Prevalence Of Menstrual Disorders Research Articles

Health Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Reproductive-Age Female Operators of Plastic Welding Machines in Fuzhou, China.

The aim of this study was to investigate the health effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) among female operators of plastic welding machines. We examined 180 female operators in shoe factories as the exposed group, and 349 female workers from nearby supermarkets as the unexposed group. The mean radiation levels in the vicinity of the welding machines ranged from 51.3 to 368.9 V/m. The prevalence of neurovegetative symptoms increased with higher EMFs exposures (P < 0.05). The prevalence of menstrual disorder was 12.0% in the unexposed group, but was 26.8% and 33.8% in low and high-exposure groups, respectively (P < 0.01). Exposure-response relationships were found between cumulate exposure and neurovegetative symptoms and menstrual disorder (P < 0.05). Serum progesterone (P4) was significantly lower in the exposed groups (P < 0.01). EMFs exposure was associated with adverse health effects, including neurovegetative symptoms, menstrual disorder, and low level of P4.

Nature and Prevalence of Menstrual Disorders among Teenage Female Students at Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

Study ObjectiveTo determine the nature and prevalence of menstrual disorders among teenage girls. DesignAn observational descriptive cross-sectional study. SettingZagazig University Students' Hospital, Zagazig, Egypt. ParticipantsA representative sample of female students who attended the university pre-enrollment medical examination. InterventionsSelf-administered questionnaire covering items on the adolescents' demographic data and menstruation characteristics. Main Outcome MeasuresInformation about menarche, body mass index, physical exercise, cycle length and regularity, duration of menses, menstrual blood loss, dysmenorrhea, and premenstrual syndrome. ResultsA total of 285 questionnaires were analyzed. Mean age at menarche was 12.3 ± 1.5 years. Oligomenorrhea was reported by 18 participants (6.3%) and 5 others (1.8%) mentioned having polymenorrhea. Hypomenorrhea was noted in 25 students (8.8%), and hypermenorrhea was reported by 12 (4.2%). Irregular periods were mentioned by 24 students (8.4%). Dysmenorrhea was reported in 188 students (66.0%). Of these, 81 (28.4%) graded their pain as mild, 69 (24.2%) as moderate, and 38 (13.3%) as severe. Premenstrual syndrome was mentioned by 160 girls (56.1%). Consulting somebody regarding their menstrual problems was reported by 36 students (12.6%). ConclusionOur results are not greatly different from those in other parts of the world. Data on nature and prevalence of menstrual disorders and their effect on young women's health status, quality of life, and social integration suggest that management of these disorders should be given more attention within the available reproductive health care programs. Further research into prevalence of and risk factors for menstrual disorders and their morbidity is warranted and anxiously awaited.

Prevalence of Menstrual Disorders and its Academic Impact amongst Tshivenda Speaking Teenagers in Rural South Africa

This paper investigated the prevalence of menstrual disorders and its impact amongst Tshivenda speaking teenagers in rural South Africa. The paper adopted a quantitative approach using a descriptiv...

Menstrual disorders among Zagazig University Students, Zagazig, Egypt

Abstract Objective To determine the nature and prevalence of menstrual disorders among the young female students at Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt. Study design A questionnaire covering items on adolescents’ demographic data and menstruation characteristics was used for information collection. Results A total of 283 questionnaires were analysed. The mean age at menarche was 12.1 ± 1.6 years with a range of 11–16 years. Oligomenorrhoea was reported by 17 girls (6.0%) while 6 others (2.1%) mentioned having polymenorrhoea. Hypomenorrhoea was noted in 20 students (7.1%), while hypermenorrhoea was reported by 15 (5.3%). Irregular periods were mentioned by 22 girls (7.8%). Dysmenorrhoea was reported in 185 students (65.4%). Out of these, 79 (27.9%) graded their pain as mild, 66 (23.3%) as moderate and 40 (14.1%) as severe. PMS was mentioned by 158 students (55.8%). Consulting somebody regarding their menstrual problems was reported by 32 students (11.3%). Conclusion The results of this study are comparable to those in other parts of the world. Adolescents should be encouraged to chart their menstrual periods from menarche onwards in order to focus their attention on when and how to seek medical advice. Health education on menstrual disorders targeting adolescents and including education on reproductive health in the school/university curriculum may assist in early detection of these disorders.

Comparison and correlation of menstrual dysfunctions and regional fat distribution in female student athletes and non-athletes

Background: In spite of the presence of menstrual dysfunctions in female student athletes, few studies have been conducted to analyse the reasons and athletic factors affecting them. Regional distribution of fat is one of the important factors that plays a role in causing menstrual disorders, and since menstrual cycle disorders can lead to many problems, the present study was aimed to compare and analyse the menstrual dysfunctions and regional patterns of fat distribution in female student athletes and non-athletes. Methods: The present study was descriptive analytical which was carried out on 206 female student athletes and non-athletes studying in Shahid Madani University of Azarbaijan selected through convenience sampling in 2013. Subcutaneous fat was measured using calipers and a questionnaire was given to subjects in order to collect their personal and their menstrual cycles’ information. The collected data were analysed by SPSS (version 16) statistical software. Results: The findings of the study revealed a significant difference between athletes and non-athletes in terms of the incidence of menstrual dysfunctions of amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, menorrhagia, hypomenorhea and hypermenorrhea (p<0.05). Moreover, there was a negative relationship between thigh fat and amenorrhea (p=0.024), suprailiac and menorrhagia (p=0.015), chest and hypomenorhea (p=0.033), and waist circumference and hypermenorhea (p=0.011) in athletes. Conclusion: Overall, the findings of this study showed that prevalence of menstrual disorders was higher in athletes than non-athletes and low distribution of fat in the lower region of athletes’ body may be disturbed during menstrual periods (amenorrhea) and low distribution of fat in the abdominal and upper parts of body may lead to irregular uterine bleeding (menorrhagia, hypomenorhea and hypermenorhea).

Prevalence of menstrual disorders among adolescent girls in Osogbo, South Western Nigeria

Menstrual disorders are common sources of morbidity among adolescent girls and often cause anxiety for these girls and their families. This paper aims to determine the patterns of menstruation as well as the prevalence of menstrual disorders and their consequences among adolescent girls in Osogbo, South Western Nigeria. Adolescent school girls aged 10-19 years comprised the sample. The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design. A pre-tested, self administered, semi-structured questionnaire was used to elicit information from 402 adolescents selected from private secondary schools in the Osogbo Local Government Area (LGA) of Osun State, using a multistage sampling technique. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 15. A total of 391 (97.8%) respondents had heard about menstruation before, with the three most important sources of information being their mothers (81.8%), teachers (7.4%), and peer groups (6.1%). The mean age at menarche was 12.5±1.0 years. Menstrual bleeding lasted between 2-7 days in 81.1% and cycle length lasted for 21-35 days in 81.6% of the respondents. The three most important menstrual disorders they experienced were dysmenorrhea (77.8%), menorrhagia (57.4%) and metrorrhagia (18.6%), among others. Menstrual disorders, especially dysmenorrhea, interfered with the daily activities of the respondents. The prevalence of menstrual disorders among adolescents in the Osogbo LGA is high. Measures should be undertaken to educate the adolescents and their mothers about menstrual disorders and to mitigate their effects on the social and academic lives of these adolescents.

Menstrual Disorder: Prevalence and Relation with Sport; A Cross Sectional Study

Introduction: The menstrual disorder is very frequent complaint in adolescence age. Our aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of menstrual disorders in teenage girls and associated with sport. Method: This cross sectional study was conducted in 8 urban and rural areas in Mazandaran province in north of Iran. One thousands and two hundred teenage girls (1417 years), 370 girls from rural areas and 690 girls from urban areas entered in our study. Data was collected with questionnaire. We used descriptive statistics, chi- test and in depended T test. Significant level of this study was P<0.05. Result: The prevalence of menstrual disturbance in urban girls was 13.2% and in rural girls were 8.6%. According to chi- test we can say there is significant relation between menstrual disorder and place of residency (p=0.02). Relation between sport and hypo menorrhea (p=0.191), polymenorhea (p=0.077), metrorrhaghia (p=0.423) were not significant; but the relation between oligomenorhea (p=0.006), amenorrhea (p=0.000) and menorrhagia (p=0.002) were significant. Conclusion: Menstrual disorder is common in adolescence and regular exercises can reduce some kind of menstrual disorder.

Effects of Gasoline Inhalation on Menstrual Characteristics and the Hormonal Profile of Female Petrol Pump Workers

Increasing numbers of young women are employed as gasoline station attendants in most developing countries despite the lack of empirical data on the adverse reproductive health effect of this solvent. This study therefore sought to assess the effects of gasoline inhalation on the serum sex hormone profile and menstrual characteristics of female gasoline station attendants in Nigeria, given the global increase in the rate of infertility and the existing evidence on the reproductive toxicity of gasoline constituents. A site-by-site cross-sectional study of 117 female gasoline pump attendants and 118 age-matched controls was carried out between September 2011 and November 2012. The following 3 instruments were used for data collection: a semi-structured questionnaire, a female sex hormone profile assay and exposure status measures. The prevalence of menstrual disorders among the exposed and unexposed women was 37.2% and 28.5% respectively. Exposure to gasoline was significantly associated with disorders in both menstrual cycle length and quantity of flow. Specifically, exposed women had a greater than threefold increased risk of a menstrual disorder, with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.25 for abnormal cycle length and OR of 4.16 for abnormal quantity of flow. In addition, longer duration of exposure (>1 year) was significantly associated with higher likelihood of menstrual disorders. There were also persistent low serum levels of estradiol, and fluctuating levels of other reproductive hormones. Gasoline inhalation may interfere with ovarian functions leading to disordered menstrual characteristics and female sex hormone profiles, as well as future reproductive impairment.

130 The prevalence of menstrual disorders of teenagers (MDOT)

130 The prevalence of menstrual disorders of teenagers (MDOT)

Higher androgens and weight gain with valproate compared with lamotrigine for epilepsy

Background: Valproate is used widely for the treatment of epilepsy but has been associated with hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia. The mechanism for these associations is unknown, but they have been hypothesized to be secondary to valproate-associated weight gain. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the antiepileptic drug lamotrigine, which also has a broad spectrum of anti-seizure efficacy, would not be associated with endocrine abnormalities and would not cause weight gain. Objective and Methods: This open-label, cross-sectional study compared (1) endocrine and lipid measures during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle; (2) prevalence of menstrual disorders (from patient diaries recorded over three cycles); and (3) body weight of women with epilepsy on lamotrigine monotherapy ( n=119) with those on valproate monotherapy ( n=103) for <5 years. Results: Mean total serum testosterone and androstenedione levels were higher ( P<0.02) in the valproate group compared with the lamotrigine group. More lamotrigine patients (87%) than valproate patients (77%) reported regular menstrual cycles at the Screening Visit. The prevalence of anovulation did not differ between lamotrigine and valproate. Mean HDL cholesterol levels were higher ( P<0.01) with lamotrigine compared with valproate as were LDL and total cholesterol levels ( P<0.05). Mean total insulin levels did not significantly differ between the groups. Whereas mean body weight in lamotrigine patients did not differ between the time lamotrigine treatment was initiated and the Study Visit, mean weight in valproate patients increased by 3.7 kg. Conclusions: Compared with lamotrigine monotherapy, valproate monotherapy was associated with weight gain and higher androgen levels in women with epilepsy. These data suggest that the hyperandrogenism observed in some women using valproate for epilepsy may be secondary to drug therapy. Lamotrigine monotherapy may be more appropriate than valproate for women in whom reproductive endocrine or metabolic abnormalities are potential concerns, i.e. women with concerns about weight gain, diabetes, hirsutism, polycystic ovary syndrome, menstrual dysfunction or infertility.

ENERGY INTAKE, EXPENDITURE, AND AVAILABILITY IN YOUNG FEMALE RATS WITH ACCESS TO VOLUNTARY EXERCISE

The prevalence of menstrual disorders in the exercising female continues to be a major concern. Reproductive function is altered more frequently in women who exercise strenuously and maintain stringent weight goals. Similar patterns of ovulatory dysfunction due to exercise training have also been reported in laboratory rats. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine age-related patterns of ad libitum intake, voluntary exercise, and energy availability in young ovulating female rats. METHODS Diet intake, body weight (BW), estrous cycling, and voluntary running distance was determined in 12 female Sprague Dawley rats during a 14-week trial. To assess the relative availability of energy (kcal/gm BW), differences in energy intake versus expenditure were determined. Energy intake was calculated at 3.8 kcal/gm diet consumed, and total energy expenditure was based on both the maintenance energy requirement (ME) of laboratory rats (112 kcal/BWkg 0.75/day), and the derived cost of energy expended by wheel running (5.024 kcal/kg/km). RESULTS A positive correlation between energy intake and expenditure was shown in rats, with greater energy expended due to growth and/or increased wheel running compensated by greater caloric intake (p < 0.001). An age-related (34 to 129 days) inverse relationship was noted between animal growth and relative energy intake (0.466 ± 0.01 to 0.258 ± 0.01 kcal/gm BW), expenditure (0.237 ± 0.00 to 0.200 ± 0.00 kcal/gm BW), and availability (0.229 ± 0.01 to 0.058 ± 0.00 kcal/gm BW), with a mean BW increase of 97% and a 75% decrease in available kcal/gm BW (p < 0.001). Regardless of growth-related decreasing trends in available energy or greater energy expended due to running distances, rats' continued with normal estrous cycling. CONCLUSION Results suggest that voluntary exercise does not adversely impact estrous cycling in the young ad lib-fed rat. In this study, greater energy expenditure was compensated with greater energy intake, allowing for greater energy availability to maintain the caloric cost of estrous cycling. Supported by Texas Food and Fiber Commission and Human Nutrition Research.

Menstrual disorders and occupational, stress, and racial factors among military personnel.

Few studies have assessed multiple stress factors as a potential risk for menstrual disorders. This study evaluated whether work-related stress or life event stress was associated with alterations in menstrual function of military personnel. The study is unique in that it evaluated the association between race and three job factors--job stress, handling chemical mixtures, and being a military or civilian employee of the US Air Force. A comprehensive questionnaire was administered to 170 healthy, premenopausal employed women to examine the relationship between work-related or life event stress and menstrual disorders. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed no statistically significant association between work-related stress and menstrual disorders, whereas life event stress was significantly associated with dysmenorrhea (odds ratio [OR], 2.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 to 4.50) abnormal cycle length (OR, 3.42; CI, 1.12 to 10.50), and hypermenorrhea (OR, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.20 to 7.42). Having one or more menstrual disorders was significantly associated with life events by race interaction (OR, 6.52; 95% CI, 2.45 to 17.36). Non-Caucasians had significantly increased risks of hypermenorrhea (OR, 4.99; 95% CI, 2.07 to 12.05) and abnormal cycle length (OR, 4.12; 95% CI, 1.47 to 11.55). The prevalence of menstrual disorders in this military population was 31.2% for dysmenorrhea, 17.9% for hypermenorrhea, and 12.0% for abnormal cycle length. This study suggests that women in the military report less day-to-day job stress but more atypical life events, including those related to their jobs, and that these life events are associated with adverse menstrual consequences.

Smoking and menstrual disorders.

An association between cigarette smoking and menstrual disorders was observed during 1981 in a sample of 1367 women between the ages of 18 and 44 years in selected communities of Los Angeles County. Relevant questions were asked as part of a survey conducted to investigate the general health status of women living in these communities. The five-year period prevalence of physician-attended menstrual disorders, as reported in the survey, was 20.3%; the prevalence of menstrual disorders was higher among smokers (25.1%) than among nonsmokers (18.6%). Women who smoked 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes or more per day were twice as likely to report past menstrual disorders as women who were nonsmokers. The results, though inconclusive, warrant further investigation.

THE PREVALENCE OF MENSTRUAL DISORDERS IN PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS.

A recent survey (Coppen and Kessel, 1963) of a random sample of 500 women from the general population investigated the prevalence of common menstrual symptoms and their relationship to personality as assessed by the Maudsley Personality Inventory (M.P.I.). The results showed that certain of these common symptoms have a positive and significant correlation with the Neuroticism scale of the M.P.I.; this was particularly notable for the symptoms of the premenstrual syndrome, i.e. premenstrual depression, irritability, swelling, etc., as well as for menstrual irregularity. Dysmenorrhoea, to the contrary of previous reports, showed no such association with neuroticism in this general population sample. The age and parity of the subjects were also found to influence the prevalence of many of these symptoms.