Prevalence Of COVID-19 Infection Research Articles

Comparison of methods for predicting COVID-19-related death in the general population using the OpenSAFELY platform

BackgroundObtaining accurate estimates of the risk of COVID-19-related death in the general population is challenging in the context of changing levels of circulating infection.MethodsWe propose a modelling approach to predict 28-day COVID-19-related death which explicitly accounts for COVID-19 infection prevalence using a series of sub-studies from new landmark times incorporating time-updating proxy measures of COVID-19 infection prevalence. This was compared with an approach ignoring infection prevalence.The target population was adults registered at a general practice in England in March 2020. The outcome was 28-day COVID-19-related death. Predictors included demographic characteristics and comorbidities. Three proxies of local infection prevalence were used: model-based estimates, rate of COVID-19-related attendances in emergency care, and rate of suspected COVID-19 cases in primary care.We used data within the TPP SystmOne electronic health record system linked to Office for National Statistics mortality data, using the OpenSAFELY platform, working on behalf of NHS England.Prediction models were developed in case-cohort samples with a 100-day follow-up. Validation was undertaken in 28-day cohorts from the target population. We considered predictive performance (discrimination and calibration) in geographical and temporal subsets of data not used in developing the risk prediction models. Simple models were contrasted to models including a full range of predictors.ResultsPrediction models were developed on 11,972,947 individuals, of whom 7999 experienced COVID-19-related death. All models discriminated well between individuals who did and did not experience the outcome, including simple models adjusting only for basic demographics and number of comorbidities: C-statistics 0.92–0.94. However, absolute risk estimates were substantially miscalibrated when infection prevalence was not explicitly modelled.ConclusionsOur proposed models allow absolute risk estimation in the context of changing infection prevalence but predictive performance is sensitive to the proxy for infection prevalence. Simple models can provide excellent discrimination and may simplify implementation of risk prediction tools.

Abstract TMP21: Impact Of COVID-19 State-level Hospital Capacity On Overall Stroke Mortality In 2020 In The United States

Background: Although hospital admissions for stroke declined in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, patients with comorbid COVID-19 and stroke had increased mortality. We explored stroke mortality in 2020 and its association with COVID-19 prevalence and state-level hospital capacities. Methods: We analyzed CDC National Vital Statistics System and COVID Data Tracker data from 2017-2020. The primary outcome was age-adjusted stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic) mortality rate per 100,000. The secondary outcome was % change in state-level stroke mortality rates in 2020 (vs. 2017-19); we report its correlation with state-level 1) prevalence of confirmed COVID-19 infections by 12/31/2021, 2) total COVID mortality by 12/31/20, and the 2020 average state-level % of 3) hospital and 4) ICU beds occupied by COVID-19 patients. Results: Figure 1A shows the typical seasonal decline in stroke mortality in quarters 2/3 was attenuated in 2020. The % change in state-level stroke mortality in 2020 (Figure 1B) was not correlated with prevalence of COVID-19 infection (rho=0.05, p=0.74), mortality (rho=0.10, p=0.49), or the % of ICU beds occupied by COVID-19 patients (rho=0.24, p=0.09). There was a correlation with % of hospital beds occupied by COVID-19 patients (rho=0.35, p=0.01) (Figure 2). Conclusion: Overall stroke mortality increased in 2020, particularly in Q2/3, the early-to-mid phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. At the state level, the average % of all hospital beds occupied by COVID-19 patients in 2020 was the only COVID-19 metric associated with change in stroke mortality. Future work should determine if this association was due to decreased hospital capacity to deliver standard stroke care.

Prevalence of COVID-19 infection in asymptomatic school children.

With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, discussions regarding the prevalence of COVID-19 in children and the association of this with education have started. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of COVID-19 infection in asymptomatic school children within a limited period while face-to-face education continued. This is a descriptive and retrospective study. Screening was carried out in the schools in the three major districts of the metropolitan municipality when face-to-face education was practiced. COVID-19 RT-PCR swab samples were collected from 4,658 students from 46 schools at preschool, primary, secondary, and high school levels by using the stratified sampling method. Screening results were retrospectively analyzed by the researchers. The mean age of the children included in the study was 10.6±3.2 (5-17). Only 46 students` COVID-19 RT-PCR results were positive; the positivity rate was higher in male students than in female students (p > 0.05); the students living in the third region had a higher positivity rate than the other students, there was a statistical difference between them (p < 0.001); there were no positive cases in 26 (56.7%) schools, and the spreader rate of the school children was 0.98%. We determined in the study that the prevalence of COVID-19 infection was not high in asymptomatic school children in the period when schools were open. This may play a role in directing the education and training during the pandemic.

Study epidemiology and determinants of COVID-19 infection among the population in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic caused by a highly infectious respiratory virus (SARS-CoV-2). With all these consequences that threaten the health of the individual and society due to this infection, it has become necessary to have a vaccination that limits the spread of this virus. The objective of this study was to study the epidemiological aspects of COVID-19 pandemic in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Method: It was a cross sectional study of 405 subjects, who gave their responses through online Google form, as face to face interview of the subjects during outpatient clinic visits was not possible because of the pandemic of COVID-19 infection. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 23. The level of significance was 0.05%. Results: The prevalence of Covid-19 infection was 23.7%. The vaccination coverage by the Covid-19 vaccine was 90.4%. Those who got the infection before getting the vaccine were 76%; on the other hand those who got the infection after getting one dose were 17.7% of the cases, while 6.3% got the infection after getting two doses of the vaccine. Those with autoimmune disorders, kidney failure and obesity were reluctant to get the vaccine (p &lt;0.05). Married subjects, those with average income, and those who are employed were significantly more infected by COVID-19 (p&lt;0.05). Patients with asthma, with autoimmune disorders,and those who did not take the COVID-19 vaccine, were significantly more vulnerable to COVID – 19 infection (p&lt;0.05). Post vaccination clinical manifestations were mainly feeling tired (90.2%), pain and swelling at the site of injection (76.9%), fever (65.9%) and headache (61.8%%). Clinical manifestations associated with COVID-19 infection included fever (76.0%), headache (72.9%), loss of taste and smell (68.8%), body aches (67.7%), and sore throat (57.3%). Conclusions: Prevalence of COVID-19 infection was 23.7%. About one third of the population did not accept the vaccine. Subjects with asthma, autoimmune disorders, and those who were unvaccinated were more likely to catch the infection. Increasing the knowledge of the people about the clinical aspects, and health impact of the COVID-19 virus on the community are important intervention tools to increase the acceptance rate of COVID-19 vaccination among the population. Key words: COVI-19, clinical aspects and acceptance of COVID-19 infection.

The Prevalence of COVID-19 Infection in Students and Staff at a Private University in Thailand by Rapid SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Detection Assay.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to the suspension of all university courses which was followed directly by the implementation of online learning in Thailand. However, online learning was not suitable for all of Thailand. Rangsit University is a famous private university in Thailand and has been affected by this crisis, so it attempted to eliminate online learning by offering vaccination and antigen rapid screening tests to the students and staff who had to attend the university from July to September 2021. 93.71% of the students and staff from Rangsit University who attended the university from July to September 2021 were vaccinated. Only 1.18% of the students and staff were infected. The vaccines used were CoronaVac and AstraZeneca at 66.02% and 33.98%, respectively. The percentage of individuals that were infected after vaccination did not differ between the two vaccines. The percentage of people infected was 0.31% for CoronaVac and 0.29% for AstraZeneca. Other important factors that influenced the infection rate were the initial symptoms and the environment. Individuals who had initial symptoms and had visited areas with high-risk factors had a high possibility of becoming infected. This research is intended to be useful for risk management during the COVID-19 crisis.

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF COVID-19 PATIENTS AND THEIR INFLAMMATORY MARKERS IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITALS OF PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN

Coronavirus is one of the pandemic diseases that infect millions of people worldwide. The aim of the study was a cross-sectional study of COVID-19 and its inflammatory markers in tertiary care hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan. Samples of nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 150 COVID-19 patients. Blood samples were collected aseptically in three different tubes to measure serum ferritin, D-dimer and CBC. The samples were further analysed at the PCR laboratory, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. In the study, 100 samples were found positive based on PCR among 150 patients in which the D-dimer was reported to have a high relationship (95%) with inflammatory markers. Abnormal ferritin (87%), Hb (26%), neutrophil (73%) and abnormal lymphocytes were reported (63%) in patients. The relationship between the age factors with risk of inflammatory markers revealed that in the age group 61-80, ferritin, D-dimer, Hb, Neutrophil and lymphocytes were observed with abnormal levels 18, 20, 05, 14 and 13, respectively. The prevalence of COVID-19 infection was recorded as higher in males than females. The study showed that COVID-19 infection significantly affects the parameters, including abnormal ferritin levels in males 55% and females 32%. The male was reported with a high-level abnormal D-dimer (58%) than the female (37%). The other inflammatory markers, such as abnormal neutrophils and lymphocytes, counted 44 and 37% in males and females at 30 and 29%, respectively. The study concludes that an increase in inflammatory markers correlates with disease severity; this could be used as a significant prognostic factor of the disease. More advanced immunological studies need to explore the mechanism of COVID-19 with inflammatory markers.

Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 and Impact on Disease Course in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Background and Aims The impact of COVID-19 has been of great concern in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) worldwide, including an increased risk of severe outcomes and/or possible flare of IBD. This study aims to evaluate prevalence, outcomes, the impact of COVID-19 in patients with IBD, and risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 or flare of IBD activity. Methods A consecutive cohort of IBD patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 infection and followed up at the McGill University Health Care Centre was obtained between March 1, 2020, and April 30, 2021. Demographics, comorbidities, IBD (type, treatments, pre- and post-COVID-19 clinical activity, biomarkers, and endoscopic activity), and COVID-19-related outcomes (pneumonia, hospitalization, death, and flare of IBD disease) were analyzed. Results A cohort of 3,516 IBD patients was included. 82 patients (2.3%) were diagnosed with COVID-19 infection (median age: 39.0 (IQR 27.8–48.0), 77% with Crohn's disease, 50% were female). The prevalence of COVID-19 infection in IBD patients was significantly lower compared to the general population in Canada and Quebec (3.5% versus 4.3%, p < 0.001). Severe COVID-19 occurred in 6 patients (7.3%); 2 patients (2.4%) died. A flare of IBD post-COVID-19 infection was reported in 8 patients (9.8%) within 3 months. Biologic therapy was held during active COVID-19 infection in 37% of patients. Age ≥55 years (odds ratio (OR): 11.1, 95% CI: 1.8–68.0), systemic corticosteroid use (OR: 4.6, 95% CI: 0.7–30.1), active IBD (OR: 3.8, 95% CI: 0.7–20.8), and comorbidity (OR: 4.9, 95% CI: 0.8–28.6) were factors associated with severe COVID-19. After initial infection, 61% of IBD patients received COVID-19 vaccinations. Conclusion The prevalence of COVID-19 infection among patients with IBD was lower than that in the general population in Canada. Severe COVID-19, mortality, and flare of IBD were relatively rare, while a large proportion of patients received COVID-19 vaccination. Older age, comorbidities, active IBD disease, and systemic corticosteroid, but not immunosuppressive or biological therapy, were associated with severe COVID-19 infection.

The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown Restrictions on Cardiac Implantable Device Recipients with Remote Monitoring.

From 2020, many countries have adopted several restrictions to limit the COVID-19 pandemic. The forced containment impacted on healthcare organizations and the everyday life of patients with heart disease. We prospectively analyzed data recorded from implantable defibrillators and/or cardiac resynchronization devices of Italian patients during the lockdown (LDP), post-lockdown period (PLDP) and a control period (CP) of the previous year. We analyzed device data of the period 9 March 2019–31 May 2020 of remotely monitored patients from 34 Italian centers. Patients were also categorized according to areas with high/low infection prevalence. Among 696 patients, we observed a significant drop in median activity in LDP as compared to CP that significantly increased in the PLDP, but well below CP (all p < 0.0001). The median day heart rate and heart rate variability showed a similar trend. This behavior was associated during LDP with a significant increase in the burden of atrial arrhythmias (p = 0.0150 versus CP) and of ventricular arrhythmias [6.6 vs. 1.5 per 100 patient-weeks in CP; p = 0.0026]; the latter decreased in PLDP [0.3 per 100 patient-weeks; p = 0.0035 vs. LDP]. No modifications were recorded in thoracic fluid levels. The high/low prevalence of COVID-19 infection had no significant impact. We found an increase in the arrhythmic burden in LDP coupled with a decrease in physical activity and heart rate variability, without significant modifications of transthoracic impedance, independent from COVID-19 infection prevalence. These findings suggest a negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, probably related to lockdown restrictions.

Prevalence of COVID-19 Infection in Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

Prevalence of COVID-19 Infection in Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

A Prospective Survey to Understand the Preferences and Perspectives of Patients with Hematological Malignancies in a Tertiary Cancer Care Setting in India (CANCOV SURVEY)

Introduction:From its emergence in China on 31 st December 2019, the COVID-19 infection has spread to affect more than 185 million people across the world with approximately 4 million deaths.A systematic review and meta-analysis which included various studies across the world showed that the risk of mortality in cancer patients with COVID-19 infection is 21.1% and the risk of severe disease and mortality due to COVID-19 appears to be higher in patients with hematological malignancies likely due to immunosuppression induced by both the underlying disease and intensive treatment.The experts suggest individualization of treatment based on the prevalence of COVID-19 infection, available infrastructure and social support. Guidelines are driven by opinion from a clinician's perspective. There is a need to evaluate a patient's preference in the present situation when they are faced with the dual problem of cancer and a potentially life-threatening infection.Purpose of study:To document the patients preferences and perspectives using a structured questionnaire when they are on cancer-directed chemo/immune or targeted therapy or treatment naive in our hospital during the current COVID-19 pandemic.Objectives:The primary objective was to determine the proportion of patients who opt to continue on full intensity therapy.The secondary objectives were - to study the factors that lead to treatment discontinuation or dose reduction, to study the level of perceived risk at which patients opt for treatment discontinuation or dose reduction, to study the preferences for treatment continuation in different scenarios (COVID-19 adverse event and different relapse risk) (table 2 and 3) and to understand the difference in preferences for therapy between patients and oncologists/hematologists.Material and methods:This prospective survey was conducted between July 10, 2020 and October 16, 2020. A preconceived standard questionnaire was administered to each patient along with their caregivers (Figure 1). Along with this, we subjected the survey questionnaire separately to the set of medical oncologists/hematologists who were not a part of the patient's treating team and the responses were recorded and studied.Sample SizeAssuming that 50% of the patients will continue the full intensity therapy, a sample of 203 will produce a two-sided 90% confidence interval with a precision of 12%. Considering a non-response proportion of 5%, a sample size of 213 was required to achieve primary objective.Results:A total of 200 patients were enrolled in this study with male to female ratio of 1.9:1 and a median age of 42 years (15- 78). Most common hematological malignancy in our study is acute leukemia (29%) followed by CML (23%), NHL (22%), multiple myeloma (16%). Baseline details are represented in Table 1. In this study, 47% patients were willing to receive full intensity chemotherapy (95% CI: 40.4 -54.7). Nature of disease (slow growing vs fast growing) and the intent of treatment (cure vs control of disease) were shown to significantly affect preferences of patients. There was no impact of various socio-economic or logistic factors in their preference for therapy. As high as 50% of the patients were willing to accept only 5% risk of covid 19 related complications to receive full intensity therapy. The acceptable risk of relapse over and above the baseline to receive lesser intensity chemotherapy was 5% for almost 1/3 rd of the patients. If covid related complications are mild, 40% of patients are ready to accept only 1 % risk of relapse to receive lesser intensity chemotherapy. As the risk of covid related complications increases from mild to severe, almost 50% of the patients are ready to accept ≥ 20% risk of relapse to receive lesser intensity chemotherapy (table 4). There was a statistically significant disagreement between physician and patient responses at 5%, 20%, 30% and 40% risk of covid related complications to receive full intensity therapy. When we consider the risk of relapse if lesser intensity therapy is opted, patient and physician responses are in good agreement at 1, 5, 10 and 20% risk levels.Conclusion:Almost 50% of patients are willing to opt for reduced intensity therapy because of fear of covid related complications and there is significant disagreement between patient and physician perspectives in certain clinical contexts. [Display omitted] DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Frequency of COVID-19 Infection in Patients with Sudden Loss of Smell

Background: The novel human corona virus disease (COVID-19) is the fifth documented pandemic in history since the 1918 flu pandemic. Along with other clinical features, loss of smell has been reported as a prime symptom in COVID-19 positive patients. The aim is to determine the frequency of COVID-19 infection in patients who came with a history of the sudden development of loss of smell. Materials &amp; Methods: This study was done in Uttara Crescent Hospital, a private hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data were collected retrospectively from hospital records in between 01 April 2020 and 30 November 2020, total 48 patients were included in this series. All the patients came with history of fever, sore throat, cough, loss of smell and altered taste, proper history were taken and examined. The patient with suspected COVID-19 infection was sent for RT-PCR testing. About 24 patients were included in the study with the history of loss of smell with or without other symptoms from the recorded data. Results: Among the 48 patients male were 34 and female 14. The age of the patients was in between 13 and 64 years. COVID-19 infection was confirmed in 34 patients (70.83%) in RTPCR testing. Conclusion: Loss of smell is a significant symptom of COVID-19 infection, along with other symptoms. In the current study, the prevalence of COVID-19 infection is 70.83% in patients with history of sudden loss of smell. It does not reflect the country’s actual picture because of a minimal number of study populations. Further study is needed find out prevalence in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 27(2): 152-158

Compliance withsafety measures andrisk of COVID-19 transmission among healthcare workers.

Aim:This study aimed to determine the compliance of healthcare workers (HCWs) with the hospital safety measures and the prevalence of hospital-acquired COVID-19 infection among them.Methodology:HCWs at King Abdullah University Hospital (KAUH) assigned for COVID-19 patients between 18 March and 10 June 2020 were tested for past infection using total anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin assay, demographic data and compliance with safety measures were assessed using a questionnaire.Results:A total of 340 HCWs participated in the study, 260 were close direct care. Three HCWs tested positive for total anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin. Close direct care were more compliant with personal protective guidelines than those providing direct care.Conclusion:HCWs compliance with personal protective guidelines might explain the low prevalence of COVID-19 infection in hospital settings.

Clinical features of patients with COVID19, hospitalized in a multi-somatic hospital

The prevalence of COVID-19 infection and the mortality associated with the disease are steadily progressing [1, 2]. The difficulties in diagnosing and treating COVID-19 in the context of a constant increase in the number of cases cause an urgent need to study and describe this infection, which is important for the medical and scientific community around the world. We performed an observational study of patients with COVID 19 infection, which developed during hospital treatment of another acute or exacerbation of chronic somatic pathology. We analyzed the clinical symptoms, the severity of the course of the new coronavirus infection and viral pneumonia.

SARS-CoV-2 RNA surveillance in large to small centralized wastewater treatment plants preceding the third COVID-19 resurgence in Bangkok, Thailand

Wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been a successful indicator of COVID-19 outbreaks in populations prior to clinical testing. However, this has been mostly conducted in high-income countries, which means there is a dearth of performance investigations in low- and middle-income countries with different socio-economic settings. This study evaluated the applicability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA monitoring in wastewater (n = 132) to inform COVID-19 infection in the city of Bangkok, Thailand using CDC N1 and N2 RT-qPCR assays. Wastewater influents (n = 112) and effluents (n = 20) were collected from 19 centralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) comprising four large, four medium, and 11 small WWTPs during seven sampling events from January to April 2021 prior to the third COVID-19 resurgence that was officially declared in April 2021. The CDC N1 assay showed higher detection rates and mostly lower Ct values than the CDC N2. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was first detected at the first event when new reported cases were low. Increased positive detection rates preceded an increase in the number of newly reported cases and increased over time with the reported infection incidence. Wastewater surveillance (both positive rates and viral loads) showed strongest correlation with daily new COVID-19 cases at 22–24 days lag (Spearman's Rho = 0.85–1.00). Large WWTPs (serving 432,000–580,000 of the population) exhibited similar trends of viral loads and new cases to those from all 19 WWTPs, emphasizing that routine monitoring of the four large WWTPs could provide sufficient information for the city-scale dynamics. Higher sampling frequency at fewer sites, i.e., at the four representative WWTPs, is therefore suggested especially during the subsiding period of the outbreak to indicate the prevalence of COVID-19 infection, acting as an early warning of COVID-19 resurgence.

The impact of a mobile COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction laboratory at a large tertiary hospital during the first wave of the pandemic: A retrospective analysis

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa (SA) created numerous supply challenges. Demand for diagnostic testing overwhelmed the capacity to deliver. We describe the utility and outcomes of a mobile laboratory staffed by non-laboratory healthcare workers and established to perform polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for the rapid diagnosis of COVID-19 at a large hospital in SA.To describe the performance of the mobile PCR COVID-19 laboratory. The secondary objective was to determine the prevalence of COVID-19 infections in the non-COVID intensive care unit (ICU).This was a retrospective descriptive study of data from the newly established mobile COVID-19 PCR laboratory database and the non-COVID ICU database during the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic (20 May - 8 August 2020) at a tertiary hospital in SA.The mobile laboratory received 1 113 emergency COVID-19 PCR test requests for patients with non-COVID clinical presentations. The median (interquartile range) turnaround time was 152 (123 - 184) minutes (n=36). Primary outcome (20 May - 19 June, n=315): The sensitivity and specificity were 95% and 97%, respectively, and the positive and negative predictive values 82.4% and 99.2%, respectively. Secondary outcomes (9 June - 8 August): The prevalence of COVID-19 infections among patients admitted to the multidisciplinary adult and paediatric non-COVID ICU was 2.4% (n=4/168). The mean (standard deviation) COVID-19 positive rate for the mobile laboratory during this period was 18.1% (6%). The prevalence of COVID-19 infections among medical staff in the non-COVID ICU was 3.1% (n=1/32).The establishment of a mobile PCR laboratory staffed by non-laboratory healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic provided a rapid, accurate and clinically effective solution for emergency hospital admissions with non-COVID-19 presentations.

The prevalence of COVID-19 infection in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS): A systematic review and meta-analysis

There prevalence of COVID-19 is different in studies conducted in different countries. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate pooled prevalence of COVID-19 in patients with MS.

Prevalence of COVID-19 infection in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD): A systematic review and meta-analysis

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is in pandemic stage and there are concerns about patients with autoimmune diseases 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(1, 2).

The current scenario of Covid-19 in Chittagong Metropolitan area, Bangladesh: A survey Study

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has induced a sense of panic around the world as the disease is highly contagious and has been spreading in full swing. This study was aimed to investigate SARS-CoV-2 associated epidemiology and clinical outcomes in Bangladesh in order to understand the future course of COVID-19 pandemic and develop prevention approaches. A cross-sectional retrospective interview based study was conducted on RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted in Chattagram Maa O Shishu General Hospital Chittagong, Bangladesh and who recovered four weeks prior to the interview date. Of the total 500 patients, 7% patient are asymptomatic where as for the symptoms associated with COVID-19 fever (85%) and cough (70%) were the most prominent among cases. Our study has revealed that among the age groups, the 40-70 showed the highest infection rate (74.7%) and in terms of gender, the prevalence of Covid-19 infection in males (65%) was 2 times more than that in females (35%). Diabetes was found about (40%) and Hypertension was found (42%), so diabetic and hypertesive patient are more affected. The most used drug is Enoxaparin sodium, Methylprednisolone Na Succinate, Montelucast, fexofenadinb, Doxycyclline, Doxofylline, zinc, vitamin-C, D and about 60% patient need oxygen supply. The most complication after recovery is weak -fatigue, cough &amp; breathing problem.

SARS-CoV-2 and Cystic Fibrosis: Expectations Versus Reality, a Literature Review

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is expected to cause severe illness in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). The infection prevalence and clinical outcomes of this patient cohort to SARS-CoV-2 were explored, alongside contributing factors to the observed response. Search terms were entered into Medline/PubMed and Embase databases, with relevant published papers written in English chosen. The COVID-19 trajectory in people with CF (including children) was similar to the general population. Specifically, in Veneto, Italy, the infection rate of people with CF was nearly half compared to the general population (0.19% versus 0.40%, respectively). Similarly, in Spain, the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 was lower compared to the general population: 32/10,000 and 49/10,000 respectively. Likewise, in Belgium 2.7% of patients with CF had SARS-CoV-2 antibodies compared with 4.3% of the general population. Moreover, in Europe, fewer CF–COVID-19 cases and deaths were reported compared to the general population (1.1%, 0.9%; and 3.2%, 2.3%, respectively). Overall, worse outcomes in CF were associated with poorer lung function and post-transplant status. The encouraging response of people with CF to COVID-19 is hypothesised as due to higher levels of anti-inflammatory angiotensin-1-7 and lower levels of pro-inflammatory IL-6 and protease transmembrane serine protease-2, utilised by SARS-CoV-2 to penetrate cells. Additionally, the use of CF medication, chiefly Dornase alfa and CF transmembrane conductance regulator modulators as well as CF cohort characteristics, predominantly younger age, and early isolation might have mitigated COVID-19 severity. Thus, people with CF do not appear to have a higher COVID-19 infection prevalence or worse clinical outcomes compared to the general population.

Prevalence of COVID19 infection in health care workers in first wave of pandemic and role of hospital infection control committee in subsequent waves of pandemic

: Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new emerging infectious disease, first identified in China in December 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). : To study and analyze the prevalence, demographic characteristics of healthcare workers (HCWs) who tested positive for COVID-19 in a dedicated Covid hospital in Mumbai.This was a retrospective observational study of HCWs with COVID-19 in a dedicated Covid Hospital, Mumbai from April to October 2020.HCW tested positive for COVID-19 was 55 from April to October 2020.The percentage of infected hospital staff was 9.8%. Most of the infected HCWs were in the age group of 51 to 60. Mean age was 42 years. Mortality was 0.1%. Majority HCWs (70.9%) acquired infection from community; 20% acquired from the hospital and 9.1% acquired infection from infected coworkers. Majority of the affected HCWs were nurses followed by doctors. Comorbidities were reported in 23.6% of infected HCWs. 5.4% of infected HCWs received infection because of aerosol generated procedures. 58.1% of HCWs got infection despite receiving prophylaxis like HCQ, Arsenicumalbicum.HCWs are at an increased risk of COVID-19 in the workplace. Preparedness of HICC (Hospital Infection Control Committee), frequent training sessions and mock drills are of paramount importance in preventing spread of infectious disease. Coordination between Hospital Administrators, Public Health Officials of national and international organizations, Engineering Department, Occupational Health and Safety staff is essential in combating pandemic.