Prevalence Of Glaucoma Research Articles

Study of Glaucoma s prevalence in Atbara locality, Sudan, from 2009 to 2016

Context: Sudan is one of the largest countries in Africa with about 40 million people. Glaucoma is the second cause of blindness, responsible for 15% of blindness in Africa. Black-skinned peoples have the greatest prevalence of glaucoma. Aims: To reflect the prevalence and epidemiology of glaucoma to help decision-makers to develop the appropriate ophthalmic health strategic plan. Settings and Design: Retrospective study of the recorded data about glaucoma in Atbara Locality, Sudan, from 2009 to 2016. Subjects and Methods: Electronic and hard copy records of the Ministry of Health and its facilities, in Atbara locality, were collected and entered into SPSS version 23 (IBM SPSS Corporation., NY, USA) and were analyzed and interpreted. Statistical Analysis Used: The statistical tools that were used to analysis and interpret the data are the prevalence, ratio, percentages, and cross tabulation and the Chi-square statistics (P value used to indicate the significant of the different results). Results: The total number of glaucoma patients per year ranges from 717 to 2696 with a mean ± standard deviation of 1878 ± 643.39. The percentage of all glaucoma patients among the total population in Atbara locality per year ranges from 0.49% to 1.97% with an average of 1.34%. However, in those who aged 45 years and more, the percentage ranges from 3.58% to 17.13% with an average of 10.89%, which is higher than many population-based studies. The prevalence of glaucoma is increasing with age and more females were affected than males. Conclusions: Glaucoma was found to be more in Atbara locality than many other regions worldwide, so it needs more awareness, care, and a high priority in any sight-saving programs.

Prevalence of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma among Patients with Diagnosis of Systemic Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus: The Colombian Glaucoma Study

Objective: To establish the prevalence and risk factors of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) among patients with Systemic Hypertension (SH) and Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in six cities of Colombia. Methods: A cross-sectional study among hypertensive and diabetic patients was conducted in Colombia. This study included 2067 subjects older than 50 years of age diagnosed with SH and/or DM. Participants underwent a complete ophthalmic examination including intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement by Goldmann tonometry and blood pressure measurement. The glaucoma diagnosis was confirmed by structural and functional evidence. Interviews and standardized questionnaires were used to evaluate participants’ lifestyle and other health conditions. Results: Among participants with DM/SH, 142 cases of POAG were confirmed for a prevalence of 5.6% [95% CI: 4.6 - 6.6], while 9.1% were glaucoma suspects [95% CI: 7.8% - 10.4%]. The majority of confirmed cases (77.5%) were undiagnosed. The prevalence of POAG was significantly higher with male gender, greater age, and diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg as risk factors. Conclusion: We found a high prevalence of POAG in patients with adequate SH and DM care in a novel Latino population. We also found great unawareness of the disease in this population. Our results have potentially enormous public health implications for Colombia and other Latino populations.

Open-angle glaucoma in a rural and urban population in Eastern India—the Hooghly river glaucoma study

Purpose:Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world. The current study aims to estimate prevalence, features, and associations of open angle glaucoma (OAG) in a rural and urban East Indian population.Methods:This is a population based cross sectional study with two arms, rural (28 contiguous villages from 13 Gram Panchayats in Balagarh Police Station, Hooghly district) and urban (Kolkata). Individuals residing in the study area aged 40 years and above were included using multistage random cluster sampling. All subjects underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination at our base hospitals including applanation tonometry, ultrasound pachymetry, gonioscopy, and frequency doubling technology perimetry. The primary outcome was the prevalence of POAG (95% CI). Age and gender specific prevalence estimates were calculated. Multiple logistic regressions were used to analyze the risk factors.Results:Data from 7128 and 6964 subjects aged 40 years or older from Kolkata city and Hooghly district, respectively were analyzed. In the urban population, 2.10% (95% CI: 1.99–2.21%) had POAG and 0.15% (95% CI: 0.13–0.17%) had secondary OAG. In the rural population, 1.45% (95% CI: 0.59–2.31%) had POAG and 0.10 ± 0.03% (95% CI: 0.07–0.13%) had secondary OAG.Conclusion:The study concludes that higher age, higher vertical cup disc ratio (VCDR), and lower central corneal thickness (CCT) are important independent predictors of OAG and emphasizes that increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is not POAG. Gonioscopy, disc evaluation, and screening perimetry need to be incorporated in the detection protocol for glaucoma if we intend to lighten the burden of blindness due to glaucoma.

Chronic medical condition associated with increased risk of fall in old people: a review

Background: Falls are defined as unintentional events that happened when a person losing his/her center of gravity leading him/her to fall and without effort to restore balance, or this effort is ineffective. This review aims to provide and represent the most common updated comprehensive review of studies conducted on chronic medical condition that associated with a higher risk of fall in elderly people. Methods: A review was conducted up to May 2020 using the databases PubMed and Google Scholar. The exclusion criteria include papers published before 2000, papers linking risk of fall in acute medical condition, and papers linking risk of fall in people younger than 65. All duplicates were erased and screened by the title, abstract, and full text. Results: It was reported that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the chronic diseases with the highest prevalence of falls among the elderly. Anemia is a universal public health issue affecting human health, and it was associated with twice the incidence of recurrent falls. The risk of falls among the elderly reported that the risk of falls is approximately seven times higher in hypertensive patients than in those who are not affected by this morbidity with p-value 65 years and diabetes increases the risk of falling by 17-fold. The risk of fall in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patient aged 65-year old or older is higher compared to people without CKD. The fall frequency in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients appears to be age independent. Parkinson’s disease occurs in about 4%-5% of patients aged 85 years or older. People with dementia have a significantly higher risk of falling than those without. Depression is considered as one of the common risks of falling in the elderly, and the prevalence of open-angle glaucoma increases the double in diabetic people compared to nondiabetic. Conclusion: The studies found that patients with COPD, anemia, hypertension, orthostatic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney diseases, RA, Parkinson’s diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, depression, and glaucoma are at increased risk of a fall by direct and indirect ways. Assessment and fall prevention guidelines should be considered in patients with this chronic medical condition.

Comparison of visual field defect progression in secondary Glaucoma due to anterior uveitis caused by three types of herpes viruses.

To clarify the prevalence of secondary glaucoma (SG) and its speed of progression in patients with herpes simplex virus (HSV)-anterior uveitis (AU), varicella zoster virus (VZV)-AU, and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-AU. In total, 170 patients with herpetic AU were enrolled in this retrospective observational case series. Patients with visual field (VF) defects and glaucomatous disc abnormalities were diagnosed with SG. Moreover, the speed of SG progression was defined as decreasing mean deviation (MD) values per year. SG prevalence and annual MD-value decrease were compared among the three types of herpetic AU. SG prevalence was 16%, 9%, and 72% in patients with HSV-AU, VZV-AU, and CMV-AU, respectively. Patients with CMV-AU had the highest SG prevalence (odds ratio = 3.15; 95% confidence interval = 1.15-8.65; P < 0.05). Furthermore, the annual MD-value change was significantly higher in SG caused by CMV-AU than in that caused by HSV/VZV-AU (-2.6 ± 2.4dB/year and -0.45 ± 0.54dB/year, respectively; P < 0.05). Our results demonstrated that patients with CMV-AU may have a higher risk and faster speed of progression of SG than patients with HSV/VZV-AU. Therefore, clinicians should monitor glaucoma onset and VF-defect progression in patients with CMV-AU.

Screening, Diagnosis, and Management of Open Angle Glaucoma

Glaucoma is the most common form of irreversible blindness in the world, and second only to cataract among all causes of blindness. There is still no universally agreed-upon definition of glaucoma, and as such, it remains a condition for which there are differing views on the classification of individuals within the continuum of suspicion through diagnosis. Regardless, there appears to be consensus that glaucoma refers to a group of diseases that manifest as a characteristic progressive optic neuropathy and retinal ganglion cell loss that eventually leads to a permanent loss of visual field.&#x0D; Glaucoma is a major public health issue because individuals are typically asymptomatic until end stages of the disease when the associated vision loss is significant and irreversible. Studies have shown that the prevalence of undetected glaucoma is as high as 50% even in high income areas including North America and Australia, increasing to 90% in middle and low income areas such as Asia and Africa. This is at least in part a result of inadequate screening tools and strategies to detect this asymptomatic disease: without more individuals accessing routine eye examinations, glaucoma will continue to go undetected.&#x0D; Vision loss from glaucoma imposes significant societal and economic burdens that increase with disease severity: the direct costs of vision loss from glaucoma exceed $300 million annually in Canada, and approach $2 billion across North America.

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma and Vascular Risk Factors: a review of population based studies from 1990 to 2017

AbstractPurposeGlaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, and as the proportion of those over age 40 increases, so will the prevalence of glaucoma. The pathogenesis of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is unclear and multiple ocular risk factors have been proposed, including intraocular pressure, ocular perfusion pressure, ocular blood flow, myopia, central corneal thickness, and disc hemorrhages. The purpose of this review was to analyse the correlation between systemic vascular risk factors and POAG pathogenesis based on major epidemiological studies.MethodologyWe used the PubMed database to identify studies including the term glaucoma in association with the following keywords: vascular risk factors, systemic risk factors, blood pressure, systemic hypertension, systemic hypotension, diabetes, dipping, vasospasm, age and migraine.ResultsThe search identified 270 unique articles. After including only relevant English‐language articles only 66 studies were reported in the analysis. Reports presenting the association between POAG and systemic vascular risk factors included a total of over 50,000 patients. Several epidemiological studies confirmed the importance of vascular risk factors in the pathogenesis and progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy, including hypertension, blood pressure dipping. The pooled analysis confirmed hypertension as the most significant risk factor for primary open angle glaucoma.ConclusionsVascular risk factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis and progression of glaucoma. The association between POAG and diabetes mellitus type 2 or migraine still needs to be evaluated in future studies.

Prevalence of primary open angle and primary angle closure glaucoma in patients with their outcome after medical and surgical treatment at department of ophthalmology of MB hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan

Prevalence of primary open angle and primary angle closure glaucoma in patients with their outcome after medical and surgical treatment at department of ophthalmology of MB hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan - IJCEO- Print ISSN No: - 2395-1443 Online ISSN No:- 2395-1451 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/j.ijceo.2019.120, Indian Jour

Динамика распространенности глаукомы в Киргизской Республике

This article discusses the dynamics of glaucoma prevalence in the Kyrgyz Republic. At present glaucoma is one of the pressing problems of modern health care, as it occupies one of the leading places among the causes of irreversible loss of vision. According to WHO glaucoma accounts for up to 5% of all eye pathology. By 2020, the number of patients will increase to 5.9 million and 5.3 million will lose sight due to primary glaucoma. The proportion of primary glaucoma among the causes of primary disability has been stable at a fairly high level from 20 to 28% over the years. The problem of glaucoma control requires improvement of the system of organization of early detection and dispensary observation of patients, which will contribute to control of the level of morbidity and quality of medical care. The article used data from the Republican Medical and Information Center of the Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic from 2014 to 2018. On the basis of a comprehensive analysis, the authors identified trends in the incidence of diseases of the eye and its appendages, glaucoma among adults, adolescents and children of the Kyrgyz Republic. The incidence of diseases of the eye and its appendages, glaucoma among adults, teenagers and children in dynamics from 2014 to 2018 has been studied. The share of glaucoma in the total number of diseases of the eye and its appendages among adults, teenagers and children is considered. Analysis of the dynamics of disease prevalence of the eye, its appendages, glaucoma, both among adults and teenagers, and among children under 14 years of age showed an increase in the indicator in 2015, 2017 and 2018. The proportion of glaucoma from the total morbidity of the eye and its appendages among adults and adolescents in the years under study averaged 6.4%, among children under 14 — 0.2%. It is necessary to strengthen measures for early detection, dispensarization of glaucoma patients, as well as to carry out information work among the population.

The Prevalence of Glaucoma among Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome Patients

The Prevalence of Glaucoma among Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome Patients

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Pseudoexfoliation in a Russian Population: The Ural Eye and Medical Study

To assess the prevalence of pseudoexfoliation (PEX) and its associations in a Russian population. Population-based cross-sectional study. Setting: Ufa capital of Bashkortostan, Russia and a rural region in Bashkortostan. the Ural Eye and Medical Study included 5,899 (80.5%) of 7,328 eligible individuals (mean age, 59.0 ± 10.7 years old; range, 40-94 years). as part of an ophthalmological and general examination, presence and degree of PEX was assessed using slit-lamp biomicroscopy after medical pupillary dilation. PEX prevalence. After excluding pseudophakic and aphakic individuals, the study included 5,451 (92.4%) participants. PEX prevalence (3.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI]:3.1-4.1), increased from 0.5% (95% CI, 0.1-0.9) in individuals 40 to <50 years old to 10.4% (95% CI, 5.0-15.8) in individuals aged 80+ years. Higher PEX prevalence was associated (multivariate analysis) with older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.09; 95% CI, 1.07-1.11; P < 0.001), Russian ethnicity (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 2.09-1.11;P= 0.02), higher prevalence of open-angle glaucoma (OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.36-4.23;P= 0.003), and higher intraocular pressure (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02-1.09;P= 0.001). PEX prevalence was not significantly associated with gender (P= 0.49), region of habitation (P= 0.11), body mass index (P= 0.68), level of education (P= 0.26), smoking (P= 0.11), alcohol consumption (P= 0.52), history of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease (P= 0.94) and dementia (P= 0.77), prevalence of diabetes mellitus (P=0.16), arterial hypertension (P= 0.45), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P= 0.73), chronic kidney disease (P= 0.09), and hearing loss (P= 0.31). In this typical, ethnically mixed, population from Russia with an age of 40+ years, PEX prevalence (3.6%; 95% CI, 3.1-4.1) was associated with older age, Russian ethnicity, higher intraocular pressure and open-angle glaucoma. It was independent of any systemic parameter including diabetes, arterial hypertension, previous cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and dementia.

Prevalence of Glaucoma in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

To determine the prevalence of glaucoma in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients and compare it with that of patients without OSA. Patients investigated for OSA using polysomnography at the sleep center of King Abdulaziz University Hospital were invited to participate in this cross-sectional case series study. American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines were used to diagnose OSA. Recruitment of patients with and without OSA was conducted from December 2013 to September 2015. Exclusion criteria included topical and systemic steroid use and presence of other ocular diseases. Two criteria, cup/disc ratio and visual field defects, were necessary for a glaucoma diagnosis. Among 84 adults enrolled, 44 (52%) had a confirmed diagnosis of OSA. Glaucoma prevalence was higher among individuals with OSA (16%) than among non-OSA individuals (8%), a difference that was not statistically significant. A consistent trend, which was not statistically significant after adjusting for cofounders, toward more glaucomatous changes was observed in OSA subjects. Although a trend toward higher glaucoma prevalence was observed in OSA patients, the difference was not statistically significant. As many variables contribute to the development of the two conditions, larger cohorts are needed to evaluate associations between glaucoma and OSA.

A community based study of scenario of glaucoma in Aligarh, India

Background: Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and is second only to cataracts as the most common cause of blindness overall. In the developing world, the prevalence of glaucoma is expected to rise even more dramatically as the population of adults has doubled within a span of few decades. So this study was done with an objective of finding out the prevalence of glaucoma among adults aged 40 years and above in the field practice area of the Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out for the duration of one year. A total of 680 persons were interviewed and examined by a trained ophthalmologist for detailed eye examination including visual acuity, refraction and slit-lamp bio-microscopy, intraocular pressure (IOP) by Keeler Pulsair non-contact tonometer confirm by applanation tonometry, gonioscopy, and dilated fundus examination after ruling out the risk of angle closure. Anderson criteria were used to diagnose glaucomatous visual field defect.Results: In our study population, the IOP of the majority of population lied in 11-15 mm Hg with a mean IOP of 13.42±4.09 mmHg. In regard to optic disc examination, a cup to disc ratio of &gt;0.6 was found in 35 eyes. According to the predefined criteria, a total of 31 subjects were diagnosed as glaucoma in either one or both eyes. The overall prevalence of glaucoma was found to be 4.6% (31/680), with the prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma, primary angle closure glaucoma, normotensive glaucoma and secondary glaucoma as 1.3%, 1.2%, 1.2% and 0.9% respectively.Conclusions: The prevalence of glaucoma is quite high in an elder population of Aligarh. This should warrant more intensive activities, focusing not only on early diagnosis and management of glaucoma but also include strengthening preventive ophthalmic care.

Results From the First Teleglaucoma Pilot Project in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

A teleglaucoma case-finding model was utilized in Ethiopia using a high-risk case identification approach. An overall 7.9% of patients had definite glaucoma, and 13.8% were glaucoma suspects. Most cases could be managed medically. This study was carried out to analyze disease prevalence and clinical referral pathways for high-risk patients assessed through a hospital-based teleglaucoma case-finding program. Patients over the age of 35 years were referred from outpatient diabetic and hypertensive clinics. Through a teleglaucoma consultation, a glaucoma specialist provided remote diagnosis and management recommendations. Patient referral pathways were analyzed. Part way through the program, frontline ophthalmic nurses and optometrists were empowered to refer patients to be seen by general ophthalmologists within a week if patients met high-risk criteria. Qualitative stakeholder feedback was also obtained. A total of 1002 patients (53% female) were assessed with a mean age of 51.0±11.7 years. The prevalence of glaucoma and glaucoma suspects was 7.9% (79 cases) and 13.8% (138 cases), respectively. Retinopathy was found in 9.1%, with hypertensive retinopathy (2.7%) and diabetic retinopathy (2.5%) representing the majority of cases. Age-related macular degeneration was present in 1.5% and cataract in 16%. An overall 63% of cases were without organic eye disease. 35% of patients were referred to a general ophthalmologist, 0.7% to a glaucoma specialist (for surgery), 1.5% to a retina specialist, and 17.7% to an optometrist for further care. Qualitative analysis revealed that stakeholders felt the value of teleglaucoma would be in triaging patients requiring more urgent management and in identifying disease at an earlier stage. There is a high prevalence of glaucoma in Ethiopian patients assessed through this teleglaucoma program. This model and study have also demonstrated various principles behind telemedicine, such as the development of an intelligent triage system, case-finding for a variety of diseases, and consideration of optimal patient flow/referral pathways.

Relationships between Hearing Loss and the Prevalences of Cataract, Glaucoma, Diabetic Retinopathy, and Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Korea.

This study was conducted using the database of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to determine whether age-related eye diseases such as cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy (DR), and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are related to hearing loss. 12,899 participants ≥ 40 years of age were included. The weighted prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was not significantly different between the normal hearing group and hearing-impaired group, but the weighted prevalences of cataract, glaucoma, early AMD, and late AMD were significantly different in the two groups. The odds ratio for cataract in the hearing-impaired group was 1.373 (1.118–1.687). The odds ratios of glaucoma, DR, early AMD, and late AMD were not significantly different in the hearing-impaired group. Age was significantly associated with the presence of concurrent cataract and hearing impairment by 6.574-fold per decade. Significant factors that increased the risk of concurrent glaucoma and hearing impairment were age, male gender, and triglyceride. Age, ex-smoker, systolic BP elevation, BMI decline, and fasting blood sugar significantly predicted the presence of concurrent DR and hearing loss. In early AMD, age and triglyceride, and in late AMD, age and systolic BP elevations increased the risk of concurrent AMD and hearing impairment.

Frequency and Risk Factors for Neovascular Glaucoma After Vitrectomy in Eyes with Diabetic Retinopathy: An Observational Study.

IntroductionVitrectomy is one of the main treatments for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Postoperative neovascular glaucoma, in which it is difficult to obtain satisfactory results using conventional filtering surgery, is one of the most serious complications of vitrectomy. It often requires destructive surgery, such as ciliary body photocoagulation or freezing, and the outcome with regard to visual acuity (VA) is extremely poor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of neovascular glaucoma (NVG) after modern vitrectomy techniques and investigate how variables assessed before and after vitrectomy are associated with patients who develop NVG after PDR surgery.MethodsThis was an observational study including the medical records of patients who underwent vitrectomy for PDR at Tianjin Eye Hospital from June 2014 to July 2016, were followed for at least 24 months postoperatively, and NVG developed within 2 years after surgery was recorded. Each patient underwent complete preoperative ophthalmic examinations in both preoperative and follow-up appointments. Factors associated with survival were determined using the Kaplan–Meier (KM) survival analysis to calculate the incidence of NVG after vitrectomy for PDR. Multivariable analysis was performed with the Cox regression proportional hazards model to verify the results of the analysis and eliminate interference factors between variables. All statistical analyses were performed using R statistical software (http://www.r-project.org) for Windows.ResultsIn all, 238 patients (238 eyes) fulfilled the study criteria. NVG occurred in 11 of 238 eyes (4.6%). The percentages of NVG development after vitrectomy at 6, 12, and 24 months were 0.42%, 3.3%, and 4.6%, respectively. After step analysis, multivariable regression identified preoperative high intraocular pressure (IOP) combined with retinal vein occlusion (RVO), severe PDR, no postoperative intravitreal injection of ranibizumab (IVR), and higher HbA1c levels as significant predictors of NVG.ConclusionPreoperative high IOP combined with RVO, severe PDR, no postoperative intravitreal injection of ranibizumab (IVR), and higher HbA1c levels are significant predictors of NVG after vitrectomy.

Associations with Corneal Hysteresis in a Population Cohort: Results from 96 010 UK Biobank Participants

To describe the distribution of corneal hysteresis (CH) in a large cohort and explore its associated factors and possible clinical applications. Cross-sectional study within the UK Biobank, a large cohort study in the United Kingdom. We analyzed CH data from 93 345 eligible participants in the UK Biobank cohort, aged 40 to 69 years. All analyses were performed using left eye data. Linear regression models were used to evaluate associations between CH and demographic, lifestyle, ocular, and systemic variables. Piecewise logistic regression models were used to explore the relationship between self-reported glaucoma and CH. Corneal hysteresis (mmHg). The mean CH was 10.6 mmHg (10.4 mmHg in male and 10.8 mmHg in female participants). After adjusting for covariables, CH was significantly negatively associated with male sex, age, black ethnicity, self-reported glaucoma, diastolic blood pressure, and height. Corneal hysteresis was significantly positively associated with smoking, hyperopia, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), greater deprivation (Townsend index), and Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure (IOPg). Self-reported glaucoma and CH were significantly associated when CH was less than 10.1 mmHg (odds ratio, 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.79-0.94 per mmHg CH increase) after adjusting for covariables. When CH exceeded 10.1 mmHg, there was no significant association between CH and self-reported glaucoma. In our analyses, CH was significantly associated with factors including age, sex, and ethnicity, which should be taken into account when interpreting CH values. In our cohort, lower CH was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of self-reported glaucoma when CH was less than 10.1 mmHg. Corneal hysteresis may serve as a biomarker aiding glaucoma case detection.

Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Childhood Glaucoma at a Tertiary Care Children's Hospital.

Glaucoma suspect was the most prevalent category in this study followed by glaucoma associated with acquired ocular anomaly and juvenile open-angle glaucoma. Primary congenital glaucoma was diagnosed in only 3% of the population studied. To describe the prevalence and clinical characteristics of childhood glaucoma diagnosed over a 10-year period among patients aged 18 years or below who were seen at a tertiary care children's hospital using the new Childhood Glaucoma Research Network classification system. Medical records of all patients aged 18 years or below (n=108) who were diagnosed with glaucoma between January 1, 2008 through September 30, 2018 were reviewed. Data collected included demographics (age at diagnosis, sex, and family history of glaucoma), intraocular pressure, disc-to-cup ratio, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and refractive errors. Clinical characteristics of each patient were evaluated according to the criteria established by Childhood Glaucoma Research Network. Categorical distributional equivalence comparisons were performed using the Pearson χ test. A P-value <0.05 was defined as statistically significant. A total of 108 patients with a diagnosis of childhood glaucoma or glaucoma suspect were included in this study. Sixty-four percent of these patients were males (P<0.0001). The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 7.07±5.4 years. "Glaucoma suspect" was the most prevalent category (46%, P=0.0002), followed by glaucoma associated with the acquired ocular anomaly (20%) and juvenile open-angle glaucoma (16%). Primary congenital glaucoma represented 3% and all these patients were males. Sixty-nine percent of the patients had bilateral involvement (P=0.0073). The highest intraocular pressure recorded in the study was 57 mm Hg, the largest cup-to-disc ratio was 0.96, and the lowest retinal nerve fiber layer measurement was 39 μm. Ninety-two percent of the patients had refractive errors and 85% of them had astigmatism. Establishing a pattern and the associated clinical characteristics of childhood glaucoma at tertiary care children's hospitals will help in developing collaborative research efforts and effective treatment/management strategies for children with these rare groups of disorders.

Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of primary open-angle glaucoma - a cohort study based on longitudinal data from a German public health insurance

BackgroundThis study estimates the prevalence and incidence rates of primary open -angle glaucoma (POAG) as well as risk factors based on a dataset from the largest German health insurance company.MethodsA random sample of 250,000 persons at age 50+ of the Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse (AOK) from 2010 to 2013 was used. Selected risk factors of POAG incidence were analyzed using multivariate Cox proportional hazard models.ResultsThe age-standardized prevalence of POAG at age 50+ in 2010 was 2.79% (95%-CI: 2.72–2.85%). The age-standardized total incidence rate was 0.38 (0.36–0.39) per 100 person-years. Sex differences were significant for total prevalence and total incidence rates, with higher prevalence and incidence rates for women compared to men. The Cox model revealed a strong age effect, a significantly 19% higher incidence for women (p ≤ 0.001), injuries of the eye and orbit (175%, p ≤ 0.001), degeneration of iris and ciliary body (155%, p = 0.022), myopia (155%, p ≤ 0.001), retinal vascular occlusions (134%, p ≤ 0.001), hypertension (13%, p ≤ 0.001) and diabetes mellitus (23%, p ≤ 0.001).ConclusionHealth claims data are an important data source for estimating POAG occurrence and help overcome the problems of small sample sizes. These results may help to understand the causal pathways of POAG and to develop intervention strategies to increase the awareness of patients and physicians with the aim of reducing POAG incidence.

Self-reported eye diseases among American Indian individuals with type 2 diabetes from the northern Midwest.

To determine the prevalence of eye diseases and utilization of dilated eye exams among a sample of American Indian (AI) individuals with type 2 diabetes. AI adults with type 2 diabetes utilizing health care at two reservation clinics were randomly sampled and recruited for interviewer-assisted paper surveys. The prevalence of eye diseases was compared across gender, age, income, and educational attainment. The prevalence of retinopathy, cataracts, macular degeneration, and glaucoma were 9.4%, 26.7%, 5.2%, and 10.6% respectively, and 59.2% reported past year dilated eye exams. Older participants were more likely to report cataracts (p < 0.001) and glaucoma (p = .003). Those with lower income were more likely to report cataracts (p = 0.001). Rates of self-reported eye diseases in this sample were higher, and dilated eye exams lower than other samples of the general United States population with diabetes, suggesting improvement can be made to improve the provision of care for AI individuals with type 2 diabetes.