Prevention Of Eye Injuries Research Articles

Eye Injuries across history and the evolution of eye protection.

To describe the history of eye injuries and the consequent evolution of eye protection. A comprehensive search of Medline and the grey literature using the terms 'ocular trauma' and 'eye protection' or 'injury prevention' and 'history'. References were used to identify other relevant publications. Publications were classified according to the setting of eye injury: occupational, recreational or combat-related. Eye protection has been described in a wide range of sources, including in literature and art. With advances in eye protection material and design, as well as government and societal promotion of appropriate eye protection usage in the workplace, the epidemiology of ocular trauma has changed over time. In developed countries, the use of eye protection in the workplace has reduced the proportion of occupation-related eye injuries over the last century, with a higher proportion occurring during sports or at home. New protection devices and policies have evolved to meet this change. Vision loss has broad implications for the individual and for society and despite available prevention strategies, ocular trauma is a significant cause of preventable monocular and bilateral vision loss. The use of appropriate eye protection has reduced the burden of ocular trauma. History provides lessons for informing current eye protection and eye injury prevention strategies.

Three-dimensional biomimetic head model as a platform for thermal testing of protective goggles for prevention of eye injuries

BackgroundThe rate of eye injury is steadily rising during military conflicts of the century, with thermal burns being the most common type of injury to the eyes. The present study focuses on assessing the heat resistance properties of military protective goggles using three-dimensional (3D) finite element head modeling fitted with the tested protective gear. MethodsA computational thermal impact was applied onto a 3D biomimetic human head model fitted with two goggle models - sports (Type 1) and square (Type 2). The resultant temperature of the eye tissues and the thermal injury thresholds were calculated by using the modeling, hence allowing to determine the protective efficacy of the goggles objectively, in a standardized, quantitative and cost-effective manner. FindingsBoth types of goggles had a dramatic protective effect on the eyes. The specific goggle geometry had no notable effect on the level of protection to the inner tissues against the thermal insult. At the skin level goggles reduced temperatures by ~64% under the impact zone, with only a mild difference (10 °C) between the goggles. InterpretationLittle limitations on the shape and geometry of goggles were observed and any structure of goggles can provide an adequate protection against a thermal insult (per se) to inner cranial tissues, assuming the lenses are wide and thick enough to block direct skin contact of the heat insult. It was shown that our 3D biomimetic human head model provides a practical and cost-effective tool for determining the performance level of goggles with different attributed (i.e., shapes and thermal properties).

Analysis of 681 juveniles with ocular trauma in 12 years in Northeast Sichuan

Objective To analysis the clinical characteristics of ocular trauma of 681 juveniles in Northeast Sichuan in 12 years. Methods The data of 690 eyes of 681 juveniles with ocular trauma from Jan. 2004 to Dec. 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Results The most age range of juveniles with ocular trauma was 8-17 years and average (10.02±4.43) years. The ratio of male to female was 3.37: 1(525: 156). From 2004 to 2009, the population of juveniles with ocular trauma showed an upward trend, and in the following 6 years showed a downward trend. The ocular trauma of juveniles was more common in rural areas than in urban areas, the causes of injuries were most commonly related to sand, plastic bullet, toys (27.61%). The types of injuries were common in closed ocular trauma and open ocular trauma. There were 343 eyes of 336 patients with surgery, and 347 eyes of 345 cases with non-operative treatment. After management, the best corrected visual acuity was improved in varying degrees. Enucleation of eyeball or evisceration were performed in 14 cases in primary operation. Conclusion The ocular trauma of juveniles is serious. Strengthening the propaganda in prevention of eye injury and taking accordingly protective measures can effectively prevent the occurrence of ocular trauma. Key words: Ocular trauma, juveniles; Northeast Sichuan; Analysis

CHILDHOOD OPHTHALMOLOGIC TRAUMATISM IN PERM KRAI

Aim. To analyze severe traumatic injuries of visual organs in children of Perm Krai. Materials and methods. Retrospective analysis was fulfilled according to the data of case registers of emergency ophthalmologic stations of Perm Regional Clinical Hospital and “City Clinical Hospital № 2 named after F.Kh. Gral” as well as case histories of children with visual organs injuries hospitalized to ophthalmological units of the same institutions for 2 years (2014-2015). Results. During 2 years, 39 801 persons, including 4078 (10,2 %) children, addressed to two emergency ophthalmological stations in connection with visual organs injuries; 41 children were hospitalized: 30 (73 %) boys and 11 (27 %) girls aged 1-17 years. Most children had eye injuries, received at home - 23 persons (56,1 %), in the street - 17 (41,5 %), at school (manual training) - 1. Injured visual organ - 43 eyes: wounds - 31 (72 %) eyes, contusions - 8 (19 %), burns - 4 (9 %). Conclusions. Injuries of visual organs, which require hospitalization to specialized units and rendering emergency surgical and conservative care, are registered in children of Perm Krai. A part of injured patients after hospital treatment preserved low visual acuity or had no object vision. Thus, it is necessary to take active measures for prevention of eye injuries and their consequences.

Eye Injuries in High School and Collegiate Athletes.

Background:Although eye injuries constitute a small percentage of high school and college sports injuries, they have the potential to be permanently debilitating.Hypothesis:Eye injury rates will vary by sport, sex, and between the high school and college age groups.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Level of Evidence:Level 3.Methods:Data from eye injury reports in high school and college athletes were obtained from the National High School Sports-Related Injury Surveillance System, High School Reporting Information Online (HS RIO) database over a 10-year span (2005-2006 through 2014-2015 school years) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance Program (ISP) over an 11-year span (2004-2005 through 2014-2015 school years). Injury rates per 100,000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios (RRs), and 95% CIs were calculated. Distributions of eye injuries by diagnosis, mechanism, time loss, and surgery needs were also examined.Results:A total of 237 and 273 eye injuries were reported in the HS RIO and the NCAA ISP databases, respectively. The sports with the highest eye injury rates (per 100,000 AEs) for combined high school and college athletes were women’s basketball (2.36), women’s field hockey (2.35), men’s basketball (2.31), and men’s wrestling (2.07). Overall eye injury rates at the high school and college levels were 0.68 and 1.84 per 100,000 AEs, respectively. Eye injury rates were higher in competition than practice in high school (RR, 3.47; 95% CI, 2.69-4.48) and college (RR, 3.13; 95% CI, 2.45-3.99). Most injuries were contusions (high school, 35.9%; college, 33.3%) and due to contact (high school, 89.9%; college, 86.4%). Only a small percentage of injuries resulted in time loss over 21 days (high school, 4.2%; college, 3.0%).Conclusion:Eye injury rates and patterns vary by sport, sex, and between the high school and college age groups. Although severe injuries do occur, most eye injuries sustained by high school and college athletes are minor, with limited time loss and full recovery.Clinical Relevance:Additional focus needs to be placed on preventing eye injuries at the collegiate level in women’s and men’s basketball, women’s field hockey, and men’s wrestling.

The analysis of cases with eye injury caused by mineral spirits

Objective To analyze the treatment and prevention of eye injury caused by mineral spirits vapour. Methods Ten eyes of 6 cases with eye injury caused by mineral spirits vapour were given saline thoroughly rinsing the conjunctival sac. Nine eyes of 5 cases received corneal epithelial curettage combined with bandage contact lens; one eye of 1 case was underwent amniotic membrane transplantation first, and then accepted the combined surgery. The changes of endothelial cells were observed postoperatively. Results Except 2 eyes of 1 case with corneal endothelial decompensation, 8 eyes of 5 patients were cured. Their corneal fluorescein staining not colored, and restore transparency, no clouds form, vision returned to normal and corneal endothelial cells without significant change. Conclusion Mineral spirits vapour can induce corneal epithelial degeneration and endothelial damage. Corneal epithelial scrape combined with bandage contact lens is effective treatment for mineral spirits injury and can significantly shorten the healing time of corneal epithelium. Key words: Mineral spirits, volatile; Corneal injury , chemical burn; Treatment

Eye Injury Prevention: Mini Review

1.1.Purpose: To provide a mini review on eye injury prevention. 1.2.Methods: A systematic review of the literature. 1.3.Results: Eye trauma occurs frequently in high-risk environments like homes, work and at schools. Education and training are essential tools in eye injury prevention. 1.4.Conclusion: Eye trauma is a major cause of preventable vision loss worldwide. It is only through regular education and prevention that the incidence of vision threatening eye trauma can be reduced.

Eye Injury Prevention for the Pediatric Population.

Each year an estimated 3.3 to 5.7 million pediatric eye injuries occur worldwide. It is widely reported that 90% of ocular injuries are preventable. Our aim was to identify legislation and policies, education, and mandatory eye protection strategies that have successfully contributed to reducing rates of children's eye injuries. A literature search was conducted using the terms "pediatric" or "children" or "adolescent" and "ocular" or "eye" and "protection" or "injury prevention." Articles were retrieved based on titles and abstracts and assessed in the context of our research question. Strategies identified aimed at reducing ocular trauma fell into 3 broad categories: legislation and policies, education, and personal eye protection. Policies including restrictions on the sale and supply of certain consumer products, mandatory vehicle seatbelts, and laminated windscreens in vehicles have assisted in reducing children's eye injuries. Educational tools aimed at children and their caregivers have been effective in changing attitudes to eye health and safety. Effective pediatric eye injury prevention systems require a multifactorial approach combining legislation, policies, standards, education, and personal eye protection to limit exposure to ocular hazards. A paucity of standardized measurement and lack of funding have limited advances in the field of children's eye injury prevention. Improved eye injury surveillance and research funding along with collaboration with health care providers are important components for strategies to prevent pediatric ocular trauma.

The comment on eye injury by bee sting

In this paper, the clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, treatment, prevention and stages of eye injury caused by bee sting were commented according to author＇ s personal clinical experience. The ocular injury caused by bee sting should be treated emergently. The importance of prevention of eye injury caused by bee sting was needed to he publicized. Until now, the pathogenesis of eye injury caused by bee sting has not been elucidated. There is no effective treatment for severe eye injury caused by bee sting and further study is needed on it. Key words: Injury, bee sting; Manifestation, clinical; Pathogenesis; Treatment; Prevention

Pattern of childhood ocular morbidity in rural eye hospital, Central Ethiopia.

BackgroundThis study was aimed to determine the pattern of childhood eye disorders in patients attending outpatient eye department of a rural eye hospital in central Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of ocular morbidity among children less than 15 years of age who presented at a rural eye hospital in central Ethiopia between August – October 2012 was conducted. Demographic data, visual acuity, source and type of injury, type of refractive errors and diagnosis were collected and analyzed using SPSS. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultA total of 735 children were examined in this study. The age range of the children varied from three months to 15 years of age. The mean (SD) age of the study population was 9.37 (4.95) years. 369 (50.2%) of the patients were females. The majority of cases were observed in older children (11–15 years) accounting for almost half of all the cases. The most common ocular morbidity encountered was conjunctivitis (35%), then ocular trauma (11.8%), refractive error (11.4%) and trachoma (7.6%). Bilateral visual impairment (UCVA < 6/18 in the better eye) was found in 119 children, and the causes were refractive errors (47.1%), keratitis/corneal opacity (16%), amblyopia (14.3%), ocular trauma (11.8%), cataract (6.3%), Glaucoma (2%) and uveitis (2%).ConclusionThe three most common causes of childhood ocular morbidity in this study were conjunctivitis, ocular injuries and refractive errors. These disorders require attention of all the health professionals for proper management or early referral because they can lead to visual impairment and blindness. Health education is necessary for the prevention of childhood eye injuries, as well as early presentation of children to eye care centers for the treatment of eye disorders.

Response to ‘Preventable eye injuries while fly fishing’

Sir, We thank Mr Finlay1 for drawing your readers attention to the inherent dangers of Spey casting while fly fishing, and indeed the general danger to the eye from any form of fishing, from his own personal experience. It is interesting to note that injuries from fishing accounted for 1% of all those reported injuries in the 2009 Scottish Ocular Trauma Study (unpublished data) and 1.7% in the 1992 Scottish Ocular Trauma Study.2 We are aware that the American Academy of Ophthalmology is involved in eye injury prevention with their ‘EyeSmart' program (http://www.geteyesmart.org/eyesmart/), and acknowledge that similar campaigns in the UK (http://www.rnib.org.uk/eyehealth/lookingafteryoureyes/Pages/safe_eyes.aspx) have had a prominent role in eye injury prevention, but we would urge caution on focusing on a specific area like fishing without gathering more evidence of the incidence of injury and risk involved.

Characteristics of ocular abnormalities in gout patients.

To characterize the clinical features of ocular surface in gout patients in coastal area of Shandong Province in China. A total of 380 consecutive gout patients were examined from January 2011 to May 2011. According to the course of gout, patients were divided into group A (<5 years), B (5-10 years) and C (>10 years). Group D (control group) was consist of 50 healthy subjects. Eyelids, lateral canthus, medial canthus, palpebral conjunctiva, sclera and cornea, anterior chamber, lens, anterior vitreous were examined by slit lamp to find whether there were deposition of uric acid crystals, ocular vascular tortuosity, redness and subconjunctival hemorrhage. The ophthalmic exams of visual acuity, intraocular pressure, fundus were used to assess any gout-related eye disease. Uric acid crystals were found in 3 patients and the positions of the deposite were in corneal stroma, corneal epithelium and superficial stroma, and sclera respectively. The incidence was 0.79%. Dilatated and tortuous blood vessels in conjunctiva and sclera surface were found in 38 (23.8%), 40 (44.0%), 58 (45.0%), 9 (18.0%) patients in groups A, B, C and D, respectively. The differences between group B and D, group C and D were statistically significant (P<0.01, P<0.01). Transparent vesicles with metal-like reflected light in subconjunctiva were seen in 26 (16.2 %), 29 (31.9%), 41 (31.8%), 2 (4.00%) patients in groups A, B, C and D, respectively. The differences between A and D, B and D, C and D were statistically significant (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.01). Subconjunctival hemorrhage was found in all groups, the difference among the four groups showed no statistically significance. Gout can cause ocular surface abnormalities, such as tophi deposition, subconjunctival transparent vesicles and hemorrhage, and vascular changes. These features have important clinical significance in early detection of the gout and prevention of eye injury.

Eye Injuries in Elderly Adults Presenting to U.S. Emergency Departments

Eye Injuries in Elderly Adults Presenting to U.S. Emergency Departments

Mechanical eye injuries in children aged 0-15 years treated at the Clinic of Eye Diseases in Belgrade: Frequency, causes and preventive measures

Eye injuries represent a significant problem in children. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence and causes of the eye injury and to propose measures of the eye injury prevention in children up to 15 years of age. This was a retrospective study of 552 children with the eye injuries treated at the Clinic of Eye Diseases in Belgrade during the period March 1999 to February 2010. Gender and age of the children, time of injury, the type and site of injuries, visual acuity upon admission and at discharge, as well as the time of surgery in relation to time of injury were analysed. The ratio between the injured boys and girls was 3.6:1.The highest percentage of injured children was in the group 6-10 years old (39.7%); the injuries were almost evenly distributed according to months during the year and days during the week. The percentages of severe closed and open injuries of the eyeball were almost equal. Visual acuity upon discharge and subsequent follow-up examinations were significantly improved after the applied treatment in comparison with the visual acuity upon admission. Eye injuries in children still represent a severe health problem. Regarding the youngest age group of children, adults are mainly responsible for these injuries due to their lack of attention, while in older children these injuries are the result of the production and distribution of inappropriate toys and a failure to implement the legal traffic regulations applicable to children.The prevention of eye injuries is essential.

Controverses en neuroanesthésie–réanimation : les positions en neurochirurgie

Positioning of the neurosurgical patient has several features such as the existence of specific positions (i.e: sitting, prone hyperlordotic, crouching ou kneeling positions) or the range of facilities for the same surgical indications. The last point, a source of controversy, is the subject of this review. Current indications for the sitting position, positioning for lumbar spine surgery and prevention of eye injuries are successively addressed.

Preventing Eye Injuries Among Citrus Harvesters: The Community Health Worker Model

Although eye injuries are common among citrus harvesters, the proportion of workers using protective eyewear has been negligible. We focused on adoption of worker-tested safety glasses with and without the presence and activities of trained peer-worker role models on harvesting crews. Observation of 13 citrus harvesting crews established baseline use of safety eyewear. Nine crews subsequently were assigned a peer worker to model use of safety glasses, conduct eye safety education, and treat minor eye injuries. Safety eyewear use by crews was monitored up to 15 weeks into the intervention. Intervention crews with peer workers had significantly higher rates of eyewear use than control crews. Intervention exposure time and level of worker use were strongly correlated. Among intervention crews, workers with 1 to 2 years of experience (odds ratio [OR] = 2.89; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11, 7.55) and who received help from their peer worker (OR = 3.73; 95% CI = 1.21, 11.57) were significantly more likely to use glasses than were other intervention crew members. Adaptation of the community health worker model for this setting improved injury prevention practices and may have relevance for similar agricultural settings.

Analysis on characteristics of ocular trauma caused by military affairs in soldiers

To investigate and analyze the epidemiological, clinical and prognostic characteristics of ocular trauma in soldiers caused by military affairs and compared with those in trauma caused by non-military causes. A retrospective study on eye injury cases of military inpatients in 15 military general hospitals from 2001 to 2005 was performed and the data of 716 cases (772 eyes) were statistically analyzed. Three hundred and sixty inpatients (398 eyes) caused by military affairs accounted for 50.28% (360/716) of all military inpatients with eye injuries. The difference between trauma cases caused by military affairs and non-military affairs included: higher male/female ratio, 99.45% (358/360), 96.38% (343/356) (χ(2) = 6.92, P = 0.009) and younger age, averaged (23.14 ± 5.23) yrs vs. (26.94 ± 10.45) yrs (t = -6.163, P < 0.001). The most frequent causes in trauma caused by military affairs were explosion (12.78%, 46/360) and construction of national defense (12.78%, 46/360); whereas sports in leisure accounted for 35.96% cases in trauma caused by non-military affairs. The other characters of trauma caused by military affairs included: more non-mechanical globe injuries, 12.06% (48/398), 2.67% (10/374) (χ(2) = 23.12, P < 0.001), less mechanical injuries, 81.91% (326/398), 90.64% (339/374) (χ(2) = 11.59, P = 0.001); a higher proportion of open globe injuries (especially intraocular foreign body); more full-thickness laceration of globe wall needed primary repair, 57.26% (71/124), 84.78% (39/46) (χ(2) = 11.13, P = 0.001); higher rates of enucleation/evisceration, 4.52% (18/398), 1.07% (4/374), (χ(2) = 7.10, P = 0.008), lower vision, 15.33% (61/398), 4.81% (18/374) (χ(2) = 22.07, P < 0.001) and more blindness, 25.38% (101/398), 10.42% (39/374) (χ(2) = 28.03, P < 0.001); less eyes with final vision ≥ 0.5, 28.02% (111/396), 35.66% (133/373) (χ(2) = 4.81, P = 0.028) and less eyes with increasing vision, 68.68% (272/398), 76.41% (285/374) (χ(2) = 5.35, P = 0.021). Eye injury caused by military affairs is more severe and poorer in prognosis and is the direct factor that causing the decrease of military power. Emphasis should be placed on the prevention and treatment of eye injuries caused by military affairs.

The Depiction of Protective Eyewear Use in Popular Television Programs

Media portrayal of health related activities may influence health related behaviors in adult and pediatric populations. This study characterizes the depiction of protective eyewear use in the scripted television programs most viewed by the age group that sustains the largest proportion of eye injuries. Viewership ratings data were acquired to assemble a list of the 24 most-watched scripted network broadcast programs for the 13-year-old to 45-year-old age group. The six highest average viewership programs that met the exclusion criteria were selected for analysis. Review of 30 episodes revealed a total of 258 exposure scenes in which an individual was engaged in an activity requiring eye protection (mean, 8.3 exposure scenes per episode; median, 5 exposure scenes per episode). Overall, 66 (26%) of exposure scenes depicted the use of any eye protection, while only 32 (12%) of exposure scenes depicted the use of adequate eye protection. No incidences of eye injuries or infectious exposures were depicted within the exposure scenes in the study set. The depiction of adequate protective eyewear use during eye-risk activities is rare in network scripted broadcast programs. Healthcare professionals and health advocacy groups should continue to work to improve public education about eye injury risks and prevention; these efforts could include working with the television industry to improve the accuracy of the depiction of eye injuries and the proper protective eyewear used for prevention of injuries in scripted programming. Future studies are needed to examine the relationship between media depiction of eye protection use and viewer compliance rates.

Eye Health and Safety Among Latino Farmworkers

ABSTRACT Farmworkers face a variety of risk factors for eye injuries. Measures of eye protection use and of eye safety knowledge and beliefs are based on a survey of 300 Latino farmworkers in North Carolina. Few farmworkers report using eye protection (8.3%); most (92.3%) report that employers do not provide eye protection. Approximately 70% report that they are not trained in preventing eye injuries; 81% believe that their chances of getting an eye injury are low. Many farmworkers choose to take risks in order to save time. Interventions are needed that target farmworker knowledge and beliefs about eye safety.

Ocular injuries among industrial welders in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and pattern of ocular injuries among industrial welders and rate the use of protective eyewear at work among industrial welders in Port Harcourt. Information from this study will provide a database for effective policy formation on prevention of occupational eye injuries in Port Harcourt Rivers State.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of ocular injuries and use of protective eyewear among industrial welders in the Port Harcourt local government area of Rivers State, Nigeria, was carried out over a three-month period. Five hundred welders were selected by simple random sampling. Information was obtained using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. All welders were examined in their workshops.ResultsFlying metal chips were the chief source of ocular injury, as reported by 199 (68.15%) of those who gave a history of work-related eye injury, while arc rays accounted for the remaining 93 (31.85%). There was a high level of awareness of the risk of sustaining an eye injury from welding (n = 490, 98%), but only 46 (15.3%) of the welders were using protective eyewear at the time of injury.ConclusionTo minimize ocular injury and promote eye health amongst industrial welders, safety intervention programs, such as awareness campaigns, setting up of targeted programs by the relevant government agencies, and encouragement of locally produced eye protectors is recommended. The involvement of occupational medical practitioners is also strongly recommended.