the proper implementation of the sterilization process is important in the prevention of nosocomial infections and has a direct impact on the quality of performance of the surgical team in the operating room. This study was conducted to the Evaluation of CSSD Unit Personnel Performance in Sterilization Process using the 360 Degree technique.
 Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the educational hospitals of Gillan Province in IRAN, between 2018 and 2019. Assessment of staff performance in CSSD Unit was done by 360 Degree evaluation method in five different stages. The evaluators included the infection control nurses, Supervisors of the sterilization unit, the researcher and the staff of these units as self-assessors. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.
 Results: The evaluation mean scores were as following: the researcher, 75.97 ± 18.9; infection control nurse, 87.62 ± 7.2; unit supervisor, 87.61 ± 7.8 and staff self-assessment, 88.01 ± 8.1; at different stages of the sterilization process. From all assessors view, the highest and lowest scores were related to the cleaning and Health dimensions.
 Conclusion: According to assessor’s agreement in scoring of different stages of the sterilization process, the 360 degree evaluation method is a valuable tool in assessment of the staff performance in important tasks. By applying this method, it can be ethically prevented evaluators' individual judgments

Escalation and de-escalation of the radiology response to COVID-19 in a tertiary hospital in South London: The King's College Hospital experience.

The pandemic of COVID-19 presented an enormous challenge to the medical world in terms of diagnosis, treatment and health-care management as well as service organisation and provision. This novel virus and its spread affected every aspect of modern medical practice, ranging from investigating transmission of this new pathogen, antigen testing of symptomatic patients, imaging, assessing different treatment regimens and the production of a new vaccine. Imaging played a crucial role in the diagnosis of COVID-19-related lung disease, with plain radiography and CT being the main diagnostic modalities, with ultrasound a useful bedside imaging tool. The accurate and early diagnosis of the disease was not the only issue faced by Radiology Departments across the world; prevention of nosocomial infection, creating capacity with elective imaging suspension, management and protection of the workforce being few of the numerous challenges. The purpose of this manuscript is to present the steps that the Radiology Department of a large urban tertiary facility with a local vulnerable population, undertook to adapt the imaging service and structure, both initially escalating and then de-escalating a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. A step-by-step management strategy, effective and sustained staff deployment, imaging management are presented and discussed, to provide a guide for managing a major incident in a radiology department.

Safety of patients and medical personnel when providing medical care in the institution of surgical profile

The issue of the occurrence of infections associated with the provision of medical care is relevant for any medical institution. The prevention of nosocomial infections applies not only to patients, but also to the personnel providing medical care at any stage of the patient's visit to a medical and preventive organization.

Development and validation of a time and motion guide to assess the costs of prevention and control interventions for nosocomial infections: A Delphi method among experts.

BackgroundNosocomial infections place a heavy burden on patients and healthcare providers and impact health care institutions financially. Reducing nosocomial infections requires an integrated program of prevention and control using key clinical best care practices. No instrument currently exists that measures these practices in terms of personnel time and material costs.ObjectiveTo develop and validate an instrument that would measure nosocomial infection control and prevention best care practice costs, including estimates of human and material resources.MethodsAn evaluation of the literature identified four practices essential for the control of pathogens: hand hygiene, hygiene and sanitation, screening and additional precaution. To reflect time, materials and products used in these practices, our team developed a time and motion guide. Iterations of the guide were assessed in a Delphi technique; content validity was established using the content validity index and reliability was assessed using Kruskall Wallis one-way ANOVA of rank test.ResultsTwo rounds of Delphi review were required; 88% of invited experts completed the assessment. The final version of the guide contains eight dimensions: Identification [83 items]; Personnel [5 items]; Additional Precautions [1 item]; Hand Hygiene [2 items]; Personal Protective Equipment [14 items]; Screening [4 items]; Cleaning and Disinfection of Patient Care Equipment [33 items]; and Hygiene and Sanitation [24 items]. The content validity index obtained for all dimensions was acceptable (> 80%). Experts statistically agreed on six of the eight dimensions.Discussion/ConclusionThis study developed and validated a new instrument based on expert opinion, the time and motion guide, for the systematic assessment of costs relating to the human and material resources used in nosocomial infection prevention and control. This guide will prove useful to measure the intensity of the application of prevention and control measures taken before, during and after outbreak periods or during pandemics such as COVID-19.

Active screening of intestinal carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in high-risk patients admitted to the hematology wards and its effect evaluation

目的观察血液科肠道碳青霉烯类耐药的肠杆菌科细菌（CRE）主动筛查患者CRE定植、感染的特征，并评价主动筛查结合加强干预在血液科患者CRE感染预防控制中的效果。方法以2017年3月至2019年12月血液内科接受化疗或免疫抑制治疗且预期会出现粒细胞缺乏（粒缺）的患者为研究对象，进行至少3个时间点（治疗前、治疗后粒缺期、粒缺伴发热期）的肠道CRE筛查，以2016年12月至2017年2月血液内科未开展肠道CRE主动筛查的、接受化疗或免疫抑制治疗的115例患者为历史对照组，两组患者均进行CRE感染实时监测，CRE筛查阳性者均采取接触隔离措施，CRE筛查阳性者出现发热或者感染症状时启动针对CRE联合抗生素治疗。结果主动筛查患者CRE定植率为16.46%（66/401）；病种分布上，以急性白血病定植率最高，为23.03%（26/113）。66例筛查阳性患者中，其中第1次筛查阳性患者为27例，占40.9%（27/66），第2次筛查阳性患者为15例，占22.7%（15/66），第3次及以后筛查阳性患者为24例，占36.4%（24/66）。CRE定植病原菌中耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌（CRKP）最多，占54.55%（36/66）。主动筛查患者CRE感染率（2.49%）及死亡率（50.00%）低于历史对照组的11.30%及69.23%；干预期间10例CRE血流感染患者病原菌种类与前期主动筛查病原菌完全相同，符合率为100.0%。结论血液科病房急性白血病患者CRE定植率最高，CRKP是CRE定植、感染的主要病原菌，提高筛查频率可以显著提高筛查阳性率，采取主动筛查并及早干预能有效降低血液科患者CRE发生率及死亡率，CRE筛查阳性病原菌与后续CRE感染病原菌符合率高。恶性血液病患者肠道CRE筛查可以对后期CRE血流感染起到预警以及优化抗菌药物使用的作用。

Midwifery and Nursing Strategies to protect against COVID-19 During the Third Trimester of Pregnancy

ObjectiveThe rapid pace of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic (COVID-19) presents significant challenges to midwives and nurses. This study aimed to explore midwifery and nursing interventions to limit the transmission of COVID-19 among women in their third trimester of pregnancy, to reduce the incidence of nosocomial infection and promote safety of care for women and their infants. MethodWe completed a retrospective review of medical records from 35 women in their third trimester of pregnancy with SARS-CoV-2, admitted to one hospital in Wuhan, China in January and February 2020. We investigated the clinical characteristics of the COVID-19 infection in pregnancy, and the individualized midwifery and nursing care offered, including environmental protection, prevention of nosocomial infection, maternal observations, monitoring of signs and symptoms of COVID-19, and psychological care. ResultThirty-one women had a caesarean section, and four had vaginal births. Retrospective analysis of midwifery and nursing strategies implemented to care for these women showed no maternal complications or nosocomial infections. Conclusions and implications for practiceThe care strategies we implemented could prevent complications and nosocomial infection in the third trimester of pregnancy, thus ensuring the safety of women and their infants. Further research needs to determine treatment priorities for women infected with COVID-19 during pregnancy and the postnatal period.

The contribution of medical educational system of the College of Medicine, and Health Sciences of the University of Gondar in Ethiopia on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of graduate students of Health Sciences in relation to the prevention and control of nosocomial infections during the academic year of 2018

BackgroundNosocomial infection, also called a hospital-acquired infection, is an infection acquired during admitting patients in health care facilities. Nosocomial infection can be prevented and controlled by giving training to those responsible. This study aimed to assess the contribution of the medical education system on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the graduate students of health sciences about the prevention and control of nosocomial infection in the College of Medicine and Health Sciences at the University of Gondar in the Academic Year of 2018.MethodAn institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among all graduate health science students posted in the different departments at the University of Gondar in the College of Medicine and Health Sciences from February to June 2018. A total of 422 study participants were included. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.ResultsOut of a total of 422 respondents, only 40% have taken training for infection prevention; out of which 39% had taken the training for a year ago. Moreover, only 35.5% have good knowledge of nosocomial infections as a result of the training; and only 32.5% have good understanding of the practical training given on prevention and control. Only 36% have good attitude towards its prevention and control.ConclusionThe result shows that only a few of the respondents have taken the infection prevention training. Yet, a smaller proportion of them had good knowledge, attitude, and practice on nosocomial infections. Hence, the Medical Education System should give more attention to the training of the nosocomial infection control by developing different strategies to prepare the students on these issues before they start their clinical attachment.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among janitors working in hospital and non-hospital areas: a comparative cross-sectional study

BackgroundNasal colonization of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) plays a key role in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of both healthcare-associated and community-acquired MRSA infections in various populations. Screening of MRSA nasal colonization is important in the prevention and control of infection and may provide useful information to guide antimicrobial therapy. This study aimed to determine nasal carriage of MRSA, its antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and associated factors among janitors working in hospital & non-hospital areas at the University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia.MethodsA comparative cross-sectional study was carried out in a total of 436 study participants (221 hospital and 215 non-hospital janitors) from January to May 2019. The study participants were sampled using a simple random sampling technique. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and associated factors were collected through face to face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Nasal swabs were collected and inoculated into Mannitol salt agar. MRSA was detected using cefoxitin (30 µg) disc and an antibiotic susceptibility test was done using the disc diffusion method. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20 statistical package. P value ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.ResultsThe overall prevalence of S. aureus was 101/436 [23.2%, (95% CI: 19.3–27.8)], of which, 29.4% (65/221) were isolated from hospital and 16.7% (36/215) non-hospital janitors. The prevalence of MRSA was 4.8% (21/436) [95% CI: 3.0–6.9]; of these, 8.1% (18/221) of the isolates were from the hospital and 1.4% (3/215) non-hospital janitors, while methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) in hospital & non-hospital janitors were 49 (22.2%) and 31 (14.4%), respectively. Among the MRSA isolates, 52.4% (11/21) were multi-drug resistant. Of these, 42.9% (9/18) were isolated from hospital and 66.7% (2/3) non-hospital janitors. Hence, nasal carriage of MRSA was significantly associated with hospitalization within the preceding year (AOR = 3.15, CI = 1.13–8.71).ConclusionThe present study revealed that high MSSA and MRSA were isolated from the hospital as compared to non-hospital janitors and high rates of antibiotics resistance were recorded in the hospital janitors. Consequently, hospitalizations were significantly associated with MRSA. Accordingly, regular screening of carriers in apparently healthy janitors is required for the prevention of nosocomial infections.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Mechanical Ventilation Research Theme Analysis: Co-word Cluster Analysis.

The objective of this analysis was to explore the research hotspot of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mechanical ventilation. The literature related to COVID-19 mechanical ventilation on PubMed and CNKI database of core journals was retrieved with the keyword of COVID-19 mechanical ventilation. The visualisation software of VOS (visualisation of similarities) viewer performed by the authors and high-frequency keywords. A total of 524 English language articles from PubMed and 81 Chinese literature from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) of core journals are included in this paper. The two databases produced six research fields, among which much attention was paid to the prevention of nosocomial infection and antiviral agents in the treatment of mechanical ventilation. The literature yeilded by PubMed paid attention to the factors affecting the poor prognosis of mechanically ventilated patients, the management and research and development of medical data during COVID-19's pandemic, the mechanical ventilation treatment of COVID-19 pregnant women, the mechanical ventilation treatment and nursing in the field of CNKI literature research, and the nutritional treatment of severe pneumonia patients with mechanical ventilation. The current COVID-19 researches, focused on the prevention of nosocomial infection and antiviral drugs in the process of mechanical ventilation, are a new hotspot in the world. Key Words: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Mechanical ventilation, Research hotspot, VOSviewer, Visual analysis.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Mechanical Ventilation Research Theme Analysis: Co-word Cluster Analysis.

The objective of this analysis was to explore the research hotspot of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mechanical ventilation. The literature related to COVID-19 mechanical ventilation on PubMed and CNKI database of core journals was retrieved with the keyword of COVID-19 mechanical ventilation. The visualisation software of VOS (visualisation of similarities) viewer performed by the authors and high-frequency keywords. A total of 524 English language articles from PubMed and 81 Chinese literature from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) of core journals are included in this paper. The two databases produced six research fields, among which much attention was paid to the prevention of nosocomial infection and antiviral agents in the treatment of mechanical ventilation. The literature yeilded by PubMed paid attention to the factors affecting the poor prognosis of mechanically ventilated patients, the management and research and development of medical data during COVID-19's pandemic, the mechanical ventilation treatment of COVID-19 pregnant women, the mechanical ventilation treatment and nursing in the field of CNKI literature research, and the nutritional treatment of severe pneumonia patients with mechanical ventilation. The current COVID-19 researches, focused on the prevention of nosocomial infection and antiviral drugs in the process of mechanical ventilation, are a new hotspot in the world. Key Words: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Mechanical ventilation, Research hotspot, VOSviewer, Visual analysis.

Nosocomial infection prevention and control: Another main battlefield for new coronavirus pneumonia

The prevention and control of COVID-19 has entered a critical moment Disease control of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in hospital: West China urgent based on the best available evidence and expert experience, provided emergency recommendations for key clinical issues in hospital prevention and control during the COVID-19 epidemic This recommendation with strong reference value and timeliness is worth learning for hospital managers, sensory control personnel and medical staff at all levels All medical institutions should establish an emergency response mechanism to accelerate the formation of medical teams and strengthen the protection of medical staff and hospital infection control We should enhance the implementation of policy and reinforce risk assessment It is essential to strengthen the implementation of various prevention and control measures as well as risk assessment so as to eventually win the battle of coronavirus infection as soon as possible © 2020 West China University of Medical Science All rights reserved

Molecular epidemiology of Candida tropicalis isolated from urogenital tract infections.

Candida tropicalis is a common human pathogenic yeast, and its molecular typing is important for studying the population structure and epidemiology of this opportunistic yeast, such as epidemic genotype, population dynamics, nosocomial infection, and drug resistance surveillance. In this study, the antifungal susceptibility test and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis were carried out on C. tropicalis from central China. Among 64 urogenital isolates, 45 diploid sequence types (DST) were found, of which 20 DSTs (44.4%) were new to the central database. The goeBURST analysis showed that CC1 (clonal complex) was the only azole‐resistant (100%, 10/10) cluster in Wuhan, which was composed of DST546, DST225, DST376, and DST506, and most of the strains (90%, 9/10) were isolated from the urinary tract. Potential nosocomial infections were mainly caused by CC1 strains. The azole resistance rate of urinary isolates (50.0%, 21/42) was higher than that of vaginal isolates (27.3%, 6/22). The genotype diversity and novelty of vaginal isolates were higher than those of urinary isolates. C. tropicalis population in Wuhan was genetically diverse and divergent from that seen in other countries. In this study, there were significant differences in genotype and azole susceptibility between urine and vaginal strains. The azole‐resistant cluster (CC1) found in urine is of great significance for the clinical treatment and prevention of nosocomial infection. The newly discovered DSTs will contribute to further study the similarity, genetic relationship, and molecular epidemiology of C. tropicalis worldwide.

Specific and non-specific prevention of nosocomial infections in ICU of Burn Centre and their place in multimodal control system

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a number of technologies for controlling purulent-septic infections in a multi-modal system for the prevention of ICP in the ICU of a burn center. Materials and methods . Research on the basis of the ICU of burn center of City Clinical Hospital No. 40 (Yekaterinburg, Russia). To evaluate the effectiveness of the Pseudovac vaccine, a single-center, pilot, prospective, randomized, and parallel study was performed. The observation group consisted of 48 patients, of which 24 patients were included in the experimental group, and 24 – in the control group. The effectiveness was evaluated based on the frequency of hospital infections and colonization caused by P. aeruginosa. We also evaluated the characteristics of antimicrobial therapy with an assessment of the duration of antimicrobial therapy, the number of days free from antibiotic therapy, and the consumption of antibiotics. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of using detergents with probiotic effect and aerosol high-dispersion aerosol of the air-cleaning agent, the number of positive seeding of microorganisms, including pathogens with altered biochemical characteristics before and after treatment of air and hospital environment objects was analyzed. The McNemar test was used to compare relative indicators that characterize related populations. Results and discussions . In the group of unvaccinated patients, there were more hospital infections (83.0 %) than in the experimental group (70.8 %), p = 0.4936. Patients in the control group were infected and colonized with P. aeruginosa strains – 62.5 %, while in the experimental group there were 37.5 %; p = 0.1489. The need to prescribe antibiotics in the groups occurred with approximately the same frequency and was 75.0 and 79.2 % respectively; p = 1.0000. The need for prescribing anti-sinus medications was lower in the experimental group (20.8 %) compared to the control group (41.7 %); p = 0.2129. The consumption of drugs aimed at treating Pseudomonas infection in the experimental group was significantly lower and amounted to 103 compared to 190 NDDD per 1,000 bed days in the control group; p < 0.001. After aerosolization, the number of positive findings on ICU environmental objects decreased by more than two times; p < 0.001. The percentage of microorganisms with altered biochemical characteristics on the significant objects of the Department before treatment was 11.8 % (4), after treatment such microorganisms were not sown. After general cleaning with the use of cleaning probiotics, the share of positive findings in flushes from the Department’s external environment decreased by three times, or from 27 (45.8 %) to 11 (17.2 %), p < 0.001; and the share of microorganisms with altered biochemical characteristics almost four times, or from 9 (15.3 %) to 1 (1.6 %), p = 0.275. Conclusions . 1. In the system of epidemiological control of ICP in the ICU, indoor air aerosolization and cleaning of the hospital environment with the use of probiotics showed high efficiency in reducing the microbial load in the Department. 2. The Pseudovac vaccine did not significantly affect the prevalence of hospital infections in the experimental group. Most notable was a decrease in the consumption of antibacterial drugs and reduce the intake of antibiotics with antidiagonal activity in the vaccinated patients.

Airway management strategies under the situation of prevention and control of nosocomial infections for coronavirus disease 2019.

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the prevention and control of nosocomial infections has been highly valued. Airway management, including endotracheal intubation, extubation, and suction, has been considered as the high-risk virus-spreading procedures, which can put the health providers at a high risk of nosocomial infections. As hospitals at all levels will gradually resume their routine medical work, effective managements for the airway of the silent asymptomatic carriers and patients with delayed symptoms, treatment for severe patients, and prevention of cross infection in hospital have become the focus for the current prevention and control of nosocomial infections. Under the guidance of partitioned and graded prevention and differential control strategies at this stage, we comprehensively analyzed four main intubation methods used in the current clinical work including rapid sequence intubation, laryngeal mask insertion, intubation guided by video flexible intubating scope and awake tracheal intubation. Furthermore, we discussed and summarized intubation and protection strategies for 3 categories of patients during the COVID-19 pandemic, providing evidence for protecting medical stuff in operating room and ICU against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection.

Pengaruh Penyuluhan Metode Demonstrasi terhadap Pengetahuan Infeksi Nosokomial pada Pasien Rawat Inap

Nosocomial infections, known as Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs), occur throughout the world. The patient's family has an important role in the prevention of Nosocomial Infection by improving handwashing behavior well, but the implementation of handwashing in the patient's family has not run optimally because many patient families do not know how to wash their hands properly. This study used a pre-experimental design with the design of one group pretest-posttest test design, the sample performance in this study was carried out by a Non-probability sampling technique with a purposive sampling analysis of this study using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The subjects in this study were families of hospitalized patients in the Flamboyan Room Negara Hospital which numbered 92 people. The measuring instrument used in this study used a knowledge questionnaire on nosocomial infections. There were influences before and after the extension of the demonstration method with the family characteristics of inpatients, most of the education level was junior high school, with the most adult age range 26-45 with a male gender. There is an influence on the extension of the demonstration method on the knowledge of nosocomial infections and this counseling can increase the knowledge of families of inpatients in the Flamboyan Room Negara Hospital in 2019.

The Influence of Knowledge, Attitudes and Work Motivation on Nurse Performance through Caring in Prevention of Nosocomial Infection in the Inpatient Room of the Makassar City Hospital

This research was conducted to analyze the influence of Knowledge, Attitudes and Work Motivation on Nurse Caring and the performance of nurses in the Prevention of Nosocomial Infections in the Inpatient Room of Makassar City Hospital, to analyze the effect of caring nurses on nurse performance, to analyze the influence of Knowledge, Attitudes and Work Motivation through Caring the performance of nurses in the Prevention of Nosocomial Infections in the Inpatient Room of the Makassar City Hospital. This study used a quantitative approach using primary data through a questionnaire of 200 respondents. The study was conducted in July 2019. Data were analyzed using the SEM AMOS program. The results of this study indicate that: Nurses' knowledge has a negative and significant effect on nurse caring, Nurses' attitudes have a positive and significant effect on nurse caring, Nurses' work motivation has a positive and insignificant effect on nurse caring, Nurses' knowledge has a positive and significant effect on nurse performance, Nurses' attitudes It has a negative and insignificant effect on the performance of nurses, the work motivation of nurses has a negative and significant effect on the performance of nurses, Caring of nurses has a positive and significant effect on the performance of nurses, knowledge of nurses has a negative and significant effect on performance through caring, Nurses' attitudes have a significant effect on the performance of nurses through caring. The work motivation of nurses has no significant effect on the performance of nurses through caring.

Prevention and Control Strategies for Coronavirus Disease-2019 in a Tertiary Hospital in the Middle East of China.

BackgroundCoronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a new infectious disease. The COVID-19 outbreak has quickly spread globally and now is having remarkable effects on public health and national economies.PurposeEffective measures for prevention and control of nosocomial infection are urgently needed to control COVID-19 infection among medical staff.MethodsHerein, we described COVID-19 prevention and control strategies that have been implemented in a tertiary hospital in the middle east of China. Hospital layout was adjusted to prevent and control transmission. Other procedures were then implemented to prevent the spread of the virus, including specialized training and evaluation of medical staff, pre-testing and triage, measures to promote early identification of patients, environmental cleaning and disinfection, new medical waste processing procedures, new patient management procedures, timely disinfection of potential sources of nosocomial infection, and strict protective measures.ResultsSince the new measures were implemented, to date there have only been three new confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection, no cases of medical staff infection, and no COVID-19-related deaths at the hospital.ConclusionThe current report provides a protocol that could be implemented in medical departments in similar cities worldwide.

Typical case analysis of COVID-19 cluster epidemic in Shaanxi, 2020

Objective: By analyzed the transmission patterns of 4 out of the 51 COVID-19 cluster cases in Shaanxi province to provide evidences for the COVID-19 control and prevention. Methods: The epidemiological data of RT-PCR test-confirmed COVID-19 cases were collected. Transmission chain was drawn and the transmission process was analyzed. Results: Cluster case 1 contained 13 cases and was caused by a family of 5 who traveled by car to Wuhan and returned to Shaanxi. Cluster case 2 had 5cases and caused by initial patient who participated family get-together right after back from Wuhan while under incubation period. Cluster case 3 contained 10 cases and could be defined as nosocomial infection. Cluster case 4 contained 4 cases and occurred in work place. Conclusion: Higher contact frequency and smaller places were more likely to cause a small-scale COVID-19 cluster outbreak, with potential longer incubation period. COVID-19 control strategies should turn the attention to infection prevention and control in crowded places, management of enterprise resumption and prevention of nosocomial infection.