Prevalence Of Current Smoking Research Articles

Use of vascular access methods for hemodialysis in Serbia: Results from SerbVasc registry

Introduction: In many countries, hemodialysis is still the most common method of renal replacement. Significant regional variations exist in creating and maintaining vascular access for hemodialysis. Therefore, analyzing national registries with vascular access data is essential for developing effective national treatment strategies. The Serbian national vascular surgery registry was established as part of the VascuNet collaboration network in 2019. The registry comprehensively records vascular procedures across Serbia, including those related to vascular access for hemodialysis. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of different vascular access methods for hemodialysis in Serbia, focusing on both new and prevalent patients and examining demographic differences and risk factors. Patients and methods: The data were collected from the vascular accesses section of the SerbVasc registry over a 3-year observational period, focusing on the following aspects: number of incident and prevalent patients with types of vascular access, as well as comparison of patients with arteriovenous fistulas (AVF), arteriovenous grafts (AVG), central venous catheters (CVC), and tCVC based on age, gender, smoking, and comorbidities. Results: There were total of 1024 incident hemodialysis patients. AVF was created in 219 patients (21.4%), AVG in 5 patients (0.5%), and tCVC in 150 patients (14.6%), while hemodialysis via CVC was initiated in 650 (63.5%) patients. The total number of permanent vascular accesses for HD was 1402, comprising 686 (48.9%) distal AFVs, 220 (15.7%) proximal AVFs, 91 (6.4%) AVGs, and 405 (28.8%) tCVCs. The prevalence of current smoking was highest in the tCVC (48.3%) and lowest in the dAVF group (18.40%). Conclusion: The percentage of patients starting hemodialysis with AVF remains suboptimal. tCVC is used substantially as first and permanent access, particularly among older patients.

Effectiveness of tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship bans on smoking prevalence, initiation and cessation: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundBans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS) have the potential to influence smoking behaviour. However, many countries are yet to implement such strategies.ObjectiveThis study aimed to synthesise contemporary evidence...

Prevalence and trends of cigarette smoking among adults with HIV infection compared with the general population in Korea.

This study compared the current smoking prevalence among adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to that of the general Korean population and analyzed changes in smoking prevalence and cessation rates from 2009 to 2020. The study included a total of 10,980 adults with HIV infection who underwent a health screening examination (NHIS-NHID), 1,230 individuals with HIV infection who participated in the Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort (KoCosHIV), and 76,783 participants from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). We estimated the current smoking prevalence and the quit ratio, defined as the ratio of former smokers to ever-smokers. In the NHIS-NHID and KoCosHIV studies, the prevalence of current and former smoking among adults with HIV was 44.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 43.2 to 45.1) and 15.6% (95% CI, 14.9 to 16.3), and 47.7% (95% CI, 43.7 to 51.8) and 16.9% (95% CI, 11.8 to 22.0), respectively. In the KNHANES, these rates were 22.5% and 18.1%, respectively. The standardized prevalence ratio of current smoking among adults with HIV was 1.76 in the NHIS-NHID and 1.97 in the KoCosHIV. Furthermore, the likelihood of quitting smoking was lower among adults with HIV than in the general population (NHIS-NHID: 26.1%; 95% CI, 25.0 to 27.1; KoCosHIV: 26.2%; 95% CI, 20.2 to 32.1; KNHANES: 44.6%; 95% CI, 44.5 to 44.6). Among HIV-positive adults, there was a 1.53% decline in the current smoking rate and a 2.86% increase in the quit ratio. Adults with HIV were more likely to smoke and less likely to quit smoking than the general adult population. Tobacco screening and cessation strategies should specifically target this population.

Temporal changes in smoking prevalence among adolescents across 23 countries.

This study aimed to investigate temporal changes in smoking prevalence among adolescents aged 13-15 across 23 countries and to assess individual and country-level factors influencing smoking behaviour. This study used data from 168 286 young adolescents aged 13-15 years obtained from the Global School-based Student Health, 2003-2021. Linear regression models and meta-analyses were conducted to analyse the changes in current smoking prevalence among young adolescents. Among the 23 countries, smoking prevalence decreased in six countries, including Argentina, Fiji, Jamaica, Samoa, Tonga and Uruguay, while it increased in four countries, namely Guyana, Morocco, Thailand and Vanuatu. The prevalence of smoking was higher among male adolescents at 15.5% (95% CI 13.8%-17.2%) compared to females at 8.0% (95% CI 6.7%-9.3%). Adolescents exposed to secondhand smoke had a prevalence of 16.3% (95% CI 14.5%-18.2%), significantly higher than 4.2% (95% CI 3.7-4.6) in those not exposed. Smoking prevalence was 16.5% (95% CI 14.8%-18.2%) among those with smoking parents or guardians, compared to 8.1% (95% CI 7.1%-9.1%) among those without. The findings highlight the need for tailored tobacco control measures to reduce adolescent smoking globally. Strengthening policy enforcement and addressing social determinants of smoking are critical to achieving further reductions.

Performance of the ARC-HBR Criteria in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Significance of Smoking as an Additional Bleeding Risk Factor.

The Academic Research Consortium for High Bleeding Risk Criteria (ARC-HBR) are recommended by guidelines for bleeding risk assessment in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The aim of this study was to identify possible other risk factors and adjust the original ARC-HBR criteria for confounders. All consecutive STEMI patients managed in a Finnish tertiary hospital between 2016-2022 were identified using a database search. Data collection was done by reviewing electronic patient records. Bleeding risk was assessed according to the ARC-HBR criteria. The primary endpoint was non-access site bleeding academic research consortium (BARC) type 3 or 5 bleeding during 1-year follow-up. A total of 1548 STEMI patients were analysed. HBR criteria was fulfilled in 661 (42.7%). Multivariable competing risk analysis identified only 4 individual ARC-HBR criteria as independent risk factors for bleeding. Smoking status was identified as a novel bleeding risk factor. Current and former smokers had increased bleeding risk compared with never smokers (hazard ratio [HR] 3.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.62-5.61 and HR 1.99, CI 1.19-3.34). In those not meeting any ARC-HBR criteria, cumulative BARC 3 or 5 incidence of current smoking was 3.40% and intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) 1.36%. Thus, exceeding ARC-HBR definition for a major criterion. In the non-HBR group the prevalence of current smoking was 40.4% (n = 358). Current and former smoking predicts major bleeding complications after STEMI. Current smoking is highly prevalent among those classified as non-HBR according to the ARC-HBR criteria.

Smoking-related bias of standardized mortality ratios in rheumatoid arthritis: A modeling study

ObjectiveStandardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are age- and sex-matched to the general population, but may be biased because smoking is more common in the RA group. This modeling study used national mortality data on smokers and non-smokers to estimate the effect on SMRs of the higher smoking prevalences typically found in RA. MethodsData from the United States National Health Interview Surveys 1999–2004 were used to create hypothetical cohorts with an age-sex composition typical of patients with RA (age 30 to 79; 70 % women). The reference cohort had the smoking prevalence of the general population (21.8 % current smokers). Additional cohorts were created that had higher proportions of smokers, approximating the prevalence of smoking commonly present in RA, with smoking relative risks of 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, and 2.0 compared to the reference cohort. SMRs were computed on 2000 replicate samples in which mortality over 10 years and 15 years was compared between the higher-smoking simulated RA cohorts and the reference cohort. ResultsThe reference cohort had a prevalence of current smoking of 21.8 %. In a hypothetical RA cohort with a higher smoking prevalence, equal to a smoking relative risk of 2.0 compared to the general population, the median SMR for RA was 1.23 at 10 years and 1.17 at 15 years. At a smoking prevalence equivalent to a relative risk of 1.25, the median SMR for RA was 1.07 at 10 years and 1.04 at 15 years. Results were similar for SMRs based on relative risks that compared ever smokers to never smokers. Differences in smoking intensity between the hypothetical RA groups and reference cohorts had small effects on SMRs. ConclusionsSMRs in RA may be inflated by even small increases in the prevalence of smoking relative to the general population. In these cases, an SMR benchmark of 1.0 to represent equal mortality outcomes would be too strict.

"Behavioural and metabolic risk factors of cardiovascular diseases among post-menopausal women: A cross-sectional study in Itahari sub-metropolitan city of Nepal".

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are main cause of mortality and morbidity among women globally. Menopause, aging and different factors in collaboration leads to increased risk for CVDs among postmenopausal women but study on risk factors of CVDs among postmenopausal women is limited in Nepal. Therefore, we aimed to assess prevalence of behavioural and metabolic risk factors of cardiovascular disease among post-menopausal women. Community based cross-sectional study was carried among 390 post-menopausal women of the Itahari sub-metropolitan city. Multistage simple random sampling technique was used to collect data. Modified semi structured questionnaire STEP I, STEP II and STEP III was used as data collection tool. SPSS version 11.5 used for data analysis. Chi-square test and logistic regressions were performed at 95% confidence interval to find predictors of raised blood pressure and overweight/obesity. The mean age of respondents was 63.37 years. The prevalence of current smokers, current alcohol use, less than 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day, low level of physical activity, overweight/obesity and raised blood pressure was 9.2%, 18.2%, 86.4%, 52.3%, 56.2% and 44.4% respectively. On multivariate analysis strong predictors of overweight obesity were age ≤59 years (AOR: 3.21, CI 1.49-6.89), poor economic status (AOR: 1.764, CI: 1.120-2.779) and low physical activity (AOR: 2.132, CI: 1.350-3.370). Predictors of raised blood pressure were age ≥75 years (AOR: 2.04, CI: 1.01-4.11), unmarried and widow (AOR: 1.815, CI: 1.108-2.971), higher economic status (AOR: 1.752, CI: 1.119-2.740) and smoking (AOR: 4.109, CI: 1.737-9.718). Prevalence of behavioural and metabolic risk factors among postmenopausal women in Itahari sub-metropolitan city were alarmingly high. This calls for an early need of intervention and policies at local, provincial and institutional level to address risk factors of CVDs.

300,000 quitters and counting; A systematic approach to tobacco cessation

ObjectiveTo describe Kaiser Permanente Northern California's (KPNC) systematic implementation of universal tobacco screening, evidence-based interventions, and performance measures to achieve long-term smoking cessation success. MethodsWe outline seven key components of KPNC's tobacco screening and intervention program that contributed to a significant decline in smoking prevalence. We also report changes in the prevalence of current smokers within KPNC from 2014 to 2023 using linear regression analyses. ResultsKey factors driving the success of the tobacco cessation program included risk-based screening algorithms, alert prompts for at-risk patients, system-wide medical champions, performance tracking, virtual coaching, widespread messaging, and comprehensive medication management. Implementing this multifaceted approach across all facilities was associated with a significant reduction in smoking prevalence, from 8.6% in 2014 to 5.8% in 2023 (p < 0.0001). ConclusionOur comprehensive, system-wide approach resulted in substantial public health gains and highlights the potential of similar preventive strategies as healthcare systems transition toward value-based care.

Differences in the Relationship Between Educational Attainment and Health Status Across Racial and Ethnic Groups in a Multi-ethnic United States Older Adult Population: A Cross-Sectional Electronic Health Record-Based Study.

Introduction We aimed to describe the relationship of educational attainment with the prevalence of six health outcomes (ever and current smoking, diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) in an older adult population, including whether education-health relationships differed by health outcome, by racialand ethnic (racial/ethnic) group, and byracial/ethnic groupwithinthe same level of education. Methods This cross-sectional study used 2015-2016 electronic health record data for 149,417 non-Hispanic White (White), 15,398 African-American or other Black (Black), 15,319 Hispanic or Latino (Latino), 10,133 Filipino, and 8810 Chinese Northern California health plan members aged 65-79 years whose preferred language was English. For each racial/ethnic group, sex-specific age-standardized prevalence of the six health outcomes was estimated for four levels of education (non-high school graduate, high school graduate, some college, college graduate). Age-adjusted prevalence ratios were used to compare the prevalence between adjacent levels of education and at lower versus college graduate levels within racial/ethnic groups, and the prevalence between White adults and adults in the other racial/ethnic groups, within each level of education and overall. Results The education-health relationship varied across racial/ethnic groups and health outcomes, with gradient relationships more consistently seen for White, Black, and Latino older adults than Filipino and Chinese older adults. Even when a gradient relationship was not observed, the prevalence at the college graduate level was usually significantly lower than the prevalence at the three lower levels of education. The prevalence of current smoking, diabetes, and hypertension was higher among Black than White adults at most levels of education. Controlling for education level minimally affected comparisons of overall prevalence of health outcomes between adults in the White and the other racial/ethnic groups, with the broadest impact seen for Latino-White comparisons. Conclusions The relationship of level of education and health outcomes differs acrossracial/ethnic groupsand by health outcome. This should be taken into consideration when using education as a risk adjustment factor or predictor of health outcomes in multi-ethnic older adult populations.

The Intersection of Sexual Orientation, Substance Use, and Mental Health: Findings from Hints 5.

The data for this study were obtained from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 5, Cycle 4). Sample participants included 3583 adults (93.87% heterosexuals). We used multinomial regression to measure the relative risk ratios (RRRs) of being a former and current user versus never a user of tobacco and e-cigarettes and binomial regression to measure the odds ratios of depression between the LGBTQ and heterosexuals. Current smoking prevalence is higher among LGBTQ participants (17.3%) compared to heterosexuals (11.0%). The disparity is even greater for e-cigarette use, with 7.3% of LGBTQ participants being current users versus 2.8% of heterosexuals and 24.5% of LGBTQ participants being former users compared to 9.3% of heterosexuals. Compared to heterosexuals, the relative risk ratio of being a current tobacco user among the LGBTQ participants was about 1.75 times higher [RRR = 1.75, 95%CI = 1.16, 2.64], and that of e-cigarette use was about 2.8 times higher [RRR = 2.81, 95%CI = 1.57, 5.05]. Among current e-cigarette users, heterosexual participants had 1.9 percentage points [risk difference = 1.94, 95%CI = 1.20, 3.13] higher probability of depression, whereas among the LGBTQ participants, the risk was about 3.7 times higher [OR = 3.67, 95%CI = 1.06, 12.74]. Our findings conclude that the LGBTQ are more likely to use tobacco and e-cigarettes compared to heterosexuals and that the risk of depression from e-cigarette smoking is more pronounced among the LGBTQ participants.

Model-based algorithms to ascertain smoking in administrative health data: a registry-based validation study

Objectives We developed a machine-learning model-based algorithm (MBA) for smoking in Administrative Health Data (AHD). The validity of this MBA was compared to a rule-based algorithm (RBA). Approaches The study included adults (≥18 years) from a clinical registry containing self-reported current smoking from 2017 to 2020 in Manitoba, Canada. Clinical data were linked to up to five years of hospitalization, physician billing claims, and prescription medication records. The RBA was based on diagnosis codes for tobacco use and nicotine dependence medication. MBAs, constructed using random forest (RF) models, included these indicators in addition to comorbid condition diagnoses and sociodemographic factors. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. Results The cohort comprised 24,718 individuals (88.6% female); prevalence of current smokers was 10.0%. The RBA had sensitivity of 27.3% (95% CI: 24.2-30.7), specificity of 96.6% (95% CI: 96.1-97.0), and PPV of 47.2% (95% CI: 42.9-51.5). The MBA had sensitivity of 68.6% (95% CI: 65.1-71.9), specificity of 76.3% (95% CI: 75.2-77.3), and PPV of 24.3% (95% CI: 23.2-25.6). NPV was high irrespective of algorithms. Stratified analyses revealed similar estimates for males and females, and the number of years of AHD did not affect the MBA results. ConclusionsAn RF-based MBA for smoking ascertainment in linked AHD sources improved sensitivity compared to the RBA. However, the RBA excelled in specificity and PPV. ImplicationBalancing accurate smoker identification with the risk of false positives is crucial when choosing an algorithm to ascertain current smokers using AHD.

Sex-related inequalities in current cigarette smoking among adolescents in Africa

IntroductionRisky behaviours, including tobacco use, are highly prevalent among adolescents worldwide. Although these behaviours are largely influenced by various sociodemographic factors, including sex, there is a paucity of regionally representative literature on the sex-related inequalities in cigarette smoking among adolescents in Africa. This study examined the sex-based disparities in current cigarette smoking among adolescents aged 13–15 years in Africa.MethodsThe present study employed a secondary analysis of nationally representative data on 45 African countries obtained from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey, accessible through the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Observatory. We used the online version of the WHO Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) to generate the results.ResultsThe prevalence of current cigarette smoking among the adolescents surveyed ranged from 1.6% in Eritrea to 10.4% in Mali among the low-income countries, from 1.3% in Tanzania to 13.1% in Mauritania among the lower-middle-income countries, from 5.2% in Gabon to 15.3% in Mauritius among the upper-middle-income countries, and 14.7% in Seychelles, the only high-income country in the study. The absolute summary measure (D) showed diverse sex-related disparities in the burden of current cigarette smoking among adolescents across the sub-regions. In all countries surveyed, the prevalence of cigarette smoking was higher among male adolescents compared to females, except in Liberia and Mozambique, where female adolescents bore a more significant burden than their male counterparts. Furthermore, male adolescents were more burdened with high cigarette smoking prevalence than females in low-income countries such as Mali, Madagascar, Guinea, Burkina Faso, and The Gambia, where such disparities were most pronounced. Meanwhile, we found less disparity in the burden of cigarette smoking between male and female adolescents in most of the lower and upper-middle-income countries surveyed.ConclusionThis study sheds light on the sex-based inequalities in the prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adolescents in Africa. In contrast to female adolescents, male adolescents bear a greater burden of current cigarette smoking. The burden of cigarette smoking is most pronounced in low-income countries such as Mali, Madagascar, Guinea, Burkina Faso, and The Gambia. Conversely, in most of the lower and upper-middle-income countries surveyed, the burdens of current cigarette smoking among male and female adolescents were found to be less disparate. Consequently, cigarette smoking prevention programmes and strategies must be implemented in all African nations. There is also the need to intensify interventions aimed at altering the smoking behaviour of male adolescents. Policymakers can develop and implement evidence-based interventions to address the burden of cigarette smoking among the adolescents. Finally, existing policies and programmes addressing adolescents' cigarette smoking should be re-assessed and strengthened to achieve their objectives.

Patterns of Cigarette and Waterpipe Smoking in Erbil City, Iraq. A Household Survey

Background and objective: Globally, tobacco use is one of the most serious public health concerns and preventable causes of morbidity and mortality, expected to reach annually more than 8 million deaths by the year 2030. In light of this estimation and limited surveillance of smoking, this study aimed to identify the tobacco use trends and patterns in various forms in Erbil city. Methods: A community‐based cross‐sectional household survey was carried out from September 2021 through June 2022, on a sample of 2601 respondents selected through a multi‐stage cluster sampling method in Erbil city. A specially designed questionnaire through direct interviews was used to collect socio-demographic and smoking-related data. Results: The prevalence of current daily smoking was 44.3%, occasional smoking was 14.5%, Ex-smoking was 8.0%, and those who never smoked before 33.2%.The prevalence of cigarette, and waterpipe smoking was 37.2%, and 46.5%respectively. More than half (51.0%) had tried to quit smoking at least once in their life, while 11.9% succeeded to quit. The main reason behind quitting was anticipated health risks (97.3%). The prevalence of smoking was significantly higher among those aged 20-29 years, single, males, college education, those having skilled manual /non-manual occupations, those who have smoker friends, and from a middle socioeconomic level Conclusion: The prevalence of smoking (current daily and occasional) was more than half and about one-third never smoked before. More than half had tried to quit smoking at least once in their life but (11.9%) succeeded to quit due to anticipate health risks and family pressure.

Risk factors for non-communicable diseases in Afghanistan: insights of the nationwide population-based survey in 2018

BackgroundNoncommunicable diseases (NCDs) account for a substantial number of deaths in Afghanistan. Understanding the prevalence and correlates of major NCD risk factors could provide a benchmark for future public health policies and programs to prevent and control NCDs. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the prevalence and correlates of NCD risk factors among adults aged 18–69 years in Afghanistan.MethodsWe used data from the Afghanistan STEPS Survey 2018. The study population were 3650 (1896 males and 1754 females) adults aged 18–69 years sampled from all 34 provinces through a multistage cluster sampling process. Information on behavioural and biological risk factors was collected. We used STATA (version 18.0) for data analysis.ResultsOf the total participants, 42.8% were overweight or obese, 8.6% were current smokers, 26.9% had insufficient physical activities, 82.6% had low consumption of fruits and vegetables, and only 0.5% had ever consumed alcohol. Approximately 15% of participants had a high salt intake, while 25% and 8% had elevated blood pressure and blood glucose levels, respectively. Similarly, around 18% had elevated total cholesterol. The study revealed a lower prevalence of current smoking among females [AOR = 0.17, 95%CI (0.09–0.30)] compared with males, but a higher prevalence in those who had higher education levels [1.95 (1.13–3.36)] compared with those with no formal education. Insufficient physical activity was higher in participants aged 45–69 years [1.96 (1.39–2.76)], females [4.21 (1.98–8.84)], and urban residents [2.38 (1.46–3.88)] but lower in those with higher education levels [0.60 (0.37–0.95)]. Participants in the 25th to 75th wealth percentiles had higher odds of low fruit and vegetable consumption [2.11 (1.39–3.21)], while those in the > 75th wealth percentile had lower odds of high salt intake [0.63 (0.41–0.98)]. Being overweight/obese was more prevalent in participants aged 45–69 years [1.47 (1.03–2.11)], females [1.42 (0.99–2.01)], currently married [3.56 (2.42–5.21)] or ever married [5.28 (2.76–10.11)], and urban residents [1.39 (1.04–1.86)]. Similarly, high waist circumference was more prevalent in participants aged 45–69 years [1.86 (1.21–2.86)], females [5.91 (4.36–8.00)], those being currently married [4.82 (3.12–7.46)], and those being in 25th to 75th wealth percentile [1.76 (1.27–2.43)]. A high prevalence of elevated blood pressure was observed in participants aged 45–69 years [3.60 (2.44–5.31)] and currently married [2.31 (1.24–4.31)] or ever married [6.13 (2.71–13.8)] participants. Elevated blood glucose was more prevalent in older adults ([1.92 (1.09–3.39)] for 45–69 and [3.45 (2.44–5.31)] for 30–44 years), urban residents [2.01 (1.33–3.03)], and ever-married participants [4.89 (1.48–16.2)]. A higher prevalence of elevated cholesterol was observed in females [2.68 (1.49–4.82)] and those currently married [2.57 (1.17–5.63)] or ever married [4.24 (1.31–13.73)].ConclusionThis study used up-to-date available data from a nationally representative sample and identified the prevalence of NCDs and associated risk factors in Afghanistan. Our findings have the potential to inform and influence health policies by identifying people at high risk of developing NCDs and can assist policymakers, health managers, and clinicians to design and implement targeted health interventions.

Midlife health in Britain and the United States: a comparison of two nationally representative cohorts.

Older adults in the USA have worse health and wider socioeconomic inequalities in health compared with those in Britain. Less is known about how health in the two countries compares in mid-life, a time of emerging health decline, including inequalities in health. We compare measures of current regular smoking status, obesity, self-rated health, cholesterol, blood pressure and glycated haemoglobin using population-weighted modified Poisson regression in the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70) in Britain (N = 9665) and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) in the USA (N = 12 300), when cohort members were aged 34-46 and 33-43, respectively. We test whether associations vary by early- and mid-life socioeconomic position. US adults had higher levels of obesity, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Prevalence of poor self-rated health and current regular smoking was worse in Britain. We found smaller socioeconomic inequalities in mid-life health in Britain compared with the USA. For some outcomes (e.g. smoking), the most socioeconomically advantaged group in the USA was healthier than the equivalent group in Britain. For other outcomes (hypertension and cholesterol), the most advantaged US group fared equal to or worse than the most disadvantaged groups in Britain. US adults have worse cardiometabolic health than British counterparts, even in early mid-life. The smaller socioeconomic inequalities and better overall health in Britain may reflect differences in access to health care, welfare systems or other environmental risk factors.

Patterns of self-reported tobacco smoking among schooling adolescents in the age group of 13 to 15 years in Kandy District, Sri Lanka

Understanding the patterns of smoking among schooling adolescents is crucial for developing targeted prevention and intervention strategies to address this public health concern and promote healthier behaviours. The objective of the study was to describe the patterns of self-reported tobacco smoking among schooling adolescents in government schools in the age group of 13-15 years in the Kandy district. A cross-sectional study was conducted. The subjects were selected using a stratified multi-stage cluster sampling method. A pretested self-administered questionnaire was used.A total of 1395 students (Male 52.9%) were included. The Prevalence of ever tobacco smoking in the age group of 13 to 15 years, was 6.02% (95% CI, 4.83% - 7.40%). The prevalence of current smokers was 4.16% (3.23% - 5.24%). Most of the smokers felt they were healthy and smoking would not harm them (33.3%, n=28). Cigarette was the most common type of tobacco product used for smoking. The majority of current smokers get their tobacco products from a third person who is buying for them (77.6%, n=45). Social events were the most preferred place of smoking (35.7%, n=30). Parental smoking (0.023) and the presence of a sibling (&lt;0.0001) who smokes were significantly higher among smokers than nonsmokers. The identification of patterns of smoking among adolescents not only enhances our understanding of the issue but also serves as a foundation for developing effective prevention strategies to address this public health challenge.

Declining trend in the estimated annual rupture rate of unruptured cerebral aneurysms in Japan: a nationwide study.

The incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAHs) in Japan has recently decreased. However, trends in the annual rates of unruptured cerebral aneurysms (UCAs) are unclear because calculations based on follow-up periods are limited to patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms. We aimed to clarify current trends in the estimated annual rupture rates of UCAs in Japan and to identify the most relevant contributing factors. We analyzed data from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and records of the Japan Neurosurgical Society. The estimated annual rupture rates of UCAs between 2003 and 2018 were calculated according to age-adjusted mortality rates of SAH and number of treated ruptured cerebral aneurysms (RCAs). We estimated trends in annual rupture rates using sensitivity analysis and assessed associations between estimated annual rupture rates and the prevalences of hypertension and current smoking. The estimated annual rupture rate of UCAs significantly decreased from 1.44 to 0.87% and from 0.92 to 0.76%, respectively, in terms of age-adjusted mortality rates of SAH and number of treated RCAs (p < 0.001). The range of changes in estimated annual rupture rates of UCAs was - 1.13%‒0.83%, representing a declining UCA trend of 88%. The estimated annual rupture rates of UCAs declined by 0.02-0.10% and 0.01-0.05% with every percent decrease in hypertension and current smoking prevalence, respectively. The estimated annual rupture rate of UCAs has recently decreased in Japan, possibly due to a decrease in the prevalence of hypertension rather than smoking.

Prevalence of tobacco smoking and related factors in people aged 15 years and above in Beijing, 2014-2021

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the implementation of Beijing Smoking Control Regulation in 2015 on the smoking prevalence in people aged ≥15 years in Beijing during 2014-2021, and explore factors associated with tobacco use behavior in local population. Methods Using a pooled cross-sectional design, data from Beijing Adult Tobacco Survey in 2014, 2016, 2019 and 2021 (4 surveys) were combined into one dataset. The 4 surveys used same multistage cluster sampling procedure. After complex survey weighting, multiple logistic regression models were constructed to analyze factors influencing smoking status. Results: A total of 8 484, 9 372, 8 534 and 10 551 respondents were included in the surveys in 2014, 2016, 2019 and 2021, respectively. The smoking prevalence rate was 23.4%, 22.3%, 20.3% and 19.9%, respectively, in Beijing residents aged ≥15 years, exhibiting a linear declining trend (P=0.010). Factors associated with current smoking in men were age 25-44 years (OR=2.22, 95%CI: 1.68-2.95) and 45-64 years, (OR=2.64, 95%CI: 2.06-3.39), educational level of high school (OR=0.69, 95%CI: 0.49-0.95) and undergraduate and above (OR=0.46, 95%CI: 0.33-0.63), and awareness of smoking causing stroke (OR=0.71, 95%CI: 0.61-0.81), and awareness of smoking causing lung cancer (OR=0.53, 95%CI: 0.42-0.66), the differences were significant (all P<0.05). After controlling interfering factors, the current smoking prevalence in men in 2019 (OR=0.73, 95%CI: 0.63-0.87, P<0.001) and 2021 (OR=0.72, 95%CI: 0.61-0.88, P<0.001) were significantly lower than that in 2014. Factors associated with current smoking in women were living alone (OR=1.80, 95%CI: 1.33-2.44), educational level of undergraduate and above (OR=0.43, 95%CI: 0.27-0.69), other occupations except doctor and teacher (OR=8.54, 95%CI: 2.80-26.02) or being retired/unemployed (OR=9.39, 95%CI: 3.19-27.65), and awareness of smoking causing cardiovascular events (OR=0.58, 95%CI: 0.39-0.84), and awareness of smoking causing lung cancer (OR=0.54, 95%CI: 0.35-0.83), the differences were significant (all P<0.05). No significant change in smoking status in women was found in 4 surveys. Conclusions: The smoking prevalence rate in men in Beijing has declined since the implementation of Beijing Smoking Control Regulation 5 years, indicating the effectiveness of legislative approach in tobacco control. Socio-demographic factors and the awareness level of tobacco harm could influence smoking status. Future tobacco control programs should target the people with lower education level, young men, women living alone, and those with occupations other than teachers/doctors or the unemployed/retired and include more comprehensive health education.

Long-term trends in lifestyle factors among respondents with dyslipidemia in the United States

ObjectivesTo explore the long-term trends in unhealthy lifestyle factors and the risk sociodemographic subgroups among people with dyslipidemia. MethodsData extracted from the 1999 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Lifestyle factors were smoking status, alcohol drinking, obesity, dietary quality, depression, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. A Joinpoint regression model was used to estimate trends in the log-transformed age-standardized prevalence. Multinomial logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity were used to analyze subgroups by sociodemographic factors. ResultsData for 33,680 respondents were extracted between 1999 and 2018. The prevalence of smoking and poor-quality diet decreased from 1999 to 2018 (P<0.001), while obesity significantly increased (P<0.001). The prevalence of depression marginally increased from 2005 to 2018 (P=0.074). We observed that non-Hispanic Black individuals, Hispanics, males, as well as those with lower family income-to-poverty ratios and education levels, unemployed individuals, or those lacking a spouse/live-in partner, were at elevated risk of unhealthy lifestyle factors when compared to the reference groups. ConclusionsAmong NHANES respondents from 1999 to 2018 with dyslipidemia, significant reductions in the prevalence of current smoking and poor diet were observed, while the prevalence of obesity was markedly increased. There were sociodemographic differences in the management of lifestyle factors. Further initiatives to encourage people with dyslipidemia are required to reduce potential adverse outcomes.

Smoking patterns by birth cohort in Argentina: an age-period-cohort population-based modeling study

Argentina's smoking rates remain high. We aim to estimate Argentina age-specific histories of smoking initiation, cessation, prevalence, and intensity by birth-cohort to inform policy interventions. Modeling study. Data from three Argentinian nationally representative surveys conducted from 2004 to 2018 (n=268,193) were used to generate smoking histories. The Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling (CISNET) Network Lung Working Group age, period, and cohort modeling approach was used to calculate smoking initiation and cessation probabilities, ever and current smoking prevalence, and intensity (cigarettes per day, CPD) by age, sex, and birth cohort from 1950 to2018. Ever smoking prevalence increases with age up to 25 and decreases with birth cohorts after 1990. Smoking initiation peaks between 15 and 18 years of age. Among females, initiation probabilities increased until the 1955 cohort, reaching a second peak in 1980-85 cohorts and declining thereafter. Males have higher initiation probabilities than females. Among males, initiation has decreased since the 1950 birth cohort, with a slight increase around the 1985 cohort. Current smoking prevalence has been decreasing since the 1960 birth cohort, except for a peak in 1980-85 cohorts. Cessation increases with age. Mean CPD increases with age and peaks around age 40, appearing flat in females since the 1985 cohort. Recent birth cohorts seem to be experiencing lower rates of initiation, stable rates of quitting and lower current and ever smoking prevalence. The stabilization of cessation probabilities and mean CPD indicate the need to strengthen existing tobacco control measures and advance new ones. NIH/NCI U01CA253858 grant.