Prevalence Of Diarrhea Research Articles

Impact of integrated WASH and maternal and child health interventions on diarrhea disease prevalence in a resource-constrained setting in Kenya

BackgroundWater, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and child health interventions are proven simple and cost-effective strategies for preventing diarrhea and minimizing excess mortality. Individually, they are able to prevent diarrhea though sub-optimally, and their effectiveness when combined may be higher. This study examined the effect of integrated WASH and maternal and child health (MCH) interventions on prevalence of diarrhea, in a resource-limited setting in Kenya.MethodsA controlled intervention was implemented in Narok County. The interventions included WASH interventions integrated with promotion of MCH. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on targeted indicators before and after the interventions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square to establish the impact of the interventions.ResultsA total of 431and 424 households and 491 and 487 households in intervention and control sites, respectively, participated in the baseline and endline surveys. Following implementation of the interventions, prevalence of diarrhea decreased by 69.1% (95% CI: 49.6–87.1%) and 58.6% (95% CI: 26.6–82.4%) in the intervention and control site, respectively. Treatment of drinking water and animal husbandry practices were significantly associated with diarrhea post-interventions.ConclusionsIntegrating WASH interventions with other diarrhea control strategies and contextualizing them to meet site-specific needs may effectively prevent diarrhea.

Under five children diarrhea prevalence and associated factors in slum areas of Gondar City Northwest Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study

Slum areas in Ethiopia have high poverty status. In addition, they possess poor water and sanitation accesses such as unsafe drinking water, a lower number of sanitation facilities and poor hygienic conditions. These scenarios are important in the occurrence of diarrhea among under five children’s. However, there are many studies conducted on diarrhea among under five children in Ethiopia, unfortunately, the majority usually didn’t give enough coverage for the burden of diarrhea among under five children in slum areas. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of diarrhea and associated factors among under five children in slum areas of Gondar City. This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in slum areas of Gondar City among under five children from March 28 to April 28, 2023. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to collect a sample of 836 through interview-administered methods using a structured data collection tool. The collected data was manually checked for completeness, coded, and entered into EPI Info version 7.1.5.2 software. It was then exported to Stata version 14.1 software for descriptive analysis, as well as bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses, to identify factors associated with diarrhea among under five children. The prevalence of diarrhea among under five children at 95% confidence interval was 24.64% (CI 21.71–27.56). Mothers/caretakers age < 25 years (AOR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.16–3.06), mothers/caretakers age between 28 and 31 years (AOR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.08–3.05), mothers/caretakers who had no formal education (AOR = 3.18, 95% CI 1.86–5.41), mothers/caretakers who had primary education (AOR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.09–2.57), income level between 4877 and 5643 Ethiopian Birr (AOR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.04–3.15), family size greater than five (AOR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.00–2.36), flies around the house (AOR = 2.27, 95% CI 1.38–3.73), playground not clean (AOR = 2.70, 95% CI 1.62–4.50), breastfed for ≥ 1 year (AOR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.41–0.97), mothers/caretakers who did not wash their hands before food preparation and eating (AOR = 2.31, 95% CI 1.39–3.58), mothers/caretakers who did not wash their hands after visiting latrine (AOR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.07–2.38) were significantly associated factors with diarrhea among under five children in slum areas of Gondar City. The study indicates that the prevalence of diarrhea was higher among under five children in slum areas of Gondar City. The Gondar City Administration Education Bureau should give great emphasis on improving mother’s and caretaker’s education. In addition, the Gondar City Administration Health Bureau should educate mothers and caretakers about breastfeeding, sanitation, and hygiene in the slum areas of Gondar City.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Aeromonas-Associated Diarrhea Among Children in Asia.

Background: Diarrheal illness is a prominent public health worry in developing countries, resulting in high mortality among children. Sociodemographic characteristics and geographic settings are the main effective factors for the increased incidence of childhood diarrhea. Aeromonas is a neglected organism capable of causing dysentery and diarrhea. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the prevalence of Aeromonas as an agent in the causation of diarrhea in Asian children. Methods: We conducted a systematic review using Web of Science, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Science Direct, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed articles published between January 2000 and February 2023. We considered studies that found Aeromonas in diarrheal stool. A random-effects model was used to determine the pooled prevalence of Aeromonas. Results: Our search returned 2,057 articles, with 17 articles from seven Asian nations being included in the systematic review. The pooled prevalence of Aeromonas was 4.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.9%-6.8%), with heterogeneity (I2 = 96.85; p < 0.001). There was a greater prevalence in areas with high population living in poverty (12.2%; 95% CI: 5.8%-24%) and lower-middle-income countries (5.0%; 95% CI: 2.7%-9.0%). In addition, the prevalence of Aeromonas was greater in South Asia (10.0%; 95% CI: 5.6%-17.2%), in India (12.9%; 95% CI: 6.8%-23%), and in countries with open defecation rate of 5%-25% (11.3%; 95% CI: 6.3%-19.2%). Conclusion: The prevalence of Aeromonas-associated diarrhea in children in Asia estimated in the present study highlighted the high burden of Aeromonas in some parts of Asia.

Environmental and Life Conditions Associated with Childhood Diarrhea in the Rural Area in Southern Brazil: an Exploratory Study

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the conditions of basic sanitation and its association with the prevalence of cases of childhood diarrhea in the rural area of the municipality of Alpestre (Brazil). Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises a cross-sectional epidemiological study. Data collection was carried out through a survey of information conducted through home interviews. Socioeconomic conditions and basic sanitation were investigated, in addition to caregiver-reported diarrhea in children. For data alnalysis, the information contained in the questionnaires was entered into a database in the Epi InfoTM software. Results and Discussion: This study can be an example of the one health concept approach. The results obtained revealed the prevalence of 13.4% of diarrhea had been associated with factors of the peri-domiciliary environment such as the quality of the water consumed and its storage, sewage treatment, the presence of domestic animals on the rural property, solid waste destination, and socioeconomic conditions. Research Implications: Social and economic policies in favor of environmental health are essential, especially for the health of children. Community health agents are important to the application of public policies related to health education, aiming to expand access to sanitation services and improve conditions in rural areas with a focus on the most vulnerable families. Originality/Value: The relevance of this research is its contribution to the literature by showing tha rural areas have difficult socio-economic conditions, the prevalence of diarrhea was associated with poor sanitation, and public policies related to health education for rural population are needed.

Exploring disease dynamics of acute diarrhoeal disease in cold desert Ladakh-India: A geographical analysis

Background/AimAcute Diarrhoeal disease (ADD) has a significant impact on public health and is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity. The present study attempts to study the spatiotemporal distribution of incidences of ADD and also tries to identify the geographical risk factors by associating socioeconomic and environmental factors with the prevalence of ADD. MethodsThis cross-sectional study conducted micro-level analysis in 24 randomly chosen villages, representing 5 % of Ladakh's medical blocks, to gather household data on diarrhoeal diseases, encompassing demographic, socio-economic, and residential environmental factors. Our dataset combines primary and secondary data. We utilized binary logistic regression to evaluate associations between these factors and diarrhoeal disease prevalence. ResultsSpatio-temporal analysis in Ladakh's medical blocks revealed significant variations in diarrhoeal disease incidence, with Leh district showing higher rates compared to Kargil. The under-14 age group exhibited the highest ADD incidence (163.46 per 1000 persons), followed by the over-59 age group (43.73) and the 14–59 age group (8.90), with an overall prevalence rate of 38.91 per 1000 population. Factors such as education levels, household income, sewage drainage facilities, residential environment, and drinking water sources showed statistically significant associations with diarrhoea prevalence among surveyed households of Ladakh. ConclusionsThis research highlights the importance of addressing environmental and socio-economic determinants to mitigate the burden of diarrhoeal diseases in Ladakh. Effective interventions targeting improved sanitation, access to clean water, and socio-economic development are crucial for reducing diarrhoeal disease prevalence in the region.

Temporal trends of diarrheal diseases and associated treatment responses among children aged under five: Insight from the multiple Indicator Cluster surveys from 2006 to 2019

BackgroundDespite significant progress in its health sector, Bangladesh has a high burden of diarrheal mortality and morbidity in the South Asian region. Given recent major social and economic transitions in Bangladesh, it is important to examine how patterns of diarrhea and its treatment have evolved over the past few decades. The current study aims to assess the temporal changes in the frequency of diarrhea and identify the factors that influence whether affected children receive proper treatment. MethodsThe current study utilized data from three Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), 2006, 2012–13, and 2019, respectively. Binary logistic regressions were conducted, and the reported results included odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant (α = 0.05). ResultsThe prevalence of diarrhea in Bangladesh declined from 7.05% in 2006 to 3.91% in 2012–13, but then increased to 8.78% in 2019. The proportion of children with diarrhea who received oral rehydration therapy (ORT) was 68.91%, 77.35%, and 70.59% respectively. Binary logistic regression indicated that older children (OR:0.54; CI:0.51–0.58), females (OR:0.92; CI:0.86–0.98), children from upper quintile families, and children from mothers having primary education (OR:0.9; CI:0.83–0.98) were less likely to suffer from diarrhea. However, the odds of receiving proper treatment with ORT were higher among older children (OR:1.45; CI:1.26–1.68), children from the rich and richest quintiles (OR:1.85; CI:1.47–2.32 and OR:1.7; CI:1.32–2.2 respectively). Also, it was the same for children from mothers with primary (OR:1.19; CI:1.01–1.41) and secondary or above education (OR:1.32; CI:1.12–1.56). ConclusionA targeted approach is needed to reduce diarrhea and promote the use of ORT. Maternal education can be an important intervention, and steps should be taken to reduce poverty. Future policies should consider strategies focusing on socioeconomic and environmental factors.

The role of community health and nutrition volunteers in improving the health and nutrition status of infant and young children in remote areas, Hajjah, Yemen

BackgroundIn Yemen, morbidity and malnutrition are major public health problems. The Community Health and Nutrition Volunteers (CHNVs) program was launched to tackle these problems through providing services to mothers and their children residing in remote villages. Since establishment of the CHNVs program in Yemen, its outcome has never been evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the role of CHNVs in improving the immunization, morbidity and nutritional status of infant and young children (IYC).MethodsA comparative cross-sectional study design was conducted in Al-Maghrabah and Bani-Qais districts, Hajjah governorate. It was carried out between January and April 2023. A three-stage cluster sampling method was used. A total of 926 IYC with their mothers were interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire. SPSS 26 was used for data analysis. The multinomial logistic regression and chi-square or fisher exact tests were used to compare the vaccination, morbidity and nutritional status of IYC between the volunteer and non-volunteer villages. Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were calculated. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe IYC in volunteer villages were more likely to be fully or partially vaccinated compared to those in non-volunteer villages [OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.5–3.7, p < 0.0001, and OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.3–2.8, p = 0.001, respectively]. The specific coverage rates for BCG, and the 1st and 2nd doses of OPV/Pentavalent/Pneumo/Rota vaccines were significantly higher in the volunteer compared to non-volunteer villages [(OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.3–2.5, p < 0.0001), (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2–2.1, p = 0.003), and (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2-2.0, p = 0.002), respectively]. Moreover, the prevalence of diarrhea and fever among IYC was significantly lower in the volunteer compared to non-volunteer villages [(OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5–0.9, p = 0.004) and (OR = 0.7 95% CI: 0.5–0.9, p = 0.045), respectively].ConclusionsThe study found that CHNVs play a significant role in improving vaccination status and the coverage rate for BCG, and 1st and 2nd doses of OPV/Pentavalent/Pneumo/Rota vaccines, and reducing the prevalence of diarrhea and fever among IYC in their villages compared to non-volunteer villages, in Hajjah governorate. Future follow-up study and expansion to other settings in different governorates is recommended.

Determinants of diarrheal disease in children undergoing complementary feeding in a low-income urban setting in Kenya.

This study aimed to identify and characterise the determinants influencing the occurrence of diarrheal diseases in children aged 6-24 months undergoing complementary feeding within a low-income urban community in Kenya. This study followed a cross-sectional design and recruited caregivers of children aged 6-24 months from 302 households. The dependent variable was the 2-week diarrhoea prevalence among children, with independent variables including sociodemographic characteristics, child immunisation and feeding status, and water and sanitation facilities. Data analysis was performed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were used to assess associations between independent variables and the occurrence of diarrheal diseases. The majority of caregivers were female (n = 282, 93.4%), aged 25-34 years (n = 156, 51.7%), had attained secondary school education (n = 154, 51%), were unemployed (n = 162, 53.6%), and earned Ksh 10,000 (USD 100) or less. 296 (98%) indexed children were fully vaccinated against rotavirus. Most households used improved drinking water sources (n = 272, 90.1%). Most caregivers did not regularly wash their hands with soap and water (n = 225, 74.5%). The 2-week diarrhoea prevalence among children was 34.1% (103/302), with 69.9% (72/103) of these cases seeking care at a healthcare facility. Logistic regression analysis revealed that children of caregivers earning Ksh 20,000 and below (aOR = 2.9[1.3-6.5], p = 0.01), and those from households using unimproved sanitation facilities (aOR = 1.9 [CI 1-3.4], p = 0.042), had significantly higher odds of having diarrhoea. The study found a high prevalence of diarrhoea in Kenyan children aged 6-24 months, with caregiver income and household sanitation facilities significantly impacting the occurrence of the disease. The study suggests integrated approaches, including education, income generation, hygiene, and improved nutrition, to address the burden of diarrheal disease.

Effects of dam metabolic profile and seasonality (Spring vs. Winter) on their offspring' metabolism, health, and immunity: maternal factors in dairy calves' analytes.

Maternal status during the transition period can significantly impact the health and performance of Holstein dairy calves, with lasting effects on various variables. However, the relationship between maternal late gestation metabolic status, seasonality, and their impact on offspring remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the influence of maternal variables at calving on the performance, metabolism, and immunity of 28 dairy calves during their first month of life. Blood samples were collected from 28 Holstein cows at calving. Median results for maternal variables including non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucose, total protein (TP), albumin, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), haptoglobin (Hp), body weight (BW), and body condition score (BCS) were determined. These median values served as a basis for categorizing the offspring into two groups based on their dams' high or low degree of each maternal variable. Additionally, calves were categorized by the season of birth (Spring vs. Winter), with 14 in each. Blood samples were collected from the calves at birth and on days 1, 7, 14, and 28 to assess IgG, biochemical parameters, and haptoglobin concentration. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by polymorphonuclear cells stimulated by various agents was also evaluated. Clinical assessments were conducted for diarrhea and bovine respiratory disease frequencies. Despite the overall health of the cows, differences were observed in the calves between maternal groups. Heavier cows with high maternal BCS tended to have larger offspring, while high maternal BCS was associated with increased diarrhea prevalence. Low maternal BCS resulted in a stronger innate immune response, indicated by higher ROS production. Calves from cows experiencing metabolic changes during calving displayed elevated Hp concentrations. Spring-born calves were larger but had lower serum IgG concentration and reduced innate immune response compared to winter-born calves. Additionally, spring-born calves exhibited higher Hp and increased diarrhea prevalence on day 28. These findings underscore the importance of the prenatal period in determining neonatal health and suggest further research to elucidate the long-term clinical implications of maternal effects on offspring health and growth. Investigating offspring constituents later in life can provide insight into the persistence of maternal effects over time.

Prevention and home‐based management of childhood diarrhoea in an urban informal settlement in Northern Ghana; a cross‐sectional study of maternal knowledge, attitude and practices

AbstractBackgroundThe burden of diarrhoea morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years is higher in developing countries than in developed regions. Residents of informal settlements in many developing lower‐and‐middle‐income countries (LMICs) have a relatively high prevalence of diarrhoea and diarrhoea‐related diseases. Mothers are the burden bearers during children's diarrhoea episodes. Therefore, maternal knowledge and management skills are important to minimise the effects of morbidity and mortality associated with diarrhoeal diseases.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study was conducted among mothers residing in an informal settlement to assess their knowledge of diarrhoea prevention and home‐based management practices. An interviewer‐based questionnaire was used to gather information, imported into Microsoft Excel (Microsoft) and exported to STATA software version 13.1 (Stata) for data analysis. We performed descriptive multivariable analysis to find out participants knowledge of diarrhoea prevention and home‐based management practices and associated factors.ResultsA total of 428 participants participated in this study, with the majority, 6 64.5% (276/428) having good knowledge of prevention and home‐based management of diarrhoea among children under 5 years. Multivariable logistic regression analysis, participants who were multiparous and completed tertiary were 4.01 [confidence interval (CI) = 3.23–7.15; p = &lt;0.0001] and 2.02 (CI = 2.16–4.91; p = 0.005) times likely to have good knowledge. Participants who had attained tertiary education and earned monthly income above Gh¢ 4000 were 7.21 (CI = 5.24–16.5; p &lt; 0.0001) and 12.4 (CI = 4.80–33.3; p &lt; 0.0001) likely to have good practice of prevention and home‐based management of diarrhoea among children under 5 years.ConclusionThese findings may serve as a basis for developing specific interventions to enhance good knowledge and good practice regarding home‐based management of diarrhoea among children under five. Practitioners can provide targeted education, empower mothers to implement proper preventive measures and timely interventions thereby reducing the impact and severity of diarrhoeal episodes in children under 5 years in urban informal settlements.

Gambaran Kejadian Diare Balita di Kabupaten Minahasa Utara tahun 2021-2023

Diarrhea in underfive children is a disease with a fairly short pathogenesis, but can be fatal if not given good management, especially in pediatric patients. The purpose of this study is to describe the incidence of diarrhea underfive children in North Minahasa in 2021-2023. This is a quantitative research will be carried out in North Minahasa Regency in April-May 2023. The variables studied are the incidence of toddler diarrhea in North Minahasa based on time and place in 2021-2023. This study used secondary data from the North Minahasa District Health Office. The data obtained are then analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the prevalence of underfive children diarrhea in 2021 was 473 cases, of which the most cases were found at the Kauditan Health Center, which was 80 cases and the most occurred in May as many as 231 cases. The prevalence of diarrhea underfive children in 2022 is 474 cases, of which the most cases are found at the Kauditan Health Center, which is 60 cases and the most occur in January, August and November, each with 60 cases. The prevalence of diarrhea underfive children in 2023 (January-February) is 86 cases, of which the most cases are found at the Kolongan Health Center, which is 28 cases, in January 2023 as many as 51 cases. It can be concluded that the most cases of underfive children diarrhea were found in Kolongan and Kauditan Health Centers in January. Therefore, it is necessary to make efforts to prevent toddler diarrhea such as health promotion, risk factor screening and others.

Lactiplantibacillus argentoratensis AGMB00912 alleviates salmonellosis and modulates gut microbiota in weaned piglets: a pilot study

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Lactiplantibacillus argentoratensis AGMB00912 (LA) in reducing Salmonella Typhimurium infection in weaned piglets. The investigation focused on the influence of LA on the gut microbiota composition, growth performance, and Salmonella fecal shedding. The results indicated that LA supplementation significantly improved average daily gain and reduced the prevalence and severity of diarrhea. Fecal analysis revealed reduced Salmonella shedding in the LA-supplemented group. Furthermore, LA notably altered the composition of the gut microbiota, increasing the levels of beneficial Bacillus and decreasing those of harmful Proteobacteria and Spirochaetes. Histopathological examination showed less intestinal damage in LA-treated piglets than in the controls. The study also observed that LA affected metabolic functions related to carbohydrate, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism, thereby enhancing gut health and resilience against infection. Short-chain fatty acid concentrations in the feces were higher in the LA group, suggesting improved gut microbial activity. LA supplementation enriched the population of beneficial bacteria, including Streptococcus, Clostridium, and Bifidobacterium, while reducing the number of harmful bacteria, such as Escherichia and Campylobacter. These findings indicate the potential of LA as a probiotic alternative for swine nutrition, offering protective effects to the gut microbiota against Salmonella infection.

Effect of a Community-Led Total Sanitation Intervention on the Incidence and Prevalence of Diarrhea in Children in Rural Ethiopia: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial

Effect of a Community-Led Total Sanitation Intervention on the Incidence and Prevalence of Diarrhea in Children in Rural Ethiopia: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial

Pulmonary and Extra-Pulmonary Persistent COVID-19 sequalae

Abstract Background This study aimed to assess the prevalence of the pulmonary and extrapulmonary symptoms and complications extending beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, Post COVID conditions can include a wide range of ongoing health problems; these conditions can last weeks, months, or longer, they are a wide range of new, returning, or ongoing health problems that people experience after being infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, it is a retrospective study conducted on 139 recovering patients of COVID-19 (3 months from the infection). Aim of the Work The aim of the work is to assess the prevalence of Pulmonary and extrapulmonary symptoms and signs extending beyond the acute phase of COVID-19. Patients and Methods A retrospective study conducted through self-reported surveys from May 2022 to October 2022. The study was conducted on 139 recovering patients of COVID-19, who presented to the Chest department at Ain Shams University after approval of the medical ethical committee. The study was conducted through self-reported surveys including Risk factors such as Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, dna the severity of COVID-19 infection to assess the prevalence of the Pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications extending beyond the acute phase of COVID-19. Results Regarding the associated co-morbidities hypertension was the most frequent disease found in 28.1% of patients followed by DM which was found in 23% of patients then chronic lung disease in 18.7% of patients. Regarding general symptoms of COVID-19, dry cough was the most common symptom found in 81.3% of patients followed by fatigue in 79.1% of patients then fever in 71.9%. 59% of patients reported anosmia while sore throat was reported in 49.6% of cases. More than twenty-five (25.9) of COVID-19 patients required hospital admission, while 22.3 required oxygen therapy and 11.5 of patients required ICU admission. fatigue was the tsom common DIVOC-tsom general symptom found in 73.4% of patients. As regards DIVOC-tsom Pulmonary manifestations, the prevalence of dyspnea, chest pain, and persistent cough was the highest occurring in 54%, 46.8%, and 28.8% of patients respectively. Regarding DIVOC-tsom cardiac manifestations, the prevalence of palpitation, pulmonary embolism, and myocardial infarction was 24.5%, 2.9%, and 2.2% respectively. Regarding DIVOC-tsom neurological manifestations, the headache was the most common symptom found in 18.7% of the patients, while the prevalence of stroke, fits, and Guillain-Barré syndrome was 1.4%, 0.7, and 0.7% respectively. Concerning DIVOC-tsom psychological manifestations, the prevalence of lack of concentration, memory problems, and insomnia was 61.9,36%, and 23% respectively. In addition, the prevalence of mood changes, depression, and ertdmra-omeroo problems was 27.3%, 22.3%, and 18% respectively. And Concerning post-COVID gastrointestinal manifestations, the prevalence of abdominal pain and persistent diarrhea was the highest found in 13.7% and 7.2% of the patients respectively. Regarding post-COVID ENT manifestations, the prevalence of anosmia was 18.7%. Regarding post-COVID drug problems, the prevalence of gastritis, hypertension, and elevated random blood sugar was 25.2%, 22.3%, and 15.1% respectively. More than thirty two (32.4%) of the patients needed hospitalization due to post-COVID syndrome. Conclusion Long COVID syndrome is a frequent and may lead to very serious conditions, hospitalization and mental health problems. Follow up COVID 19 patients and make them familiar of the possible post covid complications especially the serious ones will help for early recognition and management of these complications. Post COVID 19 syndrome may affect multiple systems and symptoms vary from mild to very serious conditions.

Prevalence and correlates of diarrhoea among children under five in selected coastal communities in Ghana

IntroductionDiarrhoea is a preventable disease affecting children under five years disproportionately. Globally, thousands of children die from diarrhoea related diseases each year, most deaths occuring in sub-Saharan Africa where Ghana is located. Coastal communities bear the greatest brunt due to poor sanitary conditions. We assess the prevalence of diarrhoea in selected coastal communities along the eastern coast of Ghana.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study in Mumford, Opetekwei, Anyako, Anyauni and Ateteti communities in the Central, Greater Accra and Volta region respectively. We interviewed households with children under five years on the occurrence of diarrhoea and health seeking practices. We also used a checklist to assess the sanitary conditions of the household. Frequencies and proportions were generated. We determined significant differences using modified Poisson regression models at p < 0.05. Results were presented in tables and text.ResultsThe prevalence ratio of diarrhoea was 36% (95% CI 33–40%). Most cases were from Anyako community. All interviewed households in Mumford and Opetekwei used improved water sources whiles 94% in Atetetio used improved water sources. Children who were fully vaccinated had 32% lower prevalence of diarrhoea compared to those who were not (aPR: 0.68, 95% CI 0.55–0.84).ConclusionDiarrhoea prevalence was high inspite of the reported use of improved water sources and sanitation facilities by majority of households in the communities. Fully vaccinated children had a relatively lower prevalence of diarrhoea compared to children who were not fully vaccinated. We recommend in-depth analysis of the use of water and sanitation facilities in these settings to understand the reasons for the observed diarrhoea prevalence.

Determinants of diarrhea prevalence among children under 5 years in semi-arid Ghana

ABSTRACT Despite the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG6) of achieving universal access to clean water and sanitation by 2030, many developing countries still face water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)-related health issues such as child mortality caused by diarrhea. This study investigated the factors contributing to diarrhea prevalence in rural children, utilizing a cross-sectional survey (n = 517) of smallholder household representatives from a Risk, Attitudes, Norms, Abilities, and Self-Regulation (RANAS) perspective. Using binary logistic regression, the study found that a high prevalence of diarrhea among children was associated with unsafe/open disposal of child feces, living in the poorest households, poor self-rated health, and residing in the Wa East district. Conversely, children from the Brifo ethnicity and those from larger households were less likely to have a high prevalence of diarrhea. These findings underscore the influence of behavioral, socio-cultural, and socioeconomic factors on the prevalence of diarrhea in rural areas. To achieve SDG6, child-friendly sanitation infrastructure, behavior change communication strategies, and incentivizing WASH infrastructure in Ghana and other regions in Sub-Saharan Africa facing similar conditions are recommended.

Prevalence of chronic diarrhea and its association with obesity in a Chinese community-based population.

Epidemiological data on chronic diarrhea in the Chinese population are lacking, and the association between obesity and chronic diarrhea in East Asian populations remains inconclusive. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of chronic diarrhea and its association with obesity in a representative community-dwelling Chinese population. This cross-sectional study was based on a multistage, randomized cluster sampling involving 3503 residents aged 20-69years from representative urban and rural communities in Beijing. Chronic diarrhea was assessed using the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS), and obesity was determined based on body mass index (BMI). Logistic regression analysis and restricted cubic splines were used to evaluate the relationship between obesity and chronic diarrhea. The standardized prevalence of chronic diarrhea in the study population was 12.88%. The average BMI was 24.67kg/m2. Of all the participants, 35.17% (1232/3503) of participants were classified as overweight and 16.13% (565/3503) as obese. After adjustment for potential confounders, individuals with obesity had an increased risk of chronic diarrhea as compared to normal weight individuals (odds ratio=1.58, 95% confidence interval: 1.20-2.06). A nonlinear association between BMI and the risk of chronic diarrhea was observed in community residents of males and the overall participant group (P=0.026 and 0.017, respectively). This study presents initial findings on the prevalence of chronic diarrhea among residents of Chinese communities while offering substantiated evidence regarding the significant association between obesity and chronic diarrhea. These findings offer a novel perspective on gastrointestinal health management.

The nexus between household water insecurity, mother's handwashing practices, and diarrheal diseases among under-five children.

This study aimed to examine the association between household water insecurity (HWIS), mother's handwashing practices, and childhood diarrhea in the peri-urban and informal settlements of Hosanna town. A community-based cross-sectional study involving 424 mothers was carried out in Hosanna town, and the data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire, HWISE Scale, and an observational checklist. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyze the data. The study revealed that the prevalence of HWIS and diarrhea among under-five children was 68.6% and 16%, respectively. Only 42.2% of the mothers had good handwashing practices. Good knowledge of handwashing, positive attitudes toward handwashing, household water security (HWS), and the presence of handwashing facilities were significantly associated with good handwashing practices. Children aged 6-11 months, HWIS, uncovered and wide-mouthed water storage containers, unsafe child's stool disposal practices, and hands not washed with soap after defecation, before preparing food, and feeding a child were significantly associated with the occurrence of diarrhea. The prevalence of diarrhea and HWIS was very high. The majority of the mothers had poor handwashing practices. Therefore, findings suggest interventions to improve HWS and mother's handwashing practices, which could reduce the risk of diarrheal diseases.

2-week prevalence and associated factors of fever, diarrhea, and coexisting fever and diarrhea among children aged 6–23 months in rural Hunan Province

Fever and diarrhea are key causes of malnutrition, growth and development disorders, and death among children. At present, most studies on the associated factors of fever and diarrhea in children are concentrated in African and South Asian countries, but relevant research in China is very limited. This study was aimed to analyze the two-week prevalence of fever, diarrhea, and coexisting fever and diarrhea among children aged 6–23 months in rural areas of Hunan Province and to explore the associated factors. The survey data of the Nutrition Improvement Program for Children in Poor Areas (NIPCPA) from 2016 to 2023 was used here. NIPCPA is a cross-sectional survey completed annually in Hunan to collect children’s nutrition and health indicators. The two-week prevalence rates of fever, diarrhea, and coexisting fever and diarrhea among children aged 6–23 months were 12.2% (2066/16,985), 9.6% (1634/16,985), and 3.2% (542/16,985), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed the risks of fever, diarrhea, and coexisting fever and diarrhea were higher among younger children. The high educational level of caregivers, effective consumption of Yingyangbao (a complementary food supplement containing iron, zinc, calcium, vitamins A, D, B1, B2, B12, folic acid, and other micronutrients), and complementary feeding meeting minimum dietary diversity and meeting minimum acceptable diet were protective factors against fever in children, with adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of 0.87 (95%CI: 0.78–0.98), 0.78 (0.69–0.87), 0.73 (0.65–0.82), and 0.74 (0.66–0.84), respectively. Effective consumption of Yingyangbao, and complementary feeding meeting the minimum dietary diversity and meeting minimum acceptable diet were protective factors against diarrhea in children, with aORs of 0.72 (95%CI: 0.63–0.83), 0.79 (0.70–0.91), and 0.80 (0.70–0.92), respectively. Effective consumption of Yingyangbao, and complementary feeding meeting the minimum dietary diversity and meeting minimum acceptable diet were protective factors against coexisting fever and diarrhea among children, with aORs of 0.53 (95%CI: 0.43–0.66), 0.71 (0.58–0.89), and 0.70 (0.56–0.88), respectively. Fever, diarrhea, and the coexisting fever and diarrhea affect one in eight, one in ten, and one in thirty children respectively in rural areas of Hunan. Effective interventions should be actively taken, such as improving the education level of caregivers, enhancing their scientific feeding skills for children, and promoting children’s compliance with Yingyangbao consumption, to further reduce the prevalence of fever and diarrhea in children.

Molecular survey of certain protozoan agents that cause diarrhea in children in Sudan.

Diarrhea is a significant health problem in the Third World. Identification of the pathogen that causes diarrhea is vital for measures to prevent and control this disease. There are also very few reports of diarrhea in Sudan. Our study aimed to determine the Prevalence of specific protozoan pathogens ( Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium parvum., and Giardia spp) in children in Khartoum, Sudan. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among children under five years of age who were hospitalized with acute diarrhea between April and December 2014. Diarrheal stool samples were collected and E. histolytica, C. parvum, and Giardia spp were examined using multiplex real-time PCR. Four hundred and thirty-seven children with acute diarrheawere included in this study; the higher Prevalence of diarrhea was in the age less than ≤ 2 years old (403,92.2%). The male-to-female ratio in this study was 1:1.7. infection with intestinal parasite was found in 155 (35.5%) cases, and co-infection was detected in 16 (10.3%) cases. Giardia spp(18.8%) and C. parvum (15.8 %) were the most frequently identified parasites, followed by E. histolytica (0.9). The parasite infection rate was highest and lowest in the under 2-year-old group (92.3%) and the 2-4-year-old group (7.3%). The infection rate was higher in boys (67.1%) than in girls (32.9%). The incidence of protozoan infection was higher in the rainy season (August to December) (92.2%), corresponding with that in the dry Season (April to June). (7.8%). Our present study demonstrated the high prevalence of Giardia spp and C. parvum in children with diarrhea in the Khartoum region and the usefulness of the multiplex real-time method in disclosing pathogenic protozoal agents. Our result highlighted the necessity of developing intervention measurement and control strategies to deal with childhood parasitic diarrhea in this region.