Prevalence Of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Research Articles

Obesity: Effects on Cardiovascular Disease and its Diagnosis

The higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease in obese individuals is indirectly mediated, to a large extent, by the increased frequency of various well known risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, either individually or as part of the metabolic syndrome. However, there are several ways in which obesity directly affects the cardiovascular system; these will be discussed in detail. We also focus on various challenges posed by obesity in the performance and interpretation of cardiac investigations and how they can be addressed.

To Be or Not TB

A 20-year-old Somali woman presented with a tender, enlarging neck mass in the setting of weight loss and tachycardia. This was initially thought to be a thyroid storm. On further investigation, she had suppurative thyroiditis from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This case illustrates a high prevalence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in foreign-born individuals and the necessity to consider TB in the differential diagnosis of an enlarging neck mass.

Incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection in formalin fixed- paraffin embedded granulomatous dermatoses with Multiplex PCR comparing with fluorescent microscopy and acid fast staining in eastern Iran

Introduction: Distinguishing cutaneous tuberculosis to from other granulomatous dermatoses is usually difficult. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to evaluate the incidence of cutaneous tuberculosis and comparison of PCR with other conventional methods in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPE) having unspecified granulomatous inflammation. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 consecutive specimens which had been collected from 30 different patients and fulfilled the criteria for tissues described above were used in this study. Samples obtained from skin biopsy archived blocks of Pathology Department of Ghaem Hospital-Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran from January 2000 to June 2003 . Two different primer pairs of MD1-MD2 and KD1-KD2 targeting the gene of of 162 bp (common to all mycobacteria) and of 123 bp DNA (specific for M. tuberculosis complex) were used in the PCR assays. Results: Of the 30 specimens, 6 were PCR positive for the 123 bp DNA. All of these 6 cases, were PCR positive for 162 bp DNA too. Cutaneous tuberculosis could be diagnosed in these 6 cases (20.0%).). After reviewing their clinical presentation, 5 cases were considered as lupus vulgaris. No cases was positive only for 162 bp gene.. There were 4 and 5 positive specimens in fluorescent and acid fast staining respectively. Conclusion: These results show that in cutaneous tuberculosis with unclassical clinical and histological presentation, PCR provides rapid and sensitive detection of M. tuberculosis DNA in FFPE specimens. In areas like Iran, where prevalence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is still high, lupus vulgaris is common form of cutaneous tuberculosis and are seen more frequently than atypical mycobacterial infection. Finally, conventional methods of tissue staining have somewhat lower potency from PCR in distinguishing mycobacteria

Subcutaneous granuloma of the cheek an unusual case report and review of literature.

With the increase in prevalence of extra pulmonary tuberculosis, it has become imperative for clinicians to review their knowledge of unusual presentations of mycobacterial infections. Tuberculous involvement of the subcutaneous tissue and skeletal muscle is rare. Apart from tuberculous lymphadenitis, diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis may be difficult. We present here a case of tuberculous granuloma of the cheek - an unusual presentation in ENT practice.

Prevalence of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Children, Zahedan, Iran

Prevalence of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Children, Zahedan, Iran

How Important Is Race/Ethnicity as an Indicator of Risk for Specific AIDS-Defining Conditions?

In order to examine differences in the prevalence of AIDS-defining conditions by race/ethnicity, we analyzed U.S. surveillance data for 203,470 adolescents and adults diagnosed with AIDS from 1988 through 1992. A number of AIDS-indicator conditions were more common among certain racial/ethnic groups. The prevalence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis was higher among blacks, Hispanics, Asians/Pacific Islanders, and American Indians/Alaskan Natives than among whites. The prevalence of isosporiasis and toxoplasmosis was higher among Hispanics than among blacks or whites. Furthermore, the likelihood of being diagnosed with extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB), toxoplasmosis, or isosporiasis was generally higher among foreign-born than among U.S.-born persons of all racial/ethnic groups. The prevalence of all malignancies was higher among whites than among blacks or Hispanics. However, the magnitude of prevalence differences by race/ethnicity was reduced when we controlled for other demographic and exposure risk categories. Although race/ethnicity was significantly associated with the prevalence of a number of conditions, the relative frequency and patterns of AIDS-indicator conditions in different populations are probably most influenced by differences in (1) underlying prevalence or exposure to various etiologic agents causing these conditions, (2) diagnosis and reporting of conditions, and (3) access to care and therapy for HIV-related conditions.

Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Revisited

During a 10-year period, 136 patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis were seen at Boston City Hospital and other hospitals affiliated with Boston University School of Medicine. Review of these cases revealed that the prevalence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis was declining less rapidly than that of pulmonary disease. Extrapulmonary disease represented 4.5% of all new cases of active tuberculosis and tended to occur in older patients than in previous reports. Sites of involvement included lymph nodes, blood, genitourinary tract, bone and articular sites, the meninges, peritoneum, adrenal glands, pericardium, and miscellaneous sites, in this order. Diagnosis was confirmed by a variety of techniques whose relative merits are discussed. Overall, 14 deaths occurred among the 136 patients. One-half of the deaths resulted from causes other than tuberculosis and two patients died before diagnosis and initiation of therapy. Evaluation of the relative efficacy of therapeutic regimens was hampered by a high degree of recidivism in this population and the multitude of regimens utilized. These observations indicate that extrapulmonary tuberculosis still occurs with substantial frequency among patients seen in "inner-city" hospitals and that its recognition may be complicated by its occurrence in older patients with other medical conditions.