Prevalence Of Different Types Research Articles

THE PREVALENCE OF STRABISMUS IN CHILDREN AT SCHOOL AGE IN SOHAG CITY

Objective: The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of different types of strabismus inprimary school children; grade one in Sohag city. Background: Strabismus is the most commonamblyogenic factor. Children with untreated strabismus and/or amblyopia will lack the ability to fullydevelop binocular single vision. They may have psychosocial difficulties later in life. Design: A crosssectional study was employed to determine the prevalence of strabismus among primary schoolchildren (grade one) in Sohag city from November 2017 to April 2018. Methods: Visual acuity,autorefraction, Hirschberg's test and cover test using a pen light torch were performed for 584 out of 841students (age range 5.5–7 years). Children with any type of strabismus or had a history of strabismussurgery were subjected to a full ophthalmic examination including slit lamp, extraocular musclesexamination, Worth 4 dots test, and fundus examination. Results: Students with strabismus are 8 of 584students. Four of them are boys and the others are girls. Three of the detected cases are esotropias (twoboys and one girl) with a prevalence of 0.5%. The other five detected cases are distributed as threecases of exophorias (two girls and one boy) with a prevalence of 0.5% and two cases of esophorias (onegirl and one boy) with a prevalence of 0.3%. In the present study, 506 students (255 males and 251females) are emmetropic (< ± 1.00 D) with a percentage of 86.6% and the other 78 students (40 malesand 38 females) are with refractive errors with a percentage of 13.4%. Most of them are with astigmatism(9.3%) then myopia (2.9%) and hypermetropia (1.2%). Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence ofstrabismus in children at school age in Sohag city is 1.4% with no statistically significant association withgender.

Regional prevalence of different types of sinusitis at a tertiary care centre in Northern India

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of different types of rhinosinusitis in patients attending ENT Department OPD at a tertiary care centre in Ruhelkhand area of Northern India.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; This study was done at department of Otorhinolaryngology, RMRI, Bareilly, India, a tertiary-care Teaching hospital. A total number of 39823 patients (22379 females, 17444 males) were included in this study from December 2017 till February 2020. Age range of selected patients was 3 months to 76 years, 3883 patients were having Rhinosinusitis and remaining having other ENT diseases. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; During 27 months period from December 2017 to February 2020, 39823 patients were seen in the OPD and patients were categorized in different disease groups, like chronic suppurative otitis media and acute suppurative otitis media, upper respiratory tract infections, acute and chronic tonsillitis and pharyngitis. Fourth most common disease group was different types of rhinosinusitis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; In this study assessment was done of different ENT patients attending OPD. Chronic rhinosinusitis (46.1%) was the most common type of rhinosinusitis, followed by Acute type (29.7%).&lt;/p&gt;

Histopathologic Spectrum of Gallbladder in Cholecystectomy Specimens

Background: Cholecystitis is a common problem in adult population. Gross and microscopic examination of gall bladder has multiple findings. Presence of stones is one of the known etiologic factors to produce histopathological changes in gallbladder. It is also one of the predisposing factors for the development of gallbladder carcinoma. This study aims to find the histopathologic spectrum of gall bladder specimens received in pathology department after undergoing surgical intervention. Objective: To analyze the morphological spectrum of cholecystitis due to stones. To find out the possible risk factors for gall stone formation. To find out the frequency / prevalence of different types of gall stones. Study Design: Retrospective Study. Settings: Department of pathology, UMDC Faisalabad and at Meezan Lab Faisalabad-Pakistan. Duration: From January 15, 2015 to May 14, 2017. Methodology: This study was conducted on cholecystectomy specimens. All clinical data was taken from patient’s histopathology request form and from patient’s clinical record gross and microscopic features of gall bladder specimens were studied in correlation with presence or absence of gall stones. Results: The total number of cholecystectomy specimens studied were 664. There were 633 cases of chronic calculous cholecystitis, the highest incidence of these being in the age group of 31-40 years. In this, males were 132 and females were 532. All patients underwent ultrasonography to confirm the diagnosis. There were 31 cases of a calculus cholecystitis. On morphological analysis, the commonest gall stones were cholesterol stones and the commonest lesion was chronic cholecystitis by histopathology. Conclusion: This study concludes the predominance of chronic calculous cholecystitis in our study population. Among these cholesterol stones are more prevalent.

Evaluation of the Nutritional and Hematological Status of Sickle Cell Children Monitored in the Pediatric Department of the University Hospital Center of Yalgado Ouedraogo

Objective: To assess the nutritional and hematological status of sickle cell children followed in the department of pediatrics of the Yalgado Ouédraogo University Hospital Centre (CHU-YO). Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from September 1, 2017, to February 28, 2018. All children with major sickle cell syndrome followed in the department of pediatrics at the CHU-YO and following their follow-up appointments were included in the study. Results: We included 230 children aged 11 months to 16 years with an average age of 8.5 years. The sex M/F ratio was 1.09. The SC heterozygotes were the most represented with 56.52%. The average hemoglobin level was 9.39 g/dl. The prevalences of wasting, stunting and underweight were respectively 23.04%, 15.65%, and 13.89%. In univariate analysis, the factors associated with emaciation was hyperleukocytosis (p=0.002).The factors associated with stunting were leukocytosis (p=0.01), severe anemia (p=0.01), SS phenotype (p=0.002), age range of 5-10 years (p=0.007), Secondary (P=0.007) and higher level (p=0.001) of father’s education, secondary (p=0.027) and higher level (p=0.034)of mothers’education , farmer(p=0.003) trader (p=0.042), and informal occupation of father (p = 0.002),and breastfeeding duration after 24 months (p=0.006). For underweight associated factors in univariate analysis were SS phenotype (p=0.003) and severe anemia (p=0.01). Conclusion: The prevalence of different types of malnutrition deficiency of sickle cell children followed at CHU-YO was high. It is important to strengthen the nutritional monitoring of children with sickle cell disease for better management of the disease.

Anterior loop of the mental nerve in Saudi sample in Riyadh, KSA. A cone beam computerized tomography study

BackgroundThe portion of inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) existent anterior to the mental foramen, before parting the canal, is referred to as the anterior loop (AL) of the IAN. The presence of AL is important when placing the implant interforaminal area of the mandible. These anatomical discrepancies can be assessed by cone-beam CT (CBCT), for evaluating its position and exact location. The AL is classified into Types I, II and III. In Type I, Y-shaped anatomy; in Type II, anatomy is T-shaped; and in Type III, Y-shaped anatomy is seen, and the incisive branch is thicker as compared to the main branch. AimIn this study, we aim to analyse the prevalence of different types of AL of the IAN in Saudi sample population. Materials and MethodsThe present study is a retrospective analysis of 149 (86 female & 63 male) CBCT images of patients records from 2018 June to 2018 September in the department of implant dentistry, KSMC, Riyadh. The age range of the patients who participated in the study was 30–60 years. The mean age of female participants is 42.5 ± 5.8, for the male participants is 48.6 ± 11.4 years respectively. ResultsThe most frequent type of AL of mental nerve noticed on the right side was of type I (59.1%), followed by type II (27.5%) and type III (13.4%). The most frequent type of AL of mental nerve noticed on the left side was type I (61.7%), followed by type II (26.8%) and type III (11.4%). ConclusionThe results of the study encourage the usage of CBCT for planning implant treatment. We also suggest that it is obligatory for professionals to categorise the presence of AL and to measure them appropriately when planning for the procedures in the interforaminal region.

Study of Epstein–Barr virus serological profile in Egyptian patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: A case-control study

BackgroundHashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is now considered one of the most prevalent autoimmune diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of different types of EBV antibodies in patients with HT in comparison to healthy controls, and to detect any correlation between EBV serological markers and different laboratory findings in HT patients. Subjects & methodsThis case-control study was conducted on 120 subjects divided into two groups: Sixty patients with HT (patients group), and sixty age and sex matched healthy volunteers (control group). All the participants were subjected to: Thyroid ultrasound, laboratory assessment including: Serum thyroid -stimulating hormone (TSH), free tetraiodothyronine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO Ab) and anti-thyroglobulin antibody (anti-TG Ab). Four types of EBV antibodies (VCA IgM, VCA IgG, EA IgG, and EBNA-1IgG) were measured in serum using ELISA. ResultsThe mean serum levels of EBV VCA IgG and EA IgG were significantly higher in HT patients group in comparison to control group. In euthyroid HT patients, a significant positive correlation was observed between the age and EBV EA IgG. While in hypothyroid HT patients, a significant positive correlation between thyroid isthmus and EBNA-1IgG was observed. A significant negative correlation was found between the serum FT3 and EBNA-1IgG and a significant positive correlation was observed between serum TSH and EBV VCA IgG. ConclusionsThe high serum levels of EBV VCA IgG and EBV EA IgG in patients with HT suggest a possible association between EBV and HT.

Analysis of cases managed by dermatological service in the Chinese peacekeeping level 1+ medical treatment facility in Lebanon, 2018–2019

IntroductionTo accomplish the peacekeeping mission in Lebanon, China has deployed a level 1+ (CHN L1+) medical treatment facility (MTF) as per the new memorandum. The aim of this study was...

Prevalence of Different Types of Anaemias in Patients having Haemoglobin below 8gm% at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Jalandhar

Background: Anemia is a condition in which the hemoglobin concentration in the blood is decreased, below the normal range. Peripheral blood smear examination and Bone marrow examinations are the two major tests done to evaluate anaemia. Materials and Methods: Study was conducted in Department of Pathology at PIMS Jalandhar. Total 100 patients having anemia (HB < 8gm%) was studied using PBF, Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. A random and non-consecutive selection of 100 anemic patients was done amongst the anemic population to study the pattern and causes of anemia. Result: This study showed that females form the majority of patients suffering from anemia. It can be the result of various causes; nutritional deficiency forms the majority of those causes. Conclusion: The present study found out high prevalence of anemia in both males and females. Anemia can be the presenting sign of various disorders which can be evaluated by Bone marrow examination.

Warnock 40 Years on: The Development of Special Educational Needs Since the Warnock Report and Implications for the Future

The report of the Warnock Committee ‘Special Educational Needs, published in 1978, provided the first comprehensive review of special educational needs (SEN) in England and the basis for subsequent legislation, from the Education Act 1981 to the recent Children and Families Act 2014. The Warnock Report has been highly influential with respect to the development of both national and local policy and practice for SEN, primarily in England but also in the UK generally and internationally. We conceived the ‘Warnock 40 Years On’ research topic published in this journal as an opportunity to examine developments for children and young people with SEN or a disability (SEND) since the Report’s publication. As editors of this research topic, in this paper we provide an overview of major elements within SEND, drawing on both the individual constituent papers and the broader policy and research literature. We examine the origins and precursors of the Warnock Review, including then current progressive conceptual development and practice, leading to an examination of the Review. We explore the legislative structure arising from the Report and implementation of the SEND system - from the Education Act 1981 onwards. We critically examine a number of key aspects of the Warnock Report and how these developments of the SEND system have taken these forward, including: categorisation of SEN; provision made to meet the special needs of children and young people with SEN or a disability, including inclusion; early identification and intervention; the important rights and role of parents; prevalence of different types of SEN and the complex interaction between SEN and a range of factors, including social disadvantage and ethnicity; and a range of SEND research. Finally we consider the implications for future development of the SEND system, in particular whether its limitations can be addressed better by ‘patching up’ the system or by ‘system change’. Although focused on England, this paper has relevance - as did the Warnock Report – to SEND internationally.

Female librarians and male computer programmers? Gender bias in occupational images on digital media platforms

AbstractMedia platforms, technological systems, and search engines act as conduits and gatekeepers for all kinds of information. They often influence, reflect, and reinforce gender stereotypes, including those that represent occupations. This study examines the prevalence of gender stereotypes on digital media platforms and considers how human efforts to create and curate messages directly may impact these stereotypes. While gender stereotyping in social media and algorithms has received some examination in the recent literature, its prevalence in different types of platforms (for example, wiki vs. news vs. social network) and under differing conditions (for example, degrees of human‐ and machine‐led content creation and curation) has yet to be studied. This research explores the extent to which stereotypes of certain strongly gendered professions (librarian, nurse, computer programmer, civil engineer) persist and may vary across digital platforms (Twitter, the New York Times online, Wikipedia, and Shutterstock). The results suggest that gender stereotypes are most likely to be challenged when human beings act directly to create and curate content in digital platforms, and that highly algorithmic approaches for curation showed little inclination towards breaking stereotypes. Implications for the more inclusive design and use of digital media platforms, particularly with regard to mediated occupational messaging, are discussed.

Recording and interpreting enamel hypoplasia in samples from archaeological and palaeoanthropological contexts

Enamel hypoplasia is often split into several macroscopic categories, including pit, localised, linear and plane-form defects. All types have been considered a sign of ‘non-specific stress’ during dental development in archaeological, as well as palaeoanthropological and other samples. There is growing evidence suggesting many defects may not be caused by illness or malnutrition during childhood, instead relating to trauma to the developing tooth, genetic conditions or specific environmental factors, i.e., may not be associated with ‘stress’ to the individual. In this study all types of macroscopic enamel hypoplasia were recorded, including pitting, linear, plane and localised type defects, in two extant great ape species and three fossil hominin species. The aim is to compare the characteristics and prevalence of different types of enamel hypoplasia among species and discuss potential differences in aetiology. The results show that samples have diverse prevalence's of different kinds of defects, and pitting, linear and localised defects likely have different aetiologies. Additionally, dental characteristics (e.g., tooth morphology, developmental timing/speed and enamel structure) heavily influence the likelihood of specific types of enamel hypoplasia forming. In sum, studies that include only one type of enamel hypoplasia, or focus on one tooth type, to generate a ‘stress’ rating for a sample may miss relevant information when comparing groups. Instead, it may be beneficial to record different types of defects separately, for all teeth, and then consider how genetic, environmental and tooth property factors may influence sample differences.

The prevalence of various eyelid skin lesions in a single-centre observation study.

IntroductionThe role of the eyelids is to protect and moisturise the eye. Despite its small relative surface area, 5–10% of skin cancers originate in the eyelids.AimTo assess the prevalence of different types of skin lesions in the area of eyelids based on retrospective histopathology data from a tertiary centre.Material and methodsAmong 544 included eyelid lesions, 429 (79%) were benign and 115 (21%) were malignant. In the benign group, the most common finding was a chalazion (49.2%) followed by squamous papilloma (22.8%), seborrheic keratitis (10%), epidermal cyst (8.2%), and intradermal nevus (5.1%). Out of all malignant lesions, the most common diagnosis was basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in 110 (95.7%) patients.ResultsSquamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was diagnosed in 3 (2.6%) patients and sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC) in 2 (1.7%). No malignant melanoma was identified in the studied group.ConclusionsAlthough benign lesions are the most common eyelid tumours, it is essential to differentiate between benign and malignant eyelid tumours because early detection and appropriate treatment may improve the cosmetic effect and reduce recurrences.

Bacteriological Profile of Pyoderma Cases Attending the Dermatology Department in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction: Pyoderma, a commonly found skin disease among the general population in developing countries, is a challenge to the dermatologists due to its changing spectrum and antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Aim: To know the prevalence of different types of pyoderma, causative organisms, their antibiotic susceptibility with special reference to prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Materials and Methods: It was a prospective cross-sectional study which includes 402 clinically diagnosed cases of pyoderma who presented to the Department of Dermatology (both outdoor and indoor) from 15th May 2019-15th December 2019. Detailed history was taken and thorough clinical examination was done. Relevant investigations including bacterial culture and sensitivity were done. Descriptive statistics for both clinical and bacteriological characteristics were generated. Statistical comparison of categorical variables was undertaken using Chi-square test and a p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of pyoderma was 2.9%. Most of the pyoderma was observed in the 11-30 years of age group. Primary pyoderma (78.9%) was more common than secondary pyoderma, furuncle (45.1%) being the most common among primary pyodermas and infected eczema (43.5%) among secondary pyodermas. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant organism isolated in 229 cases (out of 385 isolates, 59.5%). All the Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated were sensitive to vancomycin, 96.9% were sensitive to linezolid. Conclusion:Staphylococcus aureus was the primary pathogen causing pyodermas in this study. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the organisms isolated must be taken into account before starting therapeutic treatment.

Prevalence of Different Types of Intimate Partner Violence among Ever-Married Women: A Sri Lankan Study

This study examined the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) among a sample of 600 ever-married women from a representative health administrative area located in the Kandy district of Sri Lanka. IPV was assessed using the world health organization (WHO) instrument developed for use in the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women. Among all participants 59.5% (n=357) have experienced any type of abuse (any form of physical, psychological, sexual abuse and controlling behaviour) at least once during their lifetime. Out of the total 41.3% (n=248) have experienced abuse (any form of physical, psychological and sexual abuse) during the last 12 months. Considering the lifetime IPV experiences, 39.5% (n=237) reported physical abuse, 39% (n=234) reported psychological abuse, 12.3% (n=74) reported sexual abuse and31.3% (n=188) reported generally controlling behaviour by the partner. During the last year 14.8% (n=89) have been physically, 26.3% (n=158) have been psychologically and 7.17% (n=43) have been sexually abused. The present study reveals high lifetime and past year prevalence of IPV compared to other recent studies conducted in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, different types of IPV acts were present with chronic and severe experiences. Hence, interventions should focus on different types of IPV and various abusive behaviours. Further studies are needed to assess the association of different types of IPV and the contributory factors.

Evaluation of prevalence of different types of cancer and its chemotherapy in various ethnic groups of Pakistan: A retrospective study

The objective of the study was to evaluate different types of cancer and its chemotherapy in various ethnic groups of Pakistan. Ethnic groups includes, Pukhtoons, Punjabis, Sindhis, Muhajirs, Siraikis, Memoons, Hazaras, Hindkos, Baltis, Gilgitis, Kashmiris, and Afghanis. The data was collected from well reputed hospitals located in the different provinces of Pakistan. The collected data was taken from 15 hospitals where around 8500 patients visited during 2010 to 2017. From the visited patients, 8356 were analyzed for their ethnicity, age and sex while, 144 patients (male 77 and female 67) were excluded from analysis due to incomplete information or loss of follow-up. Among 8356 patients, 3762 were male (45%) whereas, 4594 were female (55%). The chemotherapy was carried out as per National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines (NCCN- guidelines). The most common five prevalent cancer among these ethnic groups were Head and Neck, Blood, Respiratory, Genito-urinary and Breast cancer. The most common cancer in female was breast cancer while, head and neck cancer was more prevalent in male. It can be concluded that the prevalence of cancer in Pakistan is very alarming, which may be due to lack of awareness, illiteracy, lack of national cancer control programs, and economics issues.

Hematological malignancies in relation with ABO blood group at a teaching hospital, Varanasi, India

Background:There has been enormous progress in the diagnosis and treatment modalities of leukemia, but its pattern and prevalence vary throughout India. This inter-regional variation may be due to geographic, cultural or racial variation or maybe due deficiency in case of notification, especially in rural areas.Objective:The aim of our study is to determine the prevalence of different types of hematological malignancies with the ABO blood group at a teaching hospital in Varanasi, India. This cross-sectional study of 77 cases was conducted during 2016–2017 at a tertiary care center. We analyzed the age, sex, subtype of leukemia, blood group, clinical features, and laboratory parameters of patients. Age ranged between 1 year and 81 years with a male to female ratio of 1.9:1. A total of 66.3% of patients were suffering from acute leukemia and 33.7% from chronic leukemia. The most common blood group was B positive (44.8%) but no significant association was found (P = 0.822). Fever (76.6%) and generalized weakness/easy fatigability (46.75%) were common complaints, whereas pallor (68.8%) and splenomegaly (51.9%) were common signs. Cases were from 23 districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh and western Bihar. The majority of the cases (70.12%) were from 8 districts (Jaunpur, Varanasi, Azamgarh, Ballia, Bhadhoi, Gazipur, Kaimur, Rohtas) of Uttar Pradesh, India and Aurangabad district of Bihar. Acute leukemia is more prevalent than chronic leukemia with more male preponderance. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were commonly found in children, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was found in both children and adults. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) mainly noted in adults. Unclassified acute leukemia was seen mainly in children and young adults. Anemia was more severe in acute conditions and thrombocytopenia was also more in acute leukemia. The most common blood group was B positive.

Prevalence of different types of neoplasms among dogs of Himachal Pradesh, India : A preliminary study

Neoplasms are the more common and leading cause of death in dogs. The increased lifespan of dogs due to better nutrition and prophylactic measures made them more susceptible to tumors. The present study was conducted to find out the prevalence of various types of tumors in dogs in the area of Himachal Pradesh. The surgically removed tumor tissue samples were fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin, processed, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and examined under the microscope. A total of 56 dogs were found to be affected by one or another type of neoplasm during the period from 2016 to 2018. The prevalence of these neoplasms was categorized according to sex, age, location-wise and tissue type on histological examination. The present study showed female dogs had the highest prevalence rate of 55.36% compared with male dogs 44.64%. The dogs of the age group of six to nine years had the highest prevalence rate of 35.71% and lowest 37.50% in the age group of less than 3 years. Genitalia was found to be the most common site affected by the tumor. A transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) has the highest prevalence rate of 37.50% followed by squamous cell carcinoma (12.50%) and mammary carcinoma (10.79%).

Study of resistance pattern of isolated micro-organisms towards commonly used anti-microbial agents in medical intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital

Background: The objective of the study was to find out different types of biological samples from admitted patients tested for culture and sensitivity (C&amp;S), prevalence of different types of organisms isolated from those samples, and to analyze the resistance pattern of those isolated organisms against commonly used or tested anti-microbial agents (AMAs).Methods: Following institutional ethics committee approval and written informed consent, adult patients of both genders, receiving AMAs were enrolled from June 2014 to July 2015 and followed up daily till they were in medical intensive care unit (MICU). Demographic data, diagnosis, culture-sensitivity (antibiogram) and other investigation reports and treatment details were recorded. Descriptive statistical analysis of collected data was done.Results: Of the 514 samples (from 600 patients enrolled) sent for C&amp;S testing, 143 were reported as sterile while from the rest 371 samples, 504 organisms were isolated; commonly isolated organisms were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (30%), Acinetobacter baumannii (23%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16%), Providencia sp. (7.1%), Escherichia coli (5.7%), and Enterobacter sp. (4.2%). Samples were sent in 63% of enrolled patients, the commonest being broncho-alveolar lavage (48% of total). Microbial resistance was high for cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, cefepime, ceftazidime), carbapenems (meropenem, imipenem), penicillins (piperacillin), quinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin), aminoglycosides (gentamicin, netilmicin, amikacin) and cotrimoxazole. Most organisms were sensitive to colistin (100%), polymyxin B (92%) and tigecycline (69%).Conclusions: The information regarding commonly isolated organisms and their resistant pattern would aid in rational selection of AMAs and thus the present study is useful to clinicians managing MICU and the hospital infection committee to plan future policies regarding AMA use in MICU.

Intimate Partner Violence and Depression in Women in China.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is recognized as a major public health and social problem globally, with consequences for the individual, family, and society. But there is relatively little research on IPV in China. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of different types of violence among women and to determine the risk factors and the association with depression. A cross-sectional study among women who had ever been in a relationship was conducted in six provinces across the three regions of China from July to September 2018 using a self-completion questionnaire developed for the study. The provincial capital and one rural county were purposively selected in each province. Questionnaires were distributed in hospitals and public places. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was used to measure depression. Data for 2,987 women were analyzed. The prevalence of psychological, physical, and sexual violence was 77.7%, 40.2%, and 11%, respectively: 52% had experienced two or three types of violence in their life. After adjustment, risk factors for all-type IPV were low occupational status, having one child or more, living in western provinces, having an income lower than partner's, and economic pressure. The prevalence of depression was 65.8% in women who experienced psychological violence, 69.5% for physical violence, and 75.8% for sexual violence. For psychological, physical, and sexual violence, the odds ratio for depression were 2.57 (95% confidence interval [CI] = [2.15, 3.07]), 2.07 [1.76, 2.43], and 2.26 [1.73, 2.95], respectively, after controlling for age, occupation, education attainment, and residence. There is a clear need to raise awareness about IPV and to develop approaches for prevention and management. The new Domestic Violence Law represents a step in the right direction.

The identity of the largest enterprises located in Poland and communication of corporate social activities on corporate websites

Today’s enterprises are becoming more and more socially active. In some respects, they are starting to resemble third-sector organizations. In the context of progressive isomorphism, the issue of organizational identity deserves attention. Identity is based, among others, on organizational mission and values, whose management requires the shaping of coherent links between these components, as well as actual efforts and their communication. Modern enterprises are markedly fond of using electronic media, including corporate websites, to communicate with the audience. The purpose of the article is to determine the prevalence of different types of missions and values among the largest enterprises located in Poland, especially those related to CSR, as well as to identify the relationship between their declared CSR missions and values and the presentation of selected corporate social activities on their corporate websites. It was found that two-thirds of the analyzed companies posted missions on their corporate websites. In most cases they declared focus on costumers, and less often - product superiority, innovation, or responsibility. Less than half of the companies presented organizational values through their websites. Those which prevailed are: professional, ethical, relational, and describing attitudes towards the environment. The analysis shows that every second analyzed company presented missions and values that referred to issues related to social responsibility. Enterprises that included references to responsibility towards the environment in their mission communicated only some of the corporate social activities. It was different in the case of enterprises which pointed to the importance of societal values among the declared values. Such organizations more often pursued CSR activities and communicated them. Therefore, it can be conclude that a better predictor of the effects of identity management in the area of CSR was the declaration of values related to social responsibility.