Prevalence Rates Of Type Research Articles

Pharmaceutical Interventions for Diabetes Prevention in Patients at Risk.

With the rising incidence and prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes globally, it is imperative that diabetes prevention strategies are implemented to stem the flow of new cases. Successful interventions include both lifestyle modification and pharmaceutical agents, and large, multicentre, randomised, controlled studies in different populations have identified the benefits of both. However, translating positive trial outcomes to the real world is particularly challenging, as lifestyle interventions require regular reinforcement from healthcare professionals to be maintained. Pharmaceutical therapies may therefore play an adjunctive role in combination with lifestyle to prevent diabetes. Population-based strategies are also necessary to reduce sedentary behaviour and obesity. Well-established glucose-lowering therapies such as metformin, sulphonylureas, thiazolidinediones and insulin and newer agents such as incretin therapies and sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors have all been investigated in randomised controlled trials for diabetes prevention with varying success. Non-glucose-lowering therapies such as orlistat and renin angiotensin system blockers can prevent diabetes, whereas statins are associated with slightly increased risk. Diabetes prevention strategies should carefully consider the use of these agents according to individual patient circumstances and phenotypic profile.

Examining trends in type 2 diabetes incidence, prevalence and mortality in the UK between 2004 and 2014

Contemporary data describing type 2 diabetes prevalence, incidence and mortality are limited. We aimed to (1) estimate annual incidence and prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes in the UK between 2004 and 2014, (2) examine relationships between observed rates with age, gender, socio-economic status and geographic region, and (3) assess how temporal changes in incidence and all-cause mortality rates influence changes in prevalence. Type 2 diabetes patients aged ≥16 years between January 2004 and December 2014 were identified using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). Up to 5 individuals without diabetes were matched to diabetes patients based on age, gender and the general practice. Annual incidence, prevalence and mortality rates were calculated per 10 000 person-years at risk (95% CI). Survival models compared mortality rates in patients with and without type 2 diabetes. Prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes increased from 3.21% (3.19; 3.22) in 2004 to 5.26% (5.24; 5.29) in 2014. Incidence rates remained stable, overall, throughout the study period. Higher incidence and prevalence rates were related to male gender and deprivation. Individuals with type 2 diabetes were associated with higher risk of mortality (Hazard ratio 1.26 [1.20; 1.32]). Mortality rates declined in patients with and without diabetes throughout the study period. The incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in patients aged 16 to 34 years increased over time. The rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the UK over the last decade is probably explained by patients living longer rather than by increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes.

Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Urban Sikh Population of Amritsar.

Context:Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) refers to a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of Hyperglycemia. More than 60% of the world's population with diabetes comes from Asia.Aim:To study the prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Sikh individuals living in the urban localities of Amritsar.Settings and Design:The study was designed in the Faculty of Sports Medicine & Physiotherapy, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India. The data collection was carried out in various urban localities of Amritsar. Blood samples were analyzed in the Biochemistry laboratory, whereas data analysis and article preparation was carried out in the Faculty of Sports Medicine and Physiotherapy.Materials and Methods:Multi-stage random sampling was done with a sample size of 1089 patients.Statistical Analysis:The data was analyzed in Stata 11.2 software. Various tests used in the study are Mean ± SD, Pearson Chi Square Test, Students’ t test and multiple logistic regression test.Results:Our study showed that the prevalence rate of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is 23.2% with the confidence interval of 20.7–25.7. Proportionately more patients with T2DM had hypertension (46.6%). Likewise proportionately more patients, 67.5% had hypertrigylerdemia, 67.6% had low HDL levels, 59.2 % had hypercholesterolemia and 73.1% suffered from metabolic syndrome.Conclusions:Our study clearly indicates that the young Sikh adults below 40 years of age have similar high BMI, WC and WHR to that of the older adults above 40 years of age. It is necessary to adopt appropriate preventive strategies and interventions in high-risk individuals to curb the growing epidemic of diabetes. Innovative community outreach programs need to be designed and implemented to create awareness and early screening and treatment of diabetes, especially in the urban population.

Screening for Celiac Disease in Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review.

Prevalence rates of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease (CD) vary from 1.6% to 16.4% worldwide. Screening guidelines are variable and not evidence based. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review of CD in T1D. Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched. Studies were limited to those in English and in humans. We selected longitudinal cohort studies screening for CD in T1D with at least 5 years of follow-up. Screening rates, characteristics, and prevalence of biopsy-proven CD in people with T1D were extracted. We identified 457 nonduplicate citations; 48 were selected for full-text review. Nine longitudinal cohort studies in 11,157 children and adolescents with 587 cases of biopsy-proven CD met the inclusion criteria. Median follow-up was 10 years (range: 5-18 years). The weighted pooled prevalence of CD was 5.1% (95% confidence interval: 3.1-7.4%). After excluding 41 cases with CD onset before T1D, CD was diagnosed in 218 of 546 (40%) subjects within 1 year, in 55% within 2 years, and in 79% within 5 years of diabetes duration. Two studies (478 cases) reported higher rates of CD in children aged <5 years at T1D diagnosis. The duration of follow-up varied across the included studies. CD screening frequency progressively decreased with increased T1D duration. Because most cases of CD are diagnosed within 5 years of T1D diagnosis, screening should be considered at T1D diagnosis and within 2 and 5 years thereafter. CD screening should be considered at other times in patients with symptoms suggestive of CD. More research is required to determine the screening frequency beyond 5 years of diabetes duration.

Treatment for overweight and obesity in adult populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Obesity is a major public health issue. This review updates the evidence on the effectiveness of behavioural and pharmacologic treatments for overweight and obesity in adults. We updated the search conducted in a previous review. Randomized trials of primary-care-relevant behavioural (diet, exercise and lifestyle) and pharmacologic (orlistat and metformin) with or without behavioural treatments in overweight and obese adults were included if 12-month, postbaseline data were provided for weight outcomes. Studies reporting harms were included regardless of design. Data were extracted and pooled wherever possible for 5 weight outcomes, 6 secondary health outcomes and 4 adverse events categories. We identified 68 studies, most consisted of short-term (≤12 mo) treatments using diet (n=8), exercise (n=4), diet and exercise (n=10), lifestyle (n=19), orlistat (n=25) or metformin (n=4). Compared with the control groups, intervention participants had a greater weight loss of -3.02kg (95% confidence interval [CI] -3.52 to -2.52), a greater reduction in waist circumference of -2.78cm (95% CI -3.34 to -2.22) and a greater reduction in body mass index of -1.11kg/m(2) (95% CI -1.39 to -0.84). The relative risk for loss of ≥5% body weight was 1.77 (95% CI 1.58-1.99, [number needed to treat 5, 95% CI 4-7]), and the relative risk for loss of ≥10% body weight was 1.91 (95% CI 1.69-2.16, [number needed to treat 9, 95% CI 7-12]). Incidence of type 2 diabetes was lower among pre-diabetic intervention participants (relative risk 0.62 [95% CI 0.50-0.77], number needed to treat 17 [95% CI 13-29]). With prevalence rates for type 2 diabetes on the rise, weight loss coupled with a reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes could potentially have a significant benefit on population health and a possible reduction in need for drug treatments for glycemic control. There is moderate quality evidence that behavioural and pharmacologic plus behvioural, treatments for overweight and obesity in adults lead to clinically important reductions in weight and incidence of type 2 diabetes in pre-diabetic populations. PROSPERO no. CRD42012002753.

Increasing trends in the incidence and prevalence rates of type 1 diabetes among children and adolescents in the Netherlands.

To assess the trends in the incidence and prevalence rates of type 1 diabetes (T1D) among children and adolescents in the Netherlands. A population-based cohort study was conducted in the Dutch PHARMO record linkage system (1998-2011). All children and adolescents aged ≤19 yr with at least one insulin dispensing (as a proxy for T1D) were identified and the numbers of incident and prevalent cases (numerators) were calculated. Overall age-adjusted (0-19 yr) incidence and prevalence rates together with age- and sex-specific rates of T1D and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using data from the Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics as denominator. Trends over time were assessed using Joinpoint regression software (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA). In 2011, the overall age-adjusted incidence and prevalence rates of T1D were 25.2/100 000 (95% CI, 23.7-26.8) person-years (PY) and 174.4/100 000 (95% CI, 170.2-178.5) children, respectively. The average annual percentage change (AAPC) in the overall age-adjusted incidence and prevalence rate was 3.7% (95% CI, 1.8-5.7) and 3.8% (95% CI, 2.4-5.2), respectively. While during the study period the largest increases in the incidence and prevalence rates of T1D were observed for the oldest age groups (10-14 and 15-19 yr), a decreasing trend was detected for the 0- to 4-yr-old category (with AAPCs of -1.8 (95% CI, -9.9 to 7.1) and -6.9% (95% CI, -11.5 to -2.1) for incidence and prevalence, respectively). Age-adjusted incidence (1999-2011) and prevalence rates (1998-2011) of T1D in Dutch children (aged 0-19 yr) continued to increase and a shift was observed to a later onset of the disease.

Analysis of epidemiological indices of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the adult population of Moscow

Diabetes mellitus is a disease that presents a global medical problem. It is necessary to implement an in-depth analysis of the epidemiological situation of type 2 diabetes mellitus for planning and organizing specialized medical help to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aim. To rate the basic epidemiological indices of type 2 diabetes mellitus in actual clinical practice using the informational database of national registry of diabetic patients. Materials and methods. Epidemiological analyses were performed in two administrative districts of Moscow. From 1999 to 2011 48978 adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were aged 18 years and older were registered. We used methods of clinical, analytical and statistical epidemiology with elements of descriptive research. Results. The prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 1590 per hundred thousand, most patients were in the 60?64 and 70?74 age groups, and approximately 80% of patients were older than 55 years. The morbidity rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 138,72 per hundred thousand and was found to be higher in women at 1,89. The mortality rate of adult patients with diabetes mellitus was 0,83, mostly in men of all ages. Cardiovascular diseases accounted for most of the registered cases of deaths (34,4%). The average life expectancy appeared to be 75,24?0,45 years, although women lived 6 years longer than men. The average duration of the disease was 10,04?0,34 years. A total of 0,4% of patients underwent hospital treatment and the average length of treatment was 17?18 days. The total number of days of disablement was an average of 307,33?30,13 days (80% of patients were older than 55 years). In the study group, a mean grade of НbА1c

The hidden cost of moving up: Type 2 diabetes and the escape from persistent poverty in the American South

The paper tests the thrifty phenotype hypothesis, according to which nonharmonious growth trajectories are costly for adult health. The American surge in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is concentrated in the South, a region characterized by a long history of poverty followed by rapid economic growth beginning in the 1960s. Civil rights legislation further accelerated income growth for African-Americans in the region. The paper investigates the hypothesis by using per capita income at the state level as a proxy for net nutritional conditions. Regressions at the state level explain 56% of the variation in the prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes in 2009 using two explanatory variables: the ratio of per capita income in 1980 to that in 1950 and the share of the population that was African-American. The paper discusses ways that rapid economic growth may have translated into weight gain and type 2 diabetes. If the thrifty phenotype hypothesis is correct, future rates in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes are predictable based on income history. The forecast for rapidly developing countries such as India and China are ominous.

Global trends in the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: a systematic review and evaluation of methodological approaches

This study aimed to systematically review what has been reported on the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents, to scrutinise the methodological issues observed in the included studies and to prepare recommendations for future research and surveillances. PubMed, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched from inception to February 2013. Population-based studies on incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents were summarised and methodologically evaluated. Owing to substantial methodological heterogeneity and considerable differences in study populations a quantitative meta-analysis was not performed. Among 145 potentially relevant studies, 37 population-based studies met the inclusion criteria. Variations in the incidence and prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents were mainly related to age of the study population, calendar time, geographical regions and ethnicity, resulting in a range of 0-330 per 100,000 person-years for incidence rates, and 0-5,300 per 100,000 population for prevalence rates. Furthermore, a substantial variation in the methodological characteristics was observed for response rates (60-96%), ascertainment rates (53-99%), diagnostic tests and criteria used to diagnose type 2 diabetes. Worldwide incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents vary substantially among countries, age categories and ethnic groups and this can be explained by variations in population characteristics and methodological dissimilarities between studies.

The validity of the Type D construct and its assessment in Taiwan

BackgroundType D (distressed) personality, defined by negative affectivity and social inhibition, is related to cardiovascular outcomes. Little is known about Type D in non-Western cultures. We examined the validity of this construct and its assessment in Taiwanese patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and adults from the general population.MethodsCAD patients (N = 87) and adults from the general population (N = 421) completed the 14-item Type D Scale- Taiwanese version (DS14-T), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory-II, and Chinese Hostility Inventory Short-Form.ResultsBased on the psychometric examination, item #3 of the original DS14, "I often talk to strangers" was replaced by "I don't like to have a lot of people around me" which comes from the “Withdrawal” facet of social inhibition of DS-24. The reliability of Type D assessment in Taiwan was good, with Cronbach’s α for negative affectivity and social inhibition of .86 and .79. Factor analyses confirmed the two-factor model of the Type D construct. The prevalence rate of Type D personality in Taiwan was 20% in CAD patients and 16% in the general population. Negative affectivity was positively associated with anxiety, depression and hostility, and social inhibition was positively associated with suppressive hostility and negatively associated with expressive hostility after controlling for the total hostility. Furthermore, Taiwanese individuals with a Type D personality displayed elevated levels of anxiety, depression and hostility.ConclusionsThe Type D construct and its assessment with the DS14-T is generalizable to an Asian setting, Taiwan. The DS14-T showed good psychometric properties, and the prevalence of Type D personality in Taiwan was similar to the prevalence rates in Western countries and Mainland China, and Type D was associated with anxiety, depression and hostility.

Implementing a whole school physical activity and healthy eating model in rural and remote First Nations schools: a process evaluation of Action Schools! BC

Aboriginal people who reside in rural and remote areas of Canada often have poorer health than other Canadians. For instance, the prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes is 3 to 5 times higher than for the general population. Chronic disease risk factors such as obesity are also more prevalent. Overweight and obesity have become major health challenges for all Canadian children, but for Aboriginal children, the numbers are 2 to 3 times higher. 'Action Schools! BC' (AS! BC) is a whole-school framework designed as a positive approach to addressing childhood inactivity and unhealthy eating patterns during the school day that was effective for children in a large urban center. The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility and implementation of AS! BC in 3 remote Aboriginal communities in northern British Columbia. The AS! BC model provided tools for schools and teachers to create individualized 'action plans' to increase the opportunities for physical activity (PA) and healthy eating (HE) across 6 'action zones'. These zones included: (1) school environment; (2) scheduled physical education; (3) classroom action; (4) family and community; (5) extra-curricular; and (6) school spirit. Teachers (primarily generalists) were provided with the training and resources necessary to implement their action plan for their class. Schools had three visits from the AS! BC support team. Teachers received specialized training and support, a 'planning guide' and classroom-based resources. Gender- and skill-level-inclusive activities were prioritized. Although the model emphasized choice using a whole-school framework, 'classroom action' was a flagship component. Teachers were asked to provide students with a minimum of 15 additional minutes of PA each school day and at least one HE activity per month in the 'classroom action zone'. Information about implementation was gathered from weekly 'classroom logs' completed by teachers and focus groups with school staff. The logs showed that all 3 schools implemented physical activities (mean = 140 min/week, range = 7-360 min/week) and HE activities (mean = 2.3 times/week, range = 0-10 times/week) but this varied by school and teacher. Adherence to logging was low (34% of eligible weeks). Focus group data showed that the program was well received and that support from the AS! BC master trainer and support team was crucial to delivery of the program. Staff highlighted challenges (eg time, high staff turnover at the schools and lack of financial resources), but felt that with continued support and cultural adaptations they would continue to implement AS! BC in their schools. The evaluation demonstrated that AS! BC was appropriate and feasible for use in the First Nations schools in these rural and remote communities with some cultural adaptations and ongoing support. Rural and remote locations have very specific challenges that need to be considered in broader dissemination strategies.

Screening for type 2 diabetes and prediabetes – methodological concerns and feasibility in Hungary

It is well documented that type 2 diabetes often has a long and latent pathogenetic process before its manifestation; even patients with short duration of diabetes can be asymptomatic. At these stages, patients with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes can be identified by screening. Several screening procedures have been developed; however, risk-stratified screening method is the most accepted worldwide. Risk-stratified screening implies two stages, starting with the selection of people at higher risk. At the second stage, blood glucose measurement should be carried out. For selection of subjects at higher risk, the FINDRISC (Finnish Diabetes Risk Score) questionnaire proved to be useful in different settings. Based upon the results of a screening procedure, early treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes and primary prevention of diabetes in subjects with prediabetes can be performed. All these activities can lead to a decrease of prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes. Similarly to other countries, all these concerns should be addressed within a frame of a new National Diabetes Programme in Hungary.

Effect of physical activity strength on the diabetes mellitus prevalence in the elderly under the influence of International Physical Activity Questionnaire

To examine the impact of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) physical activity intensity on to the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among Chinese elderly. A total number of 1996 residents aged 50 or above living in Guangzhou city were recruited from the phase 3 of the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Information on physical activity and fasting plasma glucose status was derived from standardized interviews and laboratory assays. Among the participants who were classified as physically active (60.0%), moderate active (29.8%) and inactive (10.2%), the prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus were 9.1%, 12.0% and 14.2%, respectively. After adjustment on age, sex, obesity and other potential confounding factors, data from logistic regression model showed that the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for diabetes on subjects in physically moderate active and active group were 0.75(0.46-1.26)and 0.60(0.38-0.97) respectively with P for trend as 0.03, when comparing to those physically inactive ones. Promotion of physical activity might have had some effects in reducing the risk of diabetes mellitus among the older adults.

Classification of maxillary canine transpositions in Japanese children: A report of 10 cases

The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence rate and treatment outcome of maxillary canine transposition in Japanese children according to the conventional standard and our new additional consideration of the classification. From 140 cases with ectopic canines diagnosed in the Pediatric Dental Clinic of Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, we selected 10 transposition cases as the present subjects. Out of 10 cases, 4 were males and 6 females. Six were classified into type A: the mesio-distal positional interchange of the canine and the first premolar, 2 cases into type B: the mesio-distal transposition of the canine and the lateral incisor, and the other 2 cases into type C: the present new classification that showed the vertical transposition of the canine and the first premolar within the developmental bone. The prevalence rate of types A and B resembled the previous papers regarding the ratio of sex and bilateral occurrence. Although 3 cases in type A, one case in type B and one case in type C could finally be aligned in the normal tooth order, every one of the types A and B cases were aligned in the reverse order. For every one case in types A and C, the transposed canines were extracted. It is recommended that pediatric dentists take an orthopantomogram during early mixed dentition as a routine practice in order to detect anomalies of tooth eruption, such as tooth transposition, as early as possible.

Epidemiological and nutrition transition in developing countries: impact on human health and development

Whereas common infectious and parasitic diseases such as malaria and the HIV/AIDS pandemic remain major unresolved health problems in many developing countries, emerging non-communicable diseases relating to diet and lifestyle have been increasing over the last two decades, thus creating a double burden of disease and impacting negatively on already over-stretched health services in these countries. Prevalence rates for type 2 diabetes mellitus and CVD in sub-Saharan Africa have seen a 10-fold increase in the last 20 years. In the Arab Gulf current prevalence rates are between 25 and 35% for the adult population, whilst evidence of the metabolic syndrome is emerging in children and adolescents. The present review focuses on the concept of the epidemiological and nutritional transition. It looks at historical trends in socio-economic status and lifestyle and trends in nutrition-related non-communicable diseases over the last two decades, particularly in developing countries with rising income levels, as well as the other extreme of poverty, chronic hunger and coping strategies and metabolic adaptations in fetal life that predispose to non-communicable disease risk in later life. The role of preventable environmental risk factors for obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries is emphasized and also these challenges are related to meeting the millennium development goals. The possible implications of these changing trends for human and economic development in poorly-resourced healthcare settings and the implications for nutrition training are also discussed.

Prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes and hypertension are elevated among middle-aged Japanese men with colonic diverticulum

To elucidate the prevalence rate of metabolic disorders among subjects with asymptomatic colonic diverticulum. We carried out a cross-sectional analysis of the association between colonic diverticulum and selected metabolic disorders among the male personnel of the Self-Defense Forces who underwent total colonoscopy as part of their retirement check-up (age range, 51-59 years). The prevalence rate of colonic diverticulum was 10.2% among the population studied. The scores of lifestyle factors including those of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption were similar between the subjects with colonic diverticulum and those without it. Type 2 diabetes (21.6% vs 14.0%, P=0.047) and hypertension (30.9% vs 19.8%, P=0.011) were more prevalent among the subjects with colonic diverticulum than those without it. The prevalence rates of obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia, and impaired glucose tolerance were similar between the two groups. The prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes and hypertension are elevated among the middle-aged male subjects with asymptomatic colonic diverticulum. The results may partly explain the reported association between colonic diverticulum and cardiovascular disease.

The prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus among adolescents and adults in Lithuania during 1991–2004

The goal of this study was to summarize the data on the prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus among Lithuanian population aged more than 15 years. The data on patients aged more than 16 years were collected with the help of general practitioners, endocrinologists, and physicians-internists working in the diabetes care in all towns and regions of Lithuania. The data on patients aged 14 to 16 years were obtained from the National Register of Diabetes Mellitus in Childhood in Lithuania. In Lithuania, on December 31, 1991, there were 2179 adolescent and adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus or 75.21 per 100,000 inhabitants of the same age group (95% Poisson CI 72.12-78.43), and at the end of 2004--3996 or 140.69 (95% Poisson CI 136.40-145.12), respectively. During a 14-year period, the mean increase in the number of type 1 diabetic patients was 144.85+/-23.32 persons per year or 4.66+/-1.17% or 4.04+/-1.19 cases per 100,000 population (for males 85.54+/-10.82 or 5.06+/-1.02% or 6.81+/-1.57/100 000 and for females 54.23+/-9.05 or 3.93+/-0.86% or 3.56+/-1.05/100,000). Regression-based linear trends showed that the prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus among population aged more than 15 years had a tendency to increase. The prevalence rates of type 1 diabetes mellitus among adolescent and adult subjects, adjusted for Lithuanian male and female age groups, were 80.64/100,000 and 70.23/100,000 in 1991 (P<0.05) and 166.52 and 117.63 in 2004 (P<0.05), respectively. The prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus among Lithuanian females aged more than 15 years was lower than among males. The register provides the possibility of highly precise collection of the data on patients from various medical care units in Lithuania.

Age-specific Prevalence Rates of Phimosis and Circumcision in Taiwanese Boys

To estimate the age-specific prevalence rates of phimosis and circumcision in an urban sample of Taiwanese boys. A convenience sample of 1145 boys aged from 7 to 13 years was enrolled and cross-sectionally evaluated for preputial retractability and status of circumcision. Another convenience sample of 59 newborn male infants was enrolled from the infant room of a city municipal hospital. These infants were examined for preputial development at birth. None of the newborn male infants had a completely retractable prepuce (i.e. type 3). The prevalence rate of type 3 prepuce increased with age from 71.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 66.5-75.5%) for boys aged 7 years to 72.4% (95% CI, 67.3-77.0%) for boys aged 10 years and 84.1% (95% CI, 79.6-88.0%) for boys aged 13 years. In contrast, the prevalence rate of type 1 prepuce decreased with age from 83.1% (95% CI, 71.0-91.6%) for newborn infants to 0.3% (95% CI, 0.0001-1.8%) for boys aged 13 years. On the other hand, the prevalence of circumcision slightly increased with age from 7.2% (95% CI, 5.3-10.8%) for boys aged 7 years to 8.7% (95% CI, 6.5-13.3%) for boys aged 13 years. Nonretractability of the prepuce was very common among the Taiwanese newborns. Among the school boys, the degree of preputial separation and exposure of glans increased with age and progressed even more rapidly in adolescence. Very few boys still suffered from unretractable prepuce by the age of 13.

Prevalence Rates of Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension are Elevated among Middle-aged Japanese Men with Colonic Diverticulum

Prevalence Rates of Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension are Elevated among Middle-aged Japanese Men with Colonic Diverticulum

Cross-sectional investigation of prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Shanghai

To investigate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose regulation among the permanent urban and rural inhabitants in Shanghai. Questionnaire survey, physical examination, and laboratory testing were conducted among 14401 urban and rural inhabitants aged 15 - 74 in Shanghai selected by multistage cluster random sampling. The data about the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose regulation were collected and analyzed. The respondent rate of this investigation was 80.5% (11,589/14,401). The prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were 8.6% (1000/11,589), 6.9% (802/11,589), and 1.0% (120/11,589) respectively (the standardized rates were 6.2%, 5.1% and 0.8%). The prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes, IGT, and IFG were significantly higher in those with overweight, obesity, central obesity, and hypertension. The prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes, IGT, and IFG in men were 8.9% (412/4621), 6.4% (296/4621), and 1.0% (47/4621) respectively, all not significantly different from those of the women, i.e. e., 8.4% (588/6968), 7.3% (506/6968), and 1.0% (73/6968) respectively (all P > 0.05). The prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes and IGT in the urban area were 11.2% (730/6500) and 6.4% (419/6500) respectively, both significantly higher than those in the rural area, i.e., 5.3% (270/5089) and 7.5% (383/5089) respectively (both P < 0.05). The prevalence rate of IFG in the urban area was 1.2% (77/6500), not significantly different from that in the rural area (0.8%, 43/5039, P > 0.05). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes, IGT, and IFG increased apparently with age, body mass index, waist hip ratio, and waist circumference. The ratios of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in the urban area and rural area were 39.6% (289/730) and 69.3% (187/270) respectively (chi(2) = 74.07, P < 0.01). The prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes in Shanghai is higher than the mean national level and shows an increasing tendency. Screening of type 2 diabetes in rich rural areas should be emphasized.