Prevalence Rates Of Personality Disorders Research Articles

Personality disorders in people with epilepsy: a review.

Epileptologists and psychiatrists have long observed a correlation between epilepsy and personality disorders (PDs) in their clinical practice. We conducted a comprehensive PubMed search looking for evidence on PDs in people with epilepsy (PwE). Out of over 600 results obtained without applying any time restriction, we selected only relevant studies (both analytical and descriptive) limited to English, Italian, French and Spanish languages, with a specific focus on PDs, rather than traits or symptoms, thus narrowing our search down to 23 eligible studies. PDs have been investigated in focal epilepsy (predominantly temporal lobe epilepsy - TLE), juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES), with heterogeneous methodology. Prevalence rates of PDs in focal epilepsy ranged from 18 to 42% in surgical candidates or post-surgical individuals, with Cluster C personality disorders or related traits and symptoms being most common. In JME, prevalence rates ranged from 8 to 23%, with no strong correlation with any specific PDs subtype. In PNES, prevalence rates ranged from 30 to 60%, with a notable association with Cluster B personality disorders, particularly borderline personality disorder. The presence of a PD in PwE, irrespective of subtype, complicates treatment management. However, substantial gaps of knowledge exist concerning the neurobiological substrate, effects of antiseizure medications and epilepsy surgery on concomitant PDs, all of which are indeed potential paths for future research.

Evaluation of personality disorders in patients with Gender Identity Disorder (GID): An update.

ABSTRACTIntroduction:Gender dysphoria (GD) could cause various mental illnesses, but its main cause is unclear. GD patients also suffer from different personality disorders that increase the risk of side effects among them. The present review study is aimed to investigate the most recent studies on comorbid personality disorders in patients with GD.Materials and Methods:Online databases were searched using related keywords for collecting any related articles. After precise reviewing the abstract of all collected articles, those with more appropriate content were included in our study.Findings:The prevalence rate of personality disorders in GD patients has been reported to be from 15% to 80% by different studies. In line with the data from previous studies, it was revealed that borderline personality disorder is one of the most prevalent disorders among GD patients. Available comorbid personality disorders cause a wide range of side effects on the normal function of patients.Conclusion:The majority of studies carried out on the comorbidity of personality disorders have revealed that the possibility of personality disorders in GD patients is high. Anyway, further studies are required to understand the exact effect of psychological care on personality disorders in these patients.

Risk of Personality disorders among childhood maltreatment victims: A nation-wide population-based study in Taiwan

BackgroundTo date, numerous cohort studies and meta-analyses have shown that childhood maltreatment is associated with a wide range of adverse physiological and psychological symptoms. Although childhood maltreatment has been linked to an increased risk of personality disorders, the direction and magnitude of the association remain uncertain. Therefore, this cohort study aimed to evaluate whether children who have suffered childhood maltreatment have a higher incidence of subsequent personality disorders, using a nationwide database in Taiwan. MethodsWe conducted a large retrospective cohort study using data drawn from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database between 2000 and 2015. A total of 10,345 children who experienced childhood maltreatment were identified using International Classification of Disease codes. They were then compared with 41,380 children who never experienced childhood maltreatment in terms of the prevalence rates of personality disorders. ResultsChildhood maltreatment was associated with an increased risk of personality disorders (considering the control as reference: adjusted hazard ratio, 2.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.90–2.36; p < 0.001). The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a significantly higher 15-year cumulative incidence of personality disorders among childhood maltreatment victims than among controls (log-rank test, p < 0.001). ConclusionsThe present population-based study showed a positive association between prior childhood maltreatment and subsequent personality disorders in the general Taiwanese population. In order to reduce the risk of personality disorders, interventions should be implemented, identifying and supporting economically disadvantaged families and vulnerable children as early as possible.

Prevalence of Personality Disorders among Female Sentenced Prisoners in Erbil Adult Reformatory Prison

Background: Personality Disorder is “an enduring pattern of inner experiences and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual‟s culture. Aim of the study: To determine the prevalence rate of personality disorders among female sentenced prisoners and its correlation between socio-demographic and crime characteristics with the types of personality disorders of the study population. Patients and Methods: Quantitative, descriptive study was conducted in Erbil Adult Reformatory Prison in Erbil City in Iraq, from October 2014 to August 2015. The study population included 26 adult females .The Questionnaire was consisting of three parts; the first part included sociodemographic characteristics of female sentenced prisoners, the second part contain the crime characteristics, and the third part was composed of a standardized questionnaire which is based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, that consists of three clusters A, B, and C of personality disorders. Correlation coefficient r-test was calculated for obtaining the reliability of the questionnaire and the content validity was determined through 10 experts. Results: Showed that most of the study sample was in the age group between 18-27 years old. Majority of the samples were illiterate, married, house wife and from urban area. Theft was the most common crime. The highest prevalence of personality disorders was the schizoid personality disorder. Conclusions: All types of personality disorders have a non-significant relationship with the sociodemographic characteristics of age, education, marital status, and with crime characteristics of study sample.

Prevalence Rates of Personality Disorder and Its Association With Methamphetamine Dependence in Compulsory Treatment Facilities in China.

Methamphetamine use is popular and rapidly increasing in China, and the co-occurrence of personality disorders has an impact on treatment outcomes and may increase vulnerability of developing dependence. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence rates of personality disorders in methamphetamine users and further explore the association between personality disorders and methamphetamine use status. Five hundred and seventy-seven male methamphetamine users were recruited. The self-developed questionnaire was used for demographics, and a Structural Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) (SCID-I/II) was performed covering psychiatric diagnosis. Our study found the prevalence of antisocial personality disorder in male methamphetamine users was 71.4%, followed by borderline (20.2%) and obsessive-compulsive (17.9%) personality disorder. Borderline and antisocial personality disorders were found to be risk factors of methamphetamine dependence (adjusted odds ratio = 2.891, p = 0.007 and adjusted odds ratio = 1.680, p = 0.042). These findings suggested personality disorders were highly prevalent in male methamphetamine users, and the comorbidity of antisocial and borderline personality disorders are especially associated with methamphetamine dependence.

Prevalence of personality disorders in the general adult population in Western countries: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Personality disorder is a severe health issue. However, the epidemiology of personality disorders is insufficiently described and surveys report very heterogeneous rates.AimsWe aimed to conduct a meta-analysis on the prevalence of personality disorders in adult populations and examine potential moderators that affect heterogeneity. We searched PsycINFO, PSYNDEX and Medline for studies that used standardised diagnostics (DSM-IV/-5, ICD-10) to report prevalence rates of personality disorders in community populations in Western countries. Prevalence rates were extracted and aggregated by random-effects models. Meta-regression and sensitivity analyses were performed and publication bias was assessed. The final sample comprised ten studies, with a total of 113 998 individuals. Prevalence rates were fairly high for any personality disorder (12.16%; 95% CI, 8.01-17.02%) and similarly high for DSM Clusters A, B and C, between 5.53 (95% CI, 3.20-8.43%) and 7.23% (95% CI, 2.37-14.42%). Prevalence was highest for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (4.32%; 95% CI, 2.16-7.16%) and lowest for dependent personality disorder (0.78%; 95% CI, 0.37-1.32%). A low prevalence was significantly associated with expert-rated assessment (versus self-rated) and reporting of descriptive statistics for antisocial personality disorder. Epidemiological studies on personality disorders in community samples are rare, whereas prevalence rates are fairly high and vary substantially depending on samples and methods. Future studies investigating the epidemiology of personality disorders based on the DSM-5 and ICD-11 and models of personality functioning and traits are needed, and efficient treatment should be a priority for healthcare systems to reduce disease burden.Declaration of interestNone.

Body Modification and Personality: Intimately Intertwined?

Body Modification and Personality: Intimately Intertwined?

Adverse childhood experiences, personality disorders and addiction: Which relationship?

IntroductionStressful or traumatic events occurred during childhood do have a role in the genesis of personality disorders. Less is known about this remarkable association in people with addictive behaviors.AimsThis study aims to disentangle the relationship between childhood adverse experiences, personality disorders (PDs) and substance use disorders (SUDs).MethodsA cross-sectional naturalistic study of 320 consecutive SUDs outpatients attending an Italian addiction service. Participants were clinically evaluated by a semi-structured interview, the SCID-II (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II PD), and the CECA-Q (Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse-questionnaire). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI)ResultsThe prevalence rate of PDs in our sample of patients is 62.2%. PDs were associated with a history of physical punishment in childhood (OR = 1.82; CI 95%: 1.05–3.16; P = 0.034). Being exposed to three adverse events increases the risk of Cluster B PD (OR = 5.92; CI 95%: 2.21–15.92; P &lt; 0.001). Heroin addiction increases the risk of Cluster B PD, both as previous (OR = 2.93; CI 95%: 1.49–5.75; P = 0.003) or current (OR = 4.34; IC 95%: 1.97–11.8; P = 0.004) consumption. Childhood institutionalization increases the probability of cluster B PD (OR: 2.15; CI 95%: 1.02–4.54; P = 0.041). Whereas being employed reduces the probability of both PDs and SUDs (OR = 0.54; CI 95%: 0.31–0.93; P = 0.027).ConclusionsPDs occurred in 62% of patients and were related to adverse childhood experiences and SUDs having detrimental effects on both social and occupational functioning. Being employed could be a protective factor on the development of PDs.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Personality Disorders in Hypochondriasis: A Comparison to Panic Disorder and Healthy Controls.

Previous studies found high prevalence rates of personality disorders (PDs) in patients with hypochondriasis; however, assessment was often based only on questionnaires. In the current study, a sample of 68 patients with hypochondriasis was compared to 31 patients with panic disorder and to 94 healthy controls. Participants were investigated with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders questionnaire (SCID-II questionnaire) and the SCID-II interview. Based on the cut-off scores of the SCID-II questionnaire, we found a prevalence rate of 45.6% for PD in patients with hypochondriasis. In comparison to healthy controls, patients with hypochondriasis showed characteristics of paranoid, borderline, avoidant, and dependent PDs in the dimensional assessment significantly more often. However, no significant differences were found between the clinical samples. Based on the SCID-II interview, only 2.9% of the patients with hypochondriasis fulfilled the criteria for a PD. These results suggest that PDs are not a specific characteristic of hypochondriasis.

Personality disorder and intellectual disability – concept and prevalence

Purpose – The range of prevalence of personality disorder (PD) found in people with intellectual disability (ID) has been reported as vast, and has included data from dissimilar settings. The purpose of this paper is to review the reported prevalence of PD in the general population of people with ID, and to consider how different and changing ideas about PD have affected these rates. Design/methodology/approach – Cross-sectional studies of the prevalence of PD in people with ID were identified. The quality of the studies was considered, along with how cases of PD were identified. Findings – Six studies were included. The reported prevalence of PD in people known to have ID ranged from 0.7 to 35 per cent. Possible reasons for this wide range included different views of PD and methods of assessment. Research limitations/implications – The wide range of findings suggests that methodological differences are significant. Consideration to how clinicians should respond to the overlap of impairment between ID and PD may improve the conceptual clarity of PD, informing future epidemiological research. Originality/value – This review was limited to studies of samples likely to be representative of the general ID population. The range of prevalence estimates was narrower than previously reported, and more likely to reflect the true prevalence rate of PD amongst people who have ID. Consideration was also given to how different ideas of PD led to different methods and may have contributed to variance in the results.

Personality disorders in previously detained adolescent females: a prospective study.

This longitudinal study investigated the predictive value of trauma and mental health problems for the development of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) in previously detained women. The participants were 229 detained adolescent females who were assessed for traumatic experiences and mental health problems (mean age = 15.5 years). Three to 6 years later (M = 4.5; SD = 0.6), ASPD and BPD were diagnosed with a semistructured interview. Forty percent of the women had a personality disorder (i.e., ASPD 15.8%, BPD 9.2%, or both ASPD and BPD 15.2%). Posttraumatic stress, depressive symptoms, and dissociation during detention increased the risk for BPD in adulthood. Surprisingly, neither conduct problems nor substance dependence predicted ASPD; these findings require further study because they add to the controversy surrounding ASPD in females. The high prevalence rates of personality disorders indicate the need for intervention programs that target these unwanted outcomes.

A systematic review of the global prevalence of personality disorders in adult Asian populations.

No systematic reviews have been conducted into the prevalence of personality disorders (PD) in Asian populations. This review aims to investigate the prevalence of all PD subtypes within community and clinical Asian (Chinese, Indian, Japanese and South Korean) populations worldwide. Seven databases were searched in addition to manual examination and reference tracking. Exclusion criteria were applied with the remaining studies subjected to quality appraisal. Nineteen studies were included for review. Results were grouped by community studies in Asian countries, clinical studies in Asian countries and comparative studies. Prevalence of PD assessed by clinical judgement was lower than that by diagnostic tools. The highest rates of PD were found in suicidal cohorts within the various countries. Four of the five comparative studies found lower prevalence rates of PD in Asians compared with the overall sample. Insufficient consistent research has been published to ascertain the prevalence of PD in Asians and whether it is higher or lower than in Western cohorts. Asians presenting with suicidal ideation may benefit from PD assessment.

Incidence and prevalence rates of personality disorders in Denmark—A register study

Background: Personality disorders (PDs) are prevalent in about one in every 10 adults. Prior to the introduction of the ICD-10 in Denmark, the incidence rate for PD (including schizotypal) among psychiatric patients was approximately 12% and the prevalence rate 14%. Aims: The aim of the present clinical epidemiology study is to investigate the use of ICD-10 PD as primary and secondary diagnoses in years 1995, 2000 and 2006, comorbid disorders and their relation to age and gender. Methods: The study includes all adult patients admitted to any psychiatric hospital (inpatients and outpatients) in Denmark. Results: Both incidence and prevalence rates of PD diagnoses decrease over the study period. It is evident that all specific diagnoses significantly decrease or remain stable whereas the unspecified and mixed type significantly increases constituting up to 50% of diagnoses. Emotionally unstable PD stands out as the single most prevalent covering around one third of PD diagnoses. A decrease is found in the prevalence of patients receiving a PD diagnosis as a primary diagnosis, but an increase as a secondary diagnosis (most often as comorbid to depression or anxiety disorder). Differences are found in relation to gender and age. Conclusion: PDs are among the most prevalent disorders; however, rates are decreasing in psychiatric settings. There seem to be a rather huge gap between clinical evaluation and research data on prevalence of PDs. Clinicians need more education and sufficient time for in-depth personality assessment of PDs in all patient groups.

Personality disorders and anxiety disorders

To systematically review the recent studies which examined the co-occurrence and relationships between anxiety disorders and personality disorders. The prevalence rates of personality disorders in patients with anxiety disorders are high, with 35% in posttraumatic stress disorder, 47% in panic disorder with agoraphobia and generalized anxiety disorder, 48% in social phobia, and 52% in obsessive-compulsive disorder. There is a high rate (39%) of the DSM cluster C personality disorders among individuals with anxiety disorders. Moreover, anxiety disorders are highly prevalent in samples of people with personality disorders, especially borderline personality disorder (80-84.8%). Personality disorders co-occurring with anxiety disorders have a number of clinical implications, including an increased risk of suicide, greater severity of anxiety disorders, and negative impact on the treatment outcome of anxiety disorders. It is important for the clinicians to look for possible personality disorders among patients with anxiety disorders. Further studies need to ascertain how best to treat individuals suffering from both anxiety disorders and personality disorders and focus on the issue of causality when these conditions co-occur.

Personality disorders and treatment drop out in the homeless.

The homeless drop out of treatment relatively frequently. Also, prevalence rates of personality disorders are much higher in the homeless group than in the general population. We hypothesize that when both variables coexist — homelessness and personality disorders — the possibility of treatment drop out grows. The aim of this study was to analyze the hypotheses, that is, to study how the existence of personality disorders affects the evolution of and permanence in treatment. One sample of homeless people in a therapeutic community (N = 89) was studied. The structured clinical interview for the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV-TR) was administered and participants were asked to complete the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II). Cluster B personality disorders (antisocial, borderline, and narcissistic) avoided permanence in the treatment process while cluster C disorders, as dependent, favored adhesion to the treatment and improved the prognosis. Knowledge of these personality characteristics should be used to advocate for better services to support homeless people and prevent their dropping out before completing treatment.

A cross-sectional survey on personality disorder in mental disorder outpatients in Shanghai

To study the prevalence and risk factors for personality disorder (PD) outpatients attending in for psychiatric and psychological counseling in Shanghai. 3075 subjects were sampled by systematic sampling method from outpatients in psycho-counseling clinics and psychiatric clinics in Shanghai Mental Health Center. Based on DSM-IV criteria, personality disorders were assessed by both questionnaires (personality diagnostic questionnaire, PDQ-4+) and interviews (structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis II, SCID-II). Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the significant independent contributor to PD. 71.3% of the outpatients were found having pathological personality by using questionnaire of self rating PD scale. 982 outpatients (31.9%) met criteria for at least one personality disorder by using structured clinical interview. Younger age (OR = 1.8, 95%CI: 1.5 - 2.1), single or divorced (OR = 1.6, 95%CI: 1.4 - 1.9), psychological counseling outpatients (OR = 1.2, 95%CI: 1.1 - 1.3), mood and outpatients with neurosis disorders (OR = 1.7, 95%CI: 1.4 - 2.0) were more frequently assigned as personality disorders. Data from logistic regression analysis showed that patients of tender age, not nurtured and raised by their parents, with introvert characters were related risk factors of PD. High prevalence rate of PD was found in this sample of Chinese outpatients, especially in those psychological counseling outpatients with mood or neurosis disorders. More attention should be paid to the recognition and intervention of PD in outpatients with mental disorders.

The incidence of personality disorders among substance dependents and non-addicted psychiatric clients

Resistance against treatment, severity of symptoms and relapse to substance addiction can be resulted from low attention and sometimes inattention to existence of personality disorders in substance dependent individuals in rehabilitation clinics. In order to study and compare the incidence of personality disorders in substance dependents and non-addicted psychiatric clients, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) II was administered on 75 substance dependent males and 75 non-addicted psychiatric male clients. Age, gender, education level were controlled in both group of Clients.Findings show that the rate of personality disorder prevalence in substance dependent individuals was 45.3% in compare with 25.3% for the non addicted clients. Results of t-tests analyses indicate that the prevalence rate of personality disorders (specifically, borderline and anti-social personality disorders) in substance dependent individuals is significantly higher than this ratio in non-addicted psychiatric clients. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference between the two groups in narcissistic personality disorder. In conclusion, this study highlighted the importance of paying attention to personality disorders and their related treatments along with other approaches in treatment process of substance dependent individuals. Other implications are discussed.

Personality Disorders Among Alcohol-Dependent Patients Manifesting or not Manifesting Cocaine Abuse: A Comparative Pilot Study

This study assessed personality disorders (PDs) in 158 alcohol-dependent outpatients (62 manifesting cocaine abuse and 96 without cocaine abuse) with the International Personality Disorders Examination interview between 2003 and 2006. Thirty-nine alcohol-dependent/cocaine abusers (62.9% of this group) and 51 only alcohol-dependent patients (53.1% of this group) manifested at least one PD. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in the overall prevalence rate of PDs. The most prevalent PDs, among the alcohol-dependent/cocaine abusers, were antisocial (21%), narcissistic (14.5%), and borderline (11.3%) PDs. The most frequently diagnosed PDs among the only alcohol-dependent patients were obsessive–compulsive (20.8%), paranoid (10.4%), and dependent (9.4%) PDs. There were significant differences between the groups. The study limitations are discussed.

Bipolar Disorder and Comorbid Personality Psychopathology

To examine the prevalence of personality disorder comorbidity in bipolar disorder and examine the effects of this comorbidity on bipolar disorder patients. All the studies reviewed were found through an online literature search through the Web site PubMed. The studies were published between 1980 and 2006. The following keywords were used to search articles: bipolar, mania, mood, personality, Axis II, borderline, and lithium. Only articles in English were included in this literature review. A total of 32 studies that reported data on the prevalence and effect of comorbid personality disorders or abnormal personality traits in bipolar disorder patients were reviewed. The data abstracted from the prevalence studies included sample size, mood state of the study population, research instruments used to determine personality psychopathology, prevalence rates of personality disorders, and abnormalities. Other data collected included response to medications and course of illness. The prevalence studies were categorized into outpatient and inpatient studies to facilitate data analysis. The prevalence studies were also analyzed according to the research instrument used to measure personality pathology. Studies that used non-DSM personality measures were analyzed separately. Bipolar disorder patients have significantly higher prevalence of personality disorder than the general population. Several studies reviewed indicate a higher prevalence of Axis II disorders in bipolar patients with unstable mood. However, this finding was not confirmed in comparison of inpatient and outpatient comorbidity rates. Bipolar patients with personality psychopathology have poorer response to medications and a more virulent course of illness.

Comorbidity between cocaine addiction and personality disorders

The aim of this paper was to review the current knowledge about the comorbidity between cocaine dependence and personality disorders. Results concerning a specific profile of cocaine patients are not conclusive. The prevalence rate of personality disorders in cocaine dependents is very heterogeneous (with a mean of 66% of cases), and a great variability is observed between all the studies carried out. There is a tendency for a higher proportion of cocaine dependents to be found within the cluster B category (mainly antisocial and borderline). Lastly, implications of this kind of study for future research and clinical practice are commented upon.