Prevalence Of Tobacco Consumption Research Articles

Prevalence of tobacco consumption in Russia: dynamics and trends. Analysis of global and national survey results

Prevalence of tobacco consumption in Russia: dynamics and trends. Analysis of global and national survey results

Use of psychoactive substances among Brazilian adolescents and associated factors: National School-based Health Survey, 2015.

To analyze the consumption of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs among schoolchildren according to demographic factors, family context and mental health. We used data from the National School-based Health Survey 2015 and included in the sample 102,301 schoolchildren in the 9th grade. We estimated the prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use in the last 30 days and drug experimentation according to demographic, mental health and family context variables. Then, a bivariate analysis was performed using Pearson's χ2 test and the unadjusted odds ratio (OR) was calculated. Finally, we conducted a multivariate analysis including independent variables with an unadjusted association (p < 0.20), for each outcome, estimating the adjusted OR with a 95% confidence interval. The prevalence of tobacco consumption was 5.6%; alcohol consumption, 23.8%; and drug experimentation, 9.0%. Multivariate analysis has indicated that living with parents, having meals with parents or guardian, and family supervision were associated with lower substance consumption; whereas missing classes without parental consent has increased the chances of substance use. Increased chance of substance use was also associated with white skin color, increasing age, to work, feeling lonely and having insomnia. Not having friends was associated with drug and tobacco use, but this was protective for alcohol consumption. Family supervision was protective for psychoactive substance use among Brazilian schoolchildren, whereas work, loneliness and insomnia have increased their chances of use.

Tobacco use among rural women in reproductive age group and its association with regularity of menstrual cycles and dysmenorrhoea: a community based cross sectional study

Background: Tobacco is a killer of men and women but sex specific differences exists. Along with the risk of suffering from the various health hazards from tobacco use, women are more prone to unique risks related to menstrual and reproductive function reproductive health hazards. This study was done to know the prevalence of tobacco consumption among the rural women in the reproductive age group and its association with the regularity of menstrual cycles and dysmenorrhoea.Methods: A community based cross sectional study, conducted from January 2011 to December 2011 among 1200 rural women aged between 15 years to 49 years residing in Primary Health Centre (PHC) Vantmuri area, Belgaum, Karnataka, India. Statistical analysis was done using rates, ratios and chi-square tests.. Results: The prevalence of tobacco consumption was 9.7%. 11 (10.9%) of currently pregnant women were consuming tobacco. Among the tobacco users, 89 (76.1%) had regular cycles. The association of tobacco consumption with irregular menstrual cycles was statistically significant (χ2=5.575, df=1, p=0.018). Further in this study, a very high percentage of 100 (85.5%) of the tobacco users had dysmenorrhoea. The difference was statistically strongly significant. (χ2=266.593, df=1, p&lt;0.001). Among the tobacco users with irregular menstrual cycles, the most common manifestation was oligomenorrhoea 12 (42.9%) followed by 9 (32.1%) and 7 (25%) of menorrhagia and polymenorrhoea respectively. Conclusions: Significant association was found between tobacco consumption and the irregularity of menstrual cycles and dysmenorrhoea. It has become the need of the hour to provide enough evidence on the correlates of tobacco use in the community to assist government policy makers, health professionals and the public in developing realistic models towards effective tobacco control to cater to different sections of community in need.

A study on prevalence of tobacco consumption in tribal district of Madhya Pradesh

Background: Tobacco use is one of the common risk factors for major non-communicable diseases. It succumbs half of its users to death. Estimates suggest that tobacco will cause about 150 million deaths in the first quarter of the century and 300 million in the second quarter. Prevalence of tobacco use in rural area is higher than urban area. While there is still paucity of data of tobacco consumption among tribal population. The study aims to determine the prevalence of tobacco consumption and its different modes among tribal population. Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out among 800 study subject 15 years and above of randomly selected villages of Mandla district of M.P., from January 2015 to June 2015 using a pre-designed pre-tested proforma. Results: Tobacco consumption was prevalent among 43.38% of the study subjects with khaini (68.3%) being the most common form of tobacco consumed followed by betel nut (9.5%). Its consumption was significantly associated with gender, age group, educational status and the marital status of the respondents. Conclusions: The prevalence of tobacco use is alarmingly high (43.38%). There is a need to strengthen IEC and Behaviour change communication activities focussing on the hazardous effects of tobacco through health education campaigns is needed in tribal areas.

Tobacco consumption and nicotine dependence in Bengo Province, Angola: A community-based survey.

There is concern about the potentially increasing use of tobacco in Angola. However, information on the frequency and determinants of this use is not systematised. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of tobacco consumption and nicotine dependence among smokers in an Angolan population and considering individual socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics. A community-based survey with 2,472 respondents (age range: 15–64 years) was conducted in 2013–2014 in the country’s Bengo Province. The collection methodology for assessing each type of tobacco consumption and its daily quantification followed the World Health Organization STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence was also used to assess smokers. Mean values for prevalence of tobacco use and nicotine dependence were estimated by sex and by previously defined variables. Daily smoking (6.1%) was found to be higher for males (10.0%) them among females (2.6%), and the amount of ex-smokers (7.5%) was higher them smokers. Only 0.2% of those surveyed reported use of smokeless (chewing) tobacco. One-third of ever-smokers reported having started smoking daily before age 18. Nicotine dependence levels were classified as very low or low in 83.6% of the smokers. Daily smoking prevalence increased with age, and was higher in rural areas and among individuals with no formal education, lower incomes, and alcohol consumption. This population presented a low smoking prevalence, along with a low number of daily smoked cigarettes and low levels of nicotine dependency, despite the low prices of, and easy access to, manufactured cigarettes. These two factors conjugated with the current absence of an Angolan policy for tobacco control, enhance the susceptibility for rising overall tobacco use in the near future.

A-582941, cholinergic alpha 7 nicotinic receptor agonist, improved cognitive and negative symptoms of the sub-chronic MK-801 model of schizophrenia in rats

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVESNicotinic receptor systems are involved in a wide variety of behavioural functions, including cognitive function, and nicotinic medications, may provide beneficial treatment for cognitive dysfunctions such as schizophrenia. According to the results of postmortem studies of schizophrenic patients, alpha 7 nicotinic acethylcholine receptor (α7 NAChR) binding levels and protein expressions were found to be decreased in cognition-related areas such as hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. In addition to this the fact that the prevalence of tobacco consumption is greater than healthy individuals encouraged research of nicotinic receptors in schizophrenia pathogenesis and treatment. In this study, we examined the effect of A-582941, a partial agonist of α7 NAChR, in the sub-chronic MK-801 model of schizophrenia in rats.METHODSWistar Hannover rats were divided into five groups as follows and and all drug administrations were done intraperitoneally (i.p.) excluding the last dose of MK-801, which wa...

Prevalence of Tobacco Consumption among the Local Residents of District Panchkula, Haryana

Prevalence of Tobacco Consumption among the Local Residents of District Panchkula, Haryana

Prevalence of risk factors of non-communicable diseases in a rural area of Bangladesh

Background: Data on risk factors of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are still inadequate Bangladesh. More data, especially from rural population because 70 percent of Bangladeshi people leave in rural area, are necessary to plan intervention and monitor progress of NCD control. The aim of the study was to determine distribution and prevalence of risk factors of NCDs in a rural adult population of Bangladesh.Method: A cross-sectional study targeting one adult (15 years or older) from each of 1088 households of a village was carried out in 2008. Among them 1011 participated. Information on age and education of the respondents and risk factors such as tobacco, fruit and vegetable intake, habit of added salt while taking the meal, blood pressure and waist circumference were obtained using standardized protocol.Results: Mean age of the subjects was 42.4 years. Age adjusted prevalence of tobacco consumption was 59.5% (smoking 31.0% and smokeless tobacco use 36.3%). More than nine in ten (92.8%) of the respondents consumed less than 5 serving of fruit and/or vegetables per day. Nine in ten (88.5%) used extra salt during meal. Prevalence of hypertension and central obesity was found 19.7% and 18.8% respectively.Conclusion: NCD risk factors are widely prevalent even in this rural population having a traditional agricultural lifestyle. Interventions those are appropriate to this kind of community are needed to be developed in Bangladesh.Cardiovasc. j. 2017; 9(2): 122-128

25P - Tobacco consumption pattern among auto rickshaw drivers in Chennai city, Tamil Nadu, India

Background: Tobacco use is a major preventable cause of premature death and diseases, currently leading to five million deaths worldwide which are expected to raise over eight million deaths worldwide by 2030. India is the second largest consumer of tobacco in the world. This study is contemplated with an aim to assess the prevalence of tobacco consumption and the associated factors involved in its consumption, as this group of the population is under constant pressure and account for the workforce of the country. So through this study we could be able to know the awareness of ill effect, reasons & amount of consumption. Methods: Across sectional descriptive study was conducted among Auto Rickshaw Drivers in Chennai City. Auto drivers who were working for more than two years and present on the day of examination and who were willing to participate in the study were included. Cluster random sampling technique was used. 400 samples were selected from 40 auto stands of various parts of Chennai City. Data was collected using a Survey Proforma which comprised of a Questionnaire which can assess the frequency of consumption, age of initiation, the amount of consumption, mental stress, economic factors, any past history of disease and most importantly the awareness towards oral cancer. Age, tobacco consumption pattern, reasons of consumption, amount of consumption, harmful effects of tobacco are the variables. Results: Prevalence among auto rickshaw drivers for consumption of tobacco products was very high (87%). Auto rickshaw drivers were mostly used tobacco in the form of Gutkha (72%) and bidi (40%) in comparison to other products. It also shows that they use cheap tobacco products. Most of the auto rickshaw drivers start using tobacco products in age less than 18 years (80%) and associated factors for tobacco use are due to friends and their influence (78%). Awareness level among auto rickshaw driver was high (70%) but still uses tobacco products because of its addiction (66%). In the opinion of auto rickshaw drivers increase in tax may reduce it consumption and the majority of drivers (70%) think that tobacco must be banned. Conclusions: Prevalence of tobacco use among auto rickshaw drivers was very high. They are in definite need of tobacco cessation activities. Legal entity responsible for the study: N/A Funding: N/A Disclosure: The author has declared no conflicts of interest.

Prevalence and determinants of tobacco consumption among pregnant women of three Central Indian Districts

Background: About 6.8% of Indian women consume tobacco and only 21.0% receive 'full' antenatal care. Thus, there are chances that women who consume tobacco during the non-pregnant state will continue to use tobacco during pregnancy. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted across nine health centres in three districts of Madhya Pradesh, India. A total of 3,839 women admitted in the post-partum ward of selected hospitals were interviewed about tobacco consumption during pregnancy. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated to determine the predictors of tobacco consumption during pregnancy. Results: The prevalence of tobacco consumption during pregnancy was 13.1%. Only 4.4% of women who consumed tobacco and 1.6% of women who did not use tobacco were advised against tobacco consumption by frontline health workers. The strongest predictors of tobacco consumption were tobacco consumption by husband [AOR = 36.16 (CI = 22.89–68.86)], neighbor/female friend consuming tobacco [AOR = 22.29 (CI = 13.11–31.82)], and female family members consuming tobacco [AOR = 5.63 (CI = 4.39–7.53)]. Conclusion: Awareness among women about adverse effects of tobacco consumption during pregnancy was low. Health system intervention in the form of health education and advice against tobacco consumption was virtually non-existent.

Tobacco Use Among Long Route Bus Drivers and Staffs of Dharan Eastern Nepal a KAP Study

Tobacco use remains a major cause of preventable deaths worldwide. WHO estimated that about 25% of Nepalese population smokes. In Nepal it is widely believed that tobacco use among bus drivers and staffs is very high. This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in Dharan bus station among 300 bus drivers and staffs who voluntarily responded with self-administered questionnaire to estimate the prevalence of tobacco consumption and to assess their knowledge, attitude and practice regarding tobacco use. Prevalence of tobacco consumption among the respondents was 96.3%. Tobacco initiation at the age <18 years was 52%. ‘Peer pressure’ and ‘Influenced by family member(s)’ were the reasons for initiation while ‘Like the intoxicated feeling’ (67.5%) and ‘Feeling Mature’ for continued use. Respondents (97%) claimed they knew about the injurious effect of tobacco use, diseases cited being respiratory, cancer and cardiac, but only 48.9% knew this before initiating its use. A 75.8% of tobacco consumers had tried to quit it due to ‘Health issue’ (65.3%) followed by ‘Pressure from family member/s’ and ‘Economic burden’. Only about 20% were successful in quitting. The main reason for failure was feeling of addiction (69.7%). Among current tobacco users, 95% would like to seek medical help in quitting, if available. Our study concluded that the prevalence of tobacco consumption among bus drivers and staffs was very high. More than half started its use at age <18 years without prior knowledge of harmful effects of tobacco use. Majority would like to seek medical help as they have failed quitting it due to feeling of addiction. Targeted programs such as nicotine replacement clinics would be highly effective for them with desire to quit tobacco use with medical help.

Non Communicable Disease Risk Factors and their Trends in India

Background:India is a populous country of about 1.3 billion. Non communicable diseases (NCDs) contribute to around 5.87 million (60%) of all deaths in India. Hence, the objectives of this paper are to find baseline information on different NCD risk factors coverage and to determine their trends in India.Methods:For this systematic review, PubMed, Google and different surveillance systems were searched. Of the search results, 41 papers/survey reports were eventually assessed for eligibility. National and state representative data on NCD risk factors (for the major NCDs like cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory disease, cancer and diabetes) having World Health Organization(WHO) indicator definitions, covering rural and urban population, were included in the study. Thereafter, state-wise population proportion was added and divided by the total Indian population to determine the percentage of population coverage for each risk factor by the surveys. Also, the old and current data of the periodic surveys were compared to assess prevalence trends.Results:Various national/state level surveys in India include single or multiple risk factors. Nationwide coverage is available for tobacco use, alcohol drinking, raised blood pressure and overweight and obesity. Periodic National Family Health Surveys provide information on selected risk factors during 2005-16 among adults aged 15-49 years. An overall significant increase was noted in overweight and obesity while decline was noted in tobacco and alcohol use during the same period. From GATS 1 (2009-10) to 2 (2016-17) also, the prevalence of tobacco consumption decreased in India.Conclusion:India has a much delayed response on NCD risk factors surveillance and information of the same are sporadic and incomplete. In order to increase information comprehensiveness, standard WHO NCD risk factors questions must be incorporated in the ongoing surveys. India should also plan for cost and time effective NCD surveillance system.

P1.01-007 A Cross-Sectional Study on Tobacco Consumption Pattern among Auto Rickshaw Drivers in Chennai City, Tamil Nadu, India

Tobacco use is a major preventable cause of premature death and diseases, currently leading to five million deaths worldwide which are expected to raise over eight million deaths worldwide by 2030. India is the second largest consumer of tobacco in the world. Tobacco use is a leading cause of deaths and disabilities in India as well, killing about 1.2 lakh people in 2010. About 29% of adults use tobacco on a daily basis and an additional 5% use it occasionally. This study is contemplated with an aim to assess the prevalence of tobacco consumption and the associated factors involved in its consumption, as this group of the population is under constant pressure and account for the workforce of the country. So through this study we could be able to know: The reasons of consumption. Amount of consumption. Awareness of ill effect of tobacco consumption. Out of Pocket expenditure. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among Auto Rickshaw Drivers in Chennai City. Auto drivers who were working for more than two years and present on the day of examination and who were willing to participate in the study were included. Cluster random sampling technique was used. 400 samples were selected from 40 auto stands of various parts of Chennai City. Data was collected using a Survey Proforma which comprised of a questionnaire which can assess the frequency of consumption, age of initiation, the amount of consumption, mental stress, economic factors, any past history of disease and most importantly the awareness towards oral cancer. The data recorded was transferred and analyzed using SPSS version 20.Chi- square test was used to test the significance between groups. Prevalence among auto rickshaw drivers for consumption of tobacco products was very high (87%). Auto rickshaw drivers were mostly used tobacco in the form of Gutkha (72%) and bidi (40%) in comparison to other products. In the opinion of auto rickshaw drivers increase in tax may reduce it consumption and the majority of drivers (70%) think that tobacco must be banned. Prevalence of tobacco use among auto rickshaw drivers was very high. Mostly they use tobacco products to reduce stress, to be awake or to remove nervousness but a large number of participants also use them without any reason. Almost one half of the study population was suffering from tobacco related diseases like cough, ulcer on mouth, lung disorder. They are in definite need of tobacco cessation activities.

Prevalence of Tobacco Consumption and Its Contributing Factors among Students of a Private Medical College in Belgaum: A Cross Sectional Study.

Tobacco consumption epidemic is one of the biggest public health threats that the world is facing and attracts the attention of researchers to identify the cause for the same in specific groups. Medical students act as mentors to fight against tobacco use, but several reports suggest that a good number of medical undergraduates are themselves addicted to tobacco use. Thus, the objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of tobacco consumption and its association with various factors among undergraduate medical students. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 372 undergraduate medical students from first to fourth year during November 2013 to January 2015. A pre-designed, pre-tested, structured and self-administered questionnaire was used. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 16. Data was analyzed for percentage, Chi-square test and regression analysis to find association between tobacco use and various independent variables. The mean age of the participants was 21.2 (SD=2.28) years with a male-female ratio of 1.92:1. The prevalence of tobacco use was 27.1% (n=101). The overall prevalence of smoking and smokeless tobacco use was 22.6% (n=84) and 7.8% (n=29) respectively. The prevalence of current tobacco use was 24.2% (n=90). Among the ever tobacco users, about 3% (n=11) had quit using tobacco. Tobacco consumption was observed to be significantly associated with male gender (p<.001), increasing age (p<0.01), residing in hostels (p<.001) and with a parental history of using tobacco (p<.001). The prevalence of tobacco use in smoking and smokeless form among undergraduate medical students was high.This has important implications in the strict implementation and monitoring of smoking-related rules in hostels of medical colleges, especially those related to peer-support.

Impact of a comprehensive law on the prevalence of tobacco consumption in Spain: evaluation of different scenarios

ObjectivesSince 2011, smoking legislation was hardened in Spain, banning tobacco consumption in all hospitality venues. Law 42/2010 was the first comprehensive tobacco control policy enacted in Spain. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect that this intervention has had in reducing the prevalence of tobacco consumption, setting up three scenarios on the basis of different theoretical levels of effect of the law. MethodsA predictive model based on Markov Chains was developed to distinguish the effect of tobacco control policies in different scenarios. Study designThe model developed uses population, smoking rates and smoking characteristics from a non-transmissible disease surveillance system developed in Galicia (namely SICRI). ResultsResults show that tobacco control policies hardly affect the predicted trend in a temporal frame of 10 years, with relative reduction in the predicted male smoking prevalence of 20.4% with no intervention, reaching a reduction of 26.1% under the maximum effect of the policies. ConclusionsIn the global population the effects of the law in the predicted prevalence have been barely perceived. For people under 25 years of age, interventions have had an important and positive effect, which proves that policies affecting this age group should be hardened.

Prevalence of tobacco consumption in an urban area Belgaum, Karnataka, India

Background: Tobacco use imposes a huge burden of disease in India and is a major global public health problem. There are over many diseases that are caused, increased or exacerbated by tobacco. In north Belgaum, farmers cultivate tobacco over large areas and many are into tobacco trade. So there is a need to obtain the information and assess the percentage consumption of tobacco use so that further steps to reduce the prevalence can be carried out. The main objective was to know the prevalence of tobacco consumption in an urban area of Belgaum, India. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was done in Khasbag area, Belgaum district which is urban field practice area of Belgaum Institute of Medical Sciences over a period of six months from July to December 2011. The sample size was calculated to be 238 and subjects were interviewed from different anganwadis of all the wards of UHTC. Anganwadis were chosen randomly and data was collected by doing systematic sampling. Results: The prevalence of ever use of tobacco was found to be 37.97% in men and 12.5% in women. During the study the number of people consuming tobacco was 28.57%. The significant finding observed was that 77.94% of people consuming tobacco, were using smokeless form. Conclusions: The prevalence of tobacco consumption was higher in males than females and smokeless form was the most commonly used form.

Prevalence and acquisition of tobacco use among rural women in reproductive age group-a community based cross sectional study

Background and Objectives: Tobacco is world’s number one killer and it kills up to half of its regular users. Over one-third of tobacco consumption regionally is in smokeless form. Traditional forms like tobacco dentrifice or tobacco tooth powder and betel quid, tobacco and lime mixture are commonly used and also, the new products use is increasing not only among men but even among children, teenagers, women of reproductive age. The disease burden, health care costs as well as other social losses resulting from premature deaths attributable to tobacco consumption are rapidly increasing. This study was done to know the prevalence of tobacco consumption among the rural women in the reproductive age group and the factors that influence tobacco use initiation among them. Methodology and Analysis: A community based cross sectional study, conducted from January 2011 to December 2011 among 1200 rural women aged between 15 years to 49 years residing in Primary Health Centre (PHC) Vantmuri area, Belgaum, Karnataka, India. Statistical analysis was done using rates and ratios. Results: Tobacco consumption was seen in 9.7% of the study participants. 84(71.8%) of the ever tobacco users were influenced by their family members to start the use of tobacco. Toothache was the main reason for initiating tobacco use among 67(57.3%) tobacco users followed by peer pressure 30(25.6%). Conclusion: Prevalence of tobacco consumption was 9.7%. There is a need for appropriate intervention to create awareness among the women about the hazards of tobacco use and to help them eventually to stop tobacco consumption. Keywords: Dentrifice, Initiation factors, Reproductive age group, Smokeless tobacco Tobacco use

Urban and rural disparity in tobacco use and knowledge about oral cancer among adolescents: An epidemiological survey on 12 and 15-year school going students.

Aims and Objectives:To assess and compare the tobacco use prevalence; to understand and compare attitudes and knowledge related to tobacco use and its health impact among urban and rural students; and to assess urban and rural disparity in the use of tobacco among 12 and 15-year-old adolescents in the urban and rural schools in Chhattisgarh, India.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among 12 and 15-year-old and urban and rural school going children in Durg District. Scientifically, based on the data obtained from the pilot study, sample size was calculated. A total of 1000 children were selected to be a part of the study and were interviewed face-to-face using a detailed pretested, close-ended questionnaire. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16.0 (SPSS Pvt. Ltd, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the statistical analyses.Results:Prevalence of tobacco consumption was 48.8%. Males were involved predominantly in consuming tobacco. The knowledge and attitude was better in the school children of urban areas than the school children of rural areas; more of the urban school children were involved in smoking cigarette. Rural children outnumbered urban children in the smokeless tobacco consumption.Conclusion:Prevalence of tobacco consumption among school children remains high with a wide disparity among urban and rural children. There is an urgent need to have a rural orientation in the National Tobacco Control Program that is currently being developed by the Government of India and giving relevance to the youth.

Prevalence and Dependency of Tobacco Use in an Indigenous Population of Kerala, India

Background: Kerala has a large number of tribal communities where the prevalence of tobacco related oral mucosal lesions is alarmingly high. This coupled with ignorance regarding harmful effects of tobacco use is an emerging public health problem. Purpose: To find out dependency of tobacco use in an indigenous population of Wayanad, India. Methods: A cross- sectional study was designed in the tribal colonies of Kalpetta, Kerala. A multi-stage cluster sampling design was adopted to select the indigenous people living in colonies. A structured close-ended interview was conducted using a 27-item questionnaire, modified and adapted from the National Institute for Mental Health and Neurosciences, India (NIMHANS). The questionnaire consisted of five domains. To assess the dependency of tobacco habit, Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependency Scale for both smoking and smokeless forms of tobacco were used. Results: Of the 103 responses obtained, 41.7% were males. Participants were in the age group of 14-70 years with a mean age of 43 years. Almost half of the respondents cleaned their teeth twice daily. About 53% of people cleaned their teeth using fingers. Toothpowder and rice husks were the commonly used materials for cleaning teeth (64%) followed by toothpaste (35.9%). It was observed that the prevalence of tobacco use in this population was 73.8%. Majority of the respondents (92%) used smokeless forms of tobacco. The mean scores of nicotine dependency for smoked tobacco was 3.85 (± 2.7) and that for smokeless form was 4.61 (± 2.17). Both these scores denote moderate dependency of tobacco use. The average age of onset of tobacco use was 16.41 years for smoked and 17.53 years for smokeless forms. Conclusions: The prevalence of tobacco consumption was found to be high among both males and females in the tribal population. Majority of them consumed different forms of smokeless tobacco

Prevalence of tobacco consumption among adults in urban field practice area NMC, Raichur, Karnataka, India

Prevalence of tobacco consumption among adults in urban field practice area NMC, Raichur, Karnataka, India