Prevalence Of Menstrual Disorders Research Articles

Prevalence of Menstrual Disorder in Women and Its Correlation to Body Mass Index and Physical Activity.

Regular menstruation represents reproductive health and quality of life of women. However, many women suffer from menstrual disorders at some point in their life. The occurrence of such abnormalities is affected by two key factors: BMI and physical activity. This study aims to analyse the relationship of these two factors to menstrual disorders. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 502 women in Uttar Pradesh, India, from July 2021 to January 2023. Samples were selected using purposive sampling technique. The data were analysed using Pearson's Chi-square test on MS Excel 2013 and IBM SPSS 29.0.0.0 (240) software. Mean age of the research subjects was 25.84 + 6.30years, mean weight was 60.29 + 11.22kg, mean height was 155.34 + 11.77cm, and mean BMI was 25.36 + 6.06kg. 68.92% subjects had regular age at menarche. Most common menstrual disorders were PMS (41.63%) and dysmenorrhea (28.29%). As per BMI categories, most disorders were found in obese (94.87%) and underweight (93.62%) subjects. As per physical activity categories, most disorders were found in low (76.55%) and high (76.40%) category subjects. A significant relationship was found between menstrual disorder and BMI (χ2 = 80.49, p < 0.001) and physical activity (χ2 = 70.09, p < 0.001). The menstrual disorders in women are significantly related to their BMI and physical activity. Women are advised to focus on having a balanced, nutritious diet and indulge in moderate physical activity to improve their reproductive health and quality of life.

Policies, Guidelines, and Practices Supporting Women's Menstruation, Menstrual Disorders and Menopause at Work: A Critical Global Scoping Review.

(1) Objectives: This paper presents a scoping review of global evidence relating to interventions (i.e., policies, practices, guidelines, and legislation) aimed at supporting women to manage menstruation, menstrual disorders, and menopause at work. (2) Methods: Databases including Medline (Ebsco), CINAHL (Ebsco), Scopus, Web of Science, APA PsychInfo (Ebsco), Humanities International Complete (Ebsco), Academic Search Premier (Ebsco), HeinOnline and OSH Update, and Google Scholar were searched in May 2022. (3) Results: Of 1181 unique articles screened, 66 articles are included. Less half of the articles (42%, 28/66) presented/reviewed an intervention related to women's workplace health. A total of 55 out of the 66 articles are set across 13 countries with the remaining 12 articles described as multi-country studies or reviews. Half of the articles presenting/reviewing an intervention were grey literature, with several undertaken in UK and EU member countries. Interventions focusing on supporting women with menopause at work were the most common (43%, 12/28), followed by menstruation (25%, 7/28) and menstrual disorders (7%, 2/28). Across the reviewed articles, recommendations were categorised as adjustments to the physical work environment, information and training needs, and policy and processes. Few articles explicitly presented or affirmed a design-process and/or evaluation tied to their intervention. In lieu of design-process, this review categorises the rationales driving the development of an intervention as: pronatalist, economic rationalism, gendered occupational health concern, cultural shift towards gender equity objectives, and efforts to reduced shame and stigma. (4) Conclusions: There is a growing body of evidence aimed at understanding women's experiences of managing their menstrual and reproductive health in the workplace and how this impacts their work/career trajectories. However, little research is explicitly concerned with exploring or understanding interventions, including their design or evaluation. Most articles report menopause guidelines and are typically confined to the UK and EU-member countries. Despite the prevalence of menstrual disorders (e.g., endometriosis and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)) there is limited literature focused on how women might be supported to manage symptoms associated with these conditions at work. Accordingly, future policies should consider how women can be better supported to manage menstruation and menstrual disorders at work and recognise the importance of co-design during policy development and post-intervention evaluation. Further research needs to be undertaken on the impact of workplace policies on both employers and employees.

The prevalence of menstrual disorders and their association with psychological stress in Syrian students enrolled at health-related schools: A cross-sectional study.

Menstrual disorders are among the most prevalent health issues among young female students studying in health science faculties. This study aimed to provide insights into the menstrual patterns among medical faculty students and determine whether stress can be a risk factor for its various disorders. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Faculties of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmacy at the Syrian Private University, Damascus, Syria, between October and November 2022. A total of 980 female students anonymously completed the identification of menstrual problems and the perceived stress scale (PSS) questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS-25. The mean age of students was 21.52 ± 2.06 years. The most common menstrual disorders in this study were dysmenorrhea (88%), and premenstrual syndrome (87%). A total of 82% had mild to moderate stress, 10% had high stress, and 8% had low stress. Moderate to high perceived stress was associated with an increased risk of PMS (OR = 1.79, P = 0.0037). These findings stress the importance of universities, especially health science faculties, establishing protocols for early detection and intervention in students with stress and menstrual disorders. Implementing stress reduction education and timely counseling, along with preventive measures, is crucial for students' well-being. Further research is needed to refine interventions for this group.

Vataja Artava Dusti and its Management - An Ayurvedic Review

Almost every women, experience one or the other types of menstrual problem in her lifetime. The prevalence of menstrual disorders has been recorded as high as 87%, out of which dysmenorrhea has prevalence of 60% to 93%. In Ayurvedic classics, most of the menstrual disorders have been described under the heading Asta artavadusti and Asrgdara. Vatajaartavadusti is described in various texts by Acharyas. According to Ayurveda classics Vatajaartavadusti define as Artava vitiated by Vata excreted with pain and reddish or blackish in colour. The condition of Vatajaartavadusti resembles with the description of dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is the painful menstruation of sufficient magnitude so as to incapacitate day to day activities. On the basis of symptom menstruation along with pain, it appears to be nearer to dysmenorrhea. At present, different types of treatment protocol which are mainly used for treating dysmenorrhea are NSAIDs (analgesics), antispasmodics, oral contraceptive pills and surgical procedure. But they provide only temporary relief. Ayurveda describes various modalities like oral medication, Panchakarma procedures, life style modification and correction in diet. So this study is undertaken to through the light on classical reference of Vatajaartavadusti with modern correlation dysmenorrhea and its Ayurvedic management.

Evaluation of body mass index in women with a sedentary lifestyle and those practising various amateur physical activities, and the prevalence of menstrual cycle disorders in physically active underweight women

Background: The aim of the research was to assess the body mass index in women involved in various forms of physical activity including dancing (Tango-T), running (Runners-R) and exercising in fitness clubs (Fitness-F) compared to sedentary women (Control-C). An additional aim was to investigate the prevalence of disorders of the menstrual cycle in physically active women with body mass index &lt;18.5.Methods and material: 683 women participated in the study (T:143, R:215, F:120, C:205). In each group, the mean body mass index value and the percentages of obese, overweight, normal-weight, and underweight women were calculated. The effect of age and training parameters on body mass index and the prevalence of menstrual disorders in underweight women were analyzed. The author’s questionnaire was used in the research.Results: The mean body mass index (BMI) [kg/m2] was lower in the T (21.52.3, R:22.33.0) and F (21.93.0) groupscompared to the C group (23.64.7). In the T group (89.5%, R:76.7%) and F group (75.8%), more women had normal BMI than in the C group 55.6%. The strongest correlations between age and BMI occurred in the C group (r=0.41;p&lt;0.001) and were weaker in the other groups: R:(r=0.18;p&lt;0.01), T:(r=0.14;p&lt;0.01), and F:(r=0.01;p&lt;0.05). Menstrual cycle disorders in underweight women in the F group (50.0%) were more frequent than in the C group (4.3%).

The Prevalence of Menstrual Cycle Disorders in Female Athletes from Different Sports Disciplines: A Rapid Review.

The aim of this study was to rapidly review the literature on the prevalence of menstrual disorders in female athletes from different sports modalities. Articles were searched in the Web of Science and PubMed database in May 2022. A total of 1309 records were identified, and 48 studies were included in the final stage. The menstrual disorders described in the included studies were primary (in 33% of included studies) and secondary amenorrhea (in 73% of included studies) and oligomenorrhea (in 69% of included studies). The prevalence of menstrual disorders among the studies ranged from 0 to 61%. When data were pooled according to discipline (mean calculation), the highest prevalence of primary amenorrhea was found in rhythmic gymnastics (25%), soccer (20%) and swimming (19%); for secondary amenorrhea in cycling (56%), triathlon (40%) and rhythmic gymnastics (31%); and oligomenorrhea in boxing (55%), rhythmic gymnastics (44%) and artistic gymnastics (32%). Based on the results of this review, the study supports the literature of the higher prevalence of menstrual disorders in gymnastics and endurance disciplines. However, team sports modalities such as volleyball and soccer also presented a considerable percentage of menstrual disorders compared to the general population. It reinforces the importance of coaches and physicians paying attention to athletes' menstrual cycle as the occurrence of menstrual disorders can be associated with impairment on some health components.

The prevalence of menstrual disorders and premenstrual syndrome among adolescent girls living in North Borneo, Malaysia: a questionnaire-based study

BackgroundThis study aimed to determine menstrual characteristics and related morbidities among adolescent girls living in Sabah, North Borneo, a less-developed state in Malaysia.MethodsData were obtained from a quantitative survey conducted in three government high schools located in Ranau, Sabah. The participants were adolescent girls who had attained menarche between the ages of 14 and 19.ResultsBased on the analysis of questionnaires completed by 757 adolescent girls, the mean age at the time of the survey was 17 ± 1.4 years, and the mean menarche age was 12.2 ± 1.1 years. Our data demonstrated that 85.7% of the participants experienced dysmenorrhoea, of which at least 42.1% (mean pain score ± SD: 4.81 ± 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.72, 4.90) experienced moderate dysmenorrhoea, and 11.2% (mean pain score ± SD: 7.86 ± 0.94, 95% CI 7.64, 8.08) experienced severe dysmenorrhoea. Over 70% of these girls complained of tiredness, headache, and appetite changes during menses.ConclusionsThe prevalence of menstrual disorders and related morbidities was high among the girls residing in Sabah. Reproductive health issues in rural and socioeconomically deprived areas remains poorly addressed. The main consequence of neglecting menstrual disorders and their related morbidities is impaired future sexual reproductive health in adults. Thus, addressing adolescent reproductive health issues is crucial, especially for girls living in areas where access to healthcare is difficult. The information gathered from this study can be used to strategize effective interventions to improve adolescents' reproductive health status in rural areas.

Lifestyle and Prevalence of Menstrual Disorders among Undergraduate Medical and Nursing Students: Can We Bring a Change?

Menstruation is a normal physiological phenomenon, but sometimes the abnormalities and pain associated with it can severely affect the daily routine of women and may create a stressful environment for them. The objective of this study was to conduct a comparative evaluation of the pattern of menstruation, lifestyle and the outlook toward menstruation among undergraduate female medical and nursing students. It was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among the undergraduate medical and nursing students of a tertiary care Institute. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Of the 400 students approached, 188 completed the questionnaire. The mean age of the participants was 21.23 ± 1.47years. The mean age of menarche was 12.65 ± 1.24years among the medical students and 13.69 ± 1.38years among the nursing students (P < 0.05). Overall, the common menstrual abnormalities observed were dysmenorrhea (71.2%) and premenstrual syndrome (70.2%) followed by menstrual irregularity (14.8%). On correlating lifestyle with menstrual abnormalities, no significant association was found. However, the most common reason for college absenteeism in both groups was dysmenorrhea and fear of unexpected heavy bleeding. Despite having a medical background and knowledge about the physiology of menstruation, medical and nursing students do carry certain myths regarding menstruation which are being carried forward in society. Small roleplays in the OPD (Outpatient Department) area and public awareness lectures should be planned. They will not only develop confidence and better understanding among the students but also create social awareness.

Menstrual characteristics and prevalence of menstrual disorders among secondary school girls in rural Gambia

Background: Menstruation is a normal physiological process in women of reproductive age and abnormalities can be associated with it. This study is conducted to determine menstrual characteristics and the prevalence of menstrual disorders among secondary school girls of rural Gambia and its effects on the life-style of these girls particularly absenteeism at school. Method: A prospective cross-sectional survey was carried out among girls of age 13- 24 years from three different school in Soma Town, Lower River Region of The Gambia using self-administered questionnaire. The data was entered into computer database and analysed using the SPSSS version 26. Results: The mean age of menarche was 13.86±1.26 years with a wide range (8- 17years). Most (69.4%) participants declared their periods as regular and mean menstrual cycle was 26.28±3.25 days with most (58.3%) had moderate menstrual flow with mean duration of flow was 4.9±1.3 days. Most (69.4%) participants used sanitary pads. Dysmenorrhea was reported by 85.2% of the participants; majority (47.5%) had moderate pain and only 46.8% used analgesics for dysmenorrhea. Majority (94.6%) of the participants had associated symptoms with menstruation; tiredness, mood changes and pain were the three highest reported symptoms. School absenteeism was reported by 34.5% of the participants and painful menstruation was the highest reported cause. Most (58.0%) reported life-style affected by menstruation; attending school, casual work at home and relationship with friends were the three highest affected activities reported due painful menstruation. Almost (99.5%) all have received some information about menstruation either from parents, teachers, friends and others. Conclusion: Mean age at menarche was 13.86±1.26. Most girls suffer from dysmenorrhea which affects their school attendance and other life-style activities. Almost all have received some information about menstruation

Systematic review on prevalence of menstrual disorders among women

Systematic review on prevalence of menstrual disorders among women - Menstrual disorders often affect the quality of life of

Socio-demographic correlates of menstrual problems among school going adolescent girls in a rural block of Haryana

Background: In the last few years, there has been a significant shift on the subject of human reproduction from mainly a ‘demographic issue’ to a broader ‘women’s health and development issue.’ Malnutrition, infection, early and repeated child bearing play an important role in determining menstrual problems of females in India. The other risk factors among women are the existing socio-economic and cultural environmental conditions. The present study was undertaken to know the prevalence of menstrual disorders and its various determinants in rural women of Haryana (Block Beri).Methods: The study was of descriptive type, undertaken on 252 adolescent girls (14-18 years) in a rural block of Haryana (Block Beri), the field practice area attached to department of community medicine Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak. Design used was cross-sectional. The subjects were selected by systematic random sampling technique. Informed verbal consent was taken. A semi-structured interview schedule was used. The data was analyzed by using percentages, proportions.Results: 48.8% of adolescent girls in the study group were suffering from menstrual problems. No statistically significant association of menstrual disorders was observed with type of family, age group, caste and literacy status. Income and mother’s education were statistically significantly associated with menstrual problems.Conclusions: It can be concluded from the study that even though menstrual problems are widely prevalent in the adolescent girls they are not addressed properly. Moreover, there is a need to generate awareness about menstruation at school level.

Menstrual Patterns and Disorders Among Adolescent Girls in Bandar Abbas, Iran

Background: Menstrual cycle is one of the important factors to protect women’s sexual health, and it is affected by various factors in different individuals. Disrupting the balance of this cycle imposes numerous impacts on women’s health. The present study aimed to investigate the incidence rate and factors associated with menstrual disorders among high school girls in Bandar Abbas, Iran. Materials and Methods: The population of current cross-sectional study was selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected through a questionnaire. We entered the data of 370 individuals into SPSS software (version 23, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and analyzed them using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U test. The significant level was considered as 0.05. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 16.29 ± 0.89 years. In addition, the mean menarche age and BMI were 12.82 ± 1.09 years and 20.67 ± 4.17. The incidence rates of hypomenorrhea, hypermenorrhea, amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, and polymenorrhea were 24.6%, 8.4%, 9.7%, 5.7%, and 13.0%, respectively. There was a significant relationship between age trend with disorders like amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, and polymenorrhea. However, there was no significant relationship between age trend with hypomenorrhea and hypermenorrhea. Generally, the prevalence of menstrual disorders increased with the increase in BMI, though this relationship was not significant. Conclusion: Due to the relatively high incidence of menstrual disorders in the present study and since numerous major illnesses such as infertility originate from these disorders, we suggest that effective measures be taken to promote the culture of menstrual health among adolescent girls and correct the misconceptions of families.

Menstrual Disorders among Adolescent Females in Tala District, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt

Background: Menstrual disorders are common among adolescents and young adult women. These disorders actually may adversely affect the quality of the female’ life and, therefore, considered a source of anxiety for them and their families. Objectives: The current study aimed to verify menstrual pattern, estimate the prevalence of menstrual disorders among adolescent females and study the interference of these disorders with social and physical life of the studied population Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 adolescent females aged (14-18 years old) attended secondary schools in Tala district, Menoufia governorate, Egypt. Only females who had already menstruated were requested to participate. Socioeconomic status, Menstrual pattern, disorders and their interference with physical and social life were assessed through a predesigned questionnaire.Results: The current study revealed that the age of menarche of the studied adolescent females was between 9 and 16 years and the prevalence of menstrual disorders was 87%. There was statistically significant relationship between the menstrual disorders in adolescent females, socioeconomic standard and family history of menstrual disorders (p value < 0.05). Moreover, adolescent females with menstrual disorders showed significant higher prevalence of school abstinence and significant worsening of pre-menstrual tension symptoms than girls without menstrual disorders.Conclusion This study concluded that the prevalence of menstrual disorders among the studied adolescent females was (87%). Dysmenorrhea was the most prevalent menstrual disorders in adolescence females followed by menorrhagia and these disorders usually responsible for their school absenteeism, and worsening of pre-menstrual tension symptoms.

Prevalence of the Menstrual disorders and its related factors among students of Kurdistan University Of Medical Science in 2018

Background and Aim: Menstrual disorders are one of the most common complaints of women, they have a wide range including delayed periods to painful periods. They are common and benign and can lead to decreased quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of menstrual disorders and its related factors in the students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. Material and Method: This was a descriptive-analytical study. The statistical population included students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. We used cluster sampling and selected 300 students. Research tools included a questionnaire consisted of 10 demographic questions, 26 main questions and a chart for measurement of the amount of menstrual bleeding in a period. Data were introduced into STATA 12 and SPSS 22 softwares and analyzed by independent t-test, χ2 and Fisher's test. Results: The prevalence of menstrual disorders in the study population was 15.3%. The most and least common disorders were dysmenorrhea and hypomenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea had significant relationships with, body mass index (P = 0.044) and age (P = 0.021). There was also a significant relationship between marital status and mastalgia (P = 0.015). We found a significant relationship between menorrhagia and age (P = 0.026), and also between hypermenorrhea and age (P = 0.045). Conclusion: The results of this study showed presence of at least one type of menstrual disorder among the students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences as an example of society, which is a threat to the individual and social life of women and girls.

Prevalence of Menstrual Disorders according to Body Mass Index and Lifestyle Factors: The National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort in Korea, 2009~2016

This study was performed to identify the prevalence of menstrual disorders in Korean women based on body mass index (BMI) and lifestyle factors, by utilizing the Korean National Health Insurance Database. A retrospective observational study design was used for the secondary data analysis. Data of women aged 15 to 49 years who were diagnosed with menstrual disorders were extracted from The National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort in Korea from 2009 to 2016. The age-standardized prevalence rate of menstrual disorders was calculated using SAS version 9.4, and a Chi-square test and Cochran-Armitage test were performed. In total, 2,219,445 cases were extracted from the database. The prevalence of menstrual disorders significantly increased from 8.6% to 11.6% (Z=135.16, p for trend <.001) over the past eight years. In particular, it was higher in underweight women than in women with normal weight across all years (Z=-4.18~-14.72, p<.001). Moreover, statistically significant differences in the prevalence of menstrual disorders were found to be associated with drinking and smoking in all years and with physical activity levels in part (p<.05~.001). These findings present compelling evidence on the prevalence of menstrual disorders based on a national database. Since the prevalence of menstrual disorders has steadily increased and differs based on BMI and lifestyle factors, educational and clinical interventions are necessary to promote risk awareness and appropriate behavioral changes among Korean women.

Patterns and problems of menstruation among the adolescent school girls of Delhi: a cross-sectional study

Background: Adolescence is the period of rapid physical growth, psychological and social changes. This period is marked by the onset of menarche in the girls. Menstruation is a natural biological process experienced by all adolescent girls and women in reproductive age. The menstrual cycle is characterized by variability in volume, pattern and regularity. Conversely, variability in menstrual cycle characteristics and menstrual disorders are common among adolescent girls. The objectives of the study were to determine patterns of menstruation, prevalence of menstrual disorders and hygienic practices during menstruation in the adolescent school girls.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 adolescent school girls of Delhi.Results: The mean age at menarche in the study subjects was 13.47±0.87 years. Average menstrual interval was days. Dysmenorrhea was reported by 76.1% of the girls, body ache was experienced by 64 (30.4%). Majority of girls 174 (82.8%) used sanitary pads as absorbent during cycle.Conclusions: Menstrual problems are frequent among adolescent girls. Dysmenorrhoea was the commonest problem among the adolescents. Adolescent girls withstand their pain and think it as a normal phenomenon. Educating students about menstrual health by health professionals and teachers can help in reducing their psychological and physical stress.

Study on relationship between obesity and menstrual disorders

Menstrual disorder is a common fact includes menstrual irregularity, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, oligomenorrhea, polymenorrhea and other related symptoms. Realizing the fact, the present investigation was carried out to determine the prevalence of menstrual disorders among female overweight and obese students and their association with different life style factors. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 70 overweight students from Patuakhali science and Technology University, Bangladesh through self-administered structural questionnaires. The data were collected on hemoglobin level (g/dl); menstrual pattern viz. menstrual cycle length, duration and flow; lifestyle factors including junk food consumption and dietary pattern. The statistical test was carried out using SPSS V16. The hemoglobin level test ensured that 20% students were non-anemic, 44.3% were mild anemic and 35.7 % were moderate anemic and the mean hemoglobin level was 10.12g/dL. The most commonly observed menstrual disorders among students were dysmenorrhea (47.1%), irregular menstruation (11.4%), menorrhagia (1.4%) and oligomenorrhea (11%). It was observed that 1.4% had scanty flow, 65.7% had normal flow whereas 32.9% had heavy flow of blood. However, the mean flow was 31.6ml. The habit of junk food consumption was found in 88.6% of the respondents and 24.3% of the students practice dieting. Additionally, the respondents who didn’t consume junk foods had regular cycle length although about 88.6% students had regular menstruation cycle and 78.2% had normal duration of flow. Most of the respondents were in moderate dietary diversity score (10.5%) because they maintain a diet chart. The hemoglobin levels ensured that 80% students were found clinically anemic. Thus the study concluded that obesity made the students susceptible to anemia.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. September 2018, 4(3): 259-266

ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECT OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO CISPLATIN AMONG HEALTHCARE WORKERS

ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECT OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO CISPLATIN AMONG HEALTHCARE WORKERS

FEATURES OF THE PATERNAL FAMILY PATTERNOF ADOLESCENT GIRLS SUFFERING FROM SECONDARY OLIGOMENORRHEA

Formulation of the problem. Numerous research indicates high prevalence of menstrual disorders among adolescent girls. However, issues related to the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of these diseases remain unresolved. Problem analysis. In psychological scientific literature it is noted that to date, more and more attention is paid to the medical and social factors of the formation of violations of menstrual function of girls. And the significance of the role of psychogenic factors is insufficient and requires further development. Meanwhile, in the process of puberty, the selective sensitivity of the reproductive system to psychological factors increases. There are indications about the significant impact of child-parent relationships on reproductive health of adolescents. The purpose of the study is to analyze the peculiarities of the structure of the parent's family of teenage girls suffering from secondary oligomenorrhea and its possible internal impact on the development and course of the disease. Methods of research - the method of "Drawing of the family" by L. Corman, in the processing of data, the criterion of the angle transformation of Fisher was used. Sample Description: A total of 88 teenage girls suffering from PMS and 100 healthy girls, a control group (further CG), participated in the study. Research results. Specific structural changes in the family system, its imbalance, non-differentiation of the personal boundaries of each member of the family, the presence of signs of interpersonal dependence, dysfunctional coalitions with one of the parents were revealed. It was suggested that girls suffering from secondary oligomenorrhea, pathogenetic, predisposing role of the factor of the family in the emergence of both sexually transmitted diseases, psychosexual development in general, and menstrual function in particular. Conclusion. The results of the study indicate that the quality of relations with parents becomes a serious prognostic sign of psychosomatic functioning and development of the personality of the adolescent.

Clinical and hormonal features of women with polycystic ovary syndrome living in rural and urban areas.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinopathies among women at reproductive age, but its pathology remains unknown. From epidemiological studies it is known that endogenous, mainly genetic and exogenous, environmental factors are of importance. The aim of the study was to compare the phenotype of women diagnosed with PCOS from urban and rural areas of Poland. According to the knowledge of the authors, this is first such study. The retrospective study included 3,877 PCOS patients: 2511 women living in cities and 1,366 village inhabitants, aged between 18 - 45 years. Clinical data, including medical history, body mass, height and hirsutism severity was obtained from each patient. Hormones were also tested in each patient: follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, estradiol [E2], testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate [DHEAS], thyroid stimulating hormone, free thyroxin, insulin [INS], 17 hydroxyprogesterone, cortisol [CORT]) and metabolic (75g oral glucose tolerance test, Chol - total cholesterol, HDL-C - high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the TG (triglicerides) profile. PCOS women from urban areas had a higher mean serum concentration of E2 in comparison to the inhabitants of rural areas. Women from cities had a lower mean level of DHEAS, CORT, and INS measured in the morning than rural residents. Insulin-resistance, using homeostasis model assessment, was more pronounced among women from villages. The prevalence of menstrual disorders, in general, was higher in PCOS women living in rural comparing to urban areas. The clinical and biochemical indices differed significantly between women diagnosed with PCOS living in cities and villages. In general in Poland, the PCOS phenotype is more severe in women living in rural areas. This study shows that different living conditions significantly affect the PCOS phenotype.