Prevalence Of Contraceptive Use Research Articles

Psychosocial factors influencing contraceptive use among adolescent mothers in the Volta Region of Ghana: application of the Health Belief Model.

Globally, complications arising from pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death among pregnant women aged 15 to 19 years. This study investigated the psychosocial factors influencing contraceptive use among adolescent mothers in the Volta Region using the Health Belief Model (HBM). This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 422 adolescent mothers. An interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the strength of association between the independent and the dependent variables at a p-value less than 0.05. The prevalence of contraceptive use was 18.7%. Concerning perceived susceptibility, there was a significant association between contraceptive use and the perception of being at risk of pregnancy complications (p<0.001). Perceived barriers showed a significant association between fear of side-effects of contraceptives and contraceptive use (p=0.007). Concerning perceived self-efficacy, there was a significant association between contraceptive use and confidence to suggest to a partner to use contraceptives (p=0.003); confidence to ask for contraceptives from health facilities (p<0.001) and confidence to use contraceptives (p<0.001). Programmes to increase contraceptive use should aim at heightening the perception of risk of pregnancy complications, reduce barriers to contraceptive use and increase the skills in negotiating contraceptive use.

A comparative analysis of the influence of contraceptive use and fertility desire on the duration of second birth interval in four sub-Saharan African countries

BackgroundFertility decline characterised by inter-birth intervals remains rather slow or stall in many countries of sub-Saharan African (SSA). Non-adherence to optimal inter-birth intervals often occasioned by low prevalence of contraceptive use and high fertility desires often lead to poor maternal and child health outcomes. Additionally, information on the influence of contraception and fertility desire on interval between first and second births (SBI) is rarely available. This study therefore aimed to examine the influence of fertility desire and contraception on SBI among women in four SSA countries.MethodsWe analysed cross-sectional data on women aged 15–49 years who participated in the recent Demographic and Health Surveys in DR Congo, Ethiopia, Nigeria and South Africa. Semi-parametric Cox proportional hazards regression was employed for the analysis at 5% significance level.ResultsThe median time to second birth was 34 months in DR Congo; 35 months, Nigeria; 42 months, Ethiopia; and 71 months, South Africa. About 70% of the women desired additional child(ren) and two-thirds have never used contraceptive in both Nigeria and DR Congo. The hazard of second birth was significantly lower among women who desired additional child(ren) compared to desired for no more child in DR Congo (aHR = 0.93; CI: 0.89–0.97), Ethiopia (aHR = 0.64; CI: 0.61–0.67) and South Africa (aHR = 0.51; CI: 0.47–0.55). Women who had never used contraceptive were 12%, 20% and 24% more likely to lengthen SBI than those who were current users in DR Congo, Nigeria and South Africa respectively. DR Congo and Nigerian women were about two times more likely to shorten SBI compared with their South African counterparts. Other significant determinants of SBI include ethnicity, rural residential, age and marital status at first birth, wealth and employment status.ConclusionFindings showed differentials in the linkage between second birth interval and the desired fertility and contraception by country, demonstrating the importance of context. The contribution of these factors to second birth interval requires country context-specific attention if further decline in fertility and poor health outcomes associated with sub-optimal inter-birth interval is to be attained in SSA.

Contraception use among HIV-positive women attending ART clinic: a cross-sectional study in Halibet Referral Hospital

Background: Providing preferred methods of contraceptive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive women and avoiding unintended pregnancy is one of the primary means of preventing mother to child transmission of HIV. This study assessed the prevalence of contraceptive use and method preference among HIV-positive women in Halibet Referral Hospital, Asmara, Eritrea. Patients and methods: A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV-positive women in Halibet Referral Hospital, Asmara. Data were collected by interviewing HIV-positive women using a pretested and structured questionnaire. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with contraceptive use, and odd ratio with 95% confidence interval was calculated to measure the strength of association. Results: A total of 196 women living with HIV were interviewed. The mean age of the study participants was 39.1 years (SD±6 y). The prevalence of current contraceptive use was 16.8%. The preferred and most commonly used contraceptive methods were male condom (45.5%) and injectable (36.4%). Younger age [adjusted odds ratio: 1.6 (1.1, 7.8), P=0.04], Married [adjusted odds ratio: 2.1 (1.4, 7.7), P=0.001], having more than 4 child [1.5 (1.1, 9.3), P=0.03], contraception counselling [1.8 (1.1, 5.4), P=0.02] were the only factors influencing contraception use. Conclusion: Utilization of contraceptives among the participants was low (16.8%). Being young, married, regularly counselled about contraceptives, and having more than 4 children were factors facilitating contraceptive use. Policy makers should design counselling programs to increase utilization of contraceptives among HIV positive women.

Prevalence of Contraceptive Use and Different Factors Influencing its Choice among Women in Tehran, Iran

Background and aim: Family planning has pivotal role in the improvement of various aspects of community health. Owing to the incomplete previously performed studies, the present research was carried out to measure the prevalence of contraceptive use and its key influencing factors among the women residing in Tehran.Methods: An analytical and observational cross-sectional study was performed on 395 women (18-40 years old) whom attended private clinics in three strict of Tehran determined through clustering sampling, during January to July 2019. A questionnaire including 24 questions was completed for all the participants. The questions were designed to determine the type of contraception and its influencing factors including demographic characteristics, attitude of women and their husbands as well as social, economic and cultural factors. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22).Results: The overall rate of using contraception was 75.2% and traditional methods were the most prevalent contraception (55.9%). Frequency of the different contraceptive methods was meaningfully different among women with various age categories (P=0.01[l1] ). Housing location was meaningfully associated with no contraception (P=0.04), and except for withdrawal, house size (p <0.0001) and family income (P=0.007) were significantly associated with the type of contraception. Moreover, it was shown that the attitude of women and their husbands as well as the number of children significantly affected the contraception choice (p <0.0001).Conclusion: High prevalence of withdrawal method even among highly educated women is relying on the demand for education programs, especially among couples who are seeking the least successful contraceptive methods.

Heterogeneity of Modern Contraceptive Use among Urban Slum and Nonslum Women in Kinshasa, DR Congo: Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Urban populations have been increasing at an alarming rate, with faster growth in urban slums than that in nonslums over the past few decades. We examine the association between slum residence and the prevalence of contraceptive use among women of reproductive age, and assess if the effect was modified by household wealth. We conducted cross-sectional analysis comprising 1932 women in slums and 632 women in nonslums. We analyzed the moderating effect through an interaction between household wealth and neighborhood type, and then conducted stratified multivariable logistic-regression analysis by the type of neighborhood. Fewer women living in nonslum neighborhoods used modern methods compared to those living in slum neighborhoods. Within slum neighborhoods, the odds of using modern contraceptive methods were higher among women visited by community health workers than among those who had not been visited. Parity was one of the strong predictors of modern contraceptive use. Within nonslum neighborhoods, women from the wealthiest households were more likely to use modern contraceptives than those from the poorest households. Household wealth moderated the association between the type of neighborhood and modern contraceptive use. The study findings suggested heterogeneity in modern contraceptive use in Kinshasa, with a surprisingly higher contraceptive prevalence in slums.

Unequal access and use of contraceptives among parenting adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-sectional analysis of demographic and health surveys

ObjectiveWe examined the divergent patterns, prevalence and correlates of contraceptive use among parenting adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa using the Demographic and Health Survey datasets of 17 countries.DesignWe included a weighted...

THE USE OF CONTRACEPTION IN COUPLES OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INDONESIA : LITERATURE REVIEW

Background: The use of contraception is one of the benchmarks for the success of family planning programs. The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on people to limit activities outside the home. The appeal from the government also has an impact on the possibility of hampering access to family planning services. The delay in family planning services will lead to a decrease in the use of contraception will ultimately have an impact on the uncontrolled birth rate (Baby Boom). The purpose of this study was to see how the use of contraception in couples of childbearing age during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This study is a literature review related to the use of EFA contraceptives during the COVID-19 pandemic through the Google Scholar database, PubMed, government publication data. Results: Contraceptive use among new family planning participants decreased in general as well as among MKJP participants in the NTB area. The prevalence of contraceptive use in Indonesia has increased but has not yet reached the national target of 61.8%. In the DIY region, there was a decrease in contraceptive use among active family planning participants, as well as a decrease in the use of pill and injectable contraception. The research conducted in the Kalimantan region found that most women of childbearing age used the contraceptive method with the highest dropout rate, namely the pill. The number of unmet need for family planning in the NTB area has decreased, but the drop out rate for family planning in the early days of the COVID-19 pandemi has increased. Conclusion: The use of contraception during the COVID-19 pandemi in several regions in Indonesia is still fluctuating, but has a tendency to decrease.

Prevalence and determinants of contraception use in Pakistan: trend analysis from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys (PDHS) dataset from 1990 to 2018

Background: In developing countries, pregnancy and childbirth are the leading causes of death among women. In this context, family planning and access to contraceptives are crucial for reducing pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality. Therefore, we aimed to look into the trends of contraception and determinants of contraceptive use in Pakistan.Methods: This study used data for women of reproductive age from four Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys datasets. Contraception was the outcome variable, whereas, women’s and partner’s education, occupation, wealth quintile, region, place of residence, and exposure to family planning messages were the explanatory variables. Pooled prevalence was estimated using SUMARI and regression analysis was undertaken using SPSS to produce an adjusted prevalence ratio with 95% confidence intervals.Results: Data of 40,259 ever-married women of reproductive age (EMWRA) was analysed. Of the total EMWRA, 30% were using contraception. Of these, 26% were using traditional methods and 74% were using modern methods. The most common method of contraception was condoms (30.5%). The pooled prevalence of contraception used was 29.5% (95% CI 29.1 to 30.0). Through multivariate analysis, women's age, place of residence, region, wealth index, women’s education, their working status, and exposure to family planning messages were found to be significant determinants of contraception usage.Conclusions: There is a noticeable gap regarding awareness and uptake of contraception leading to low contraceptive use among women in Pakistan. In the light of our results, it is important to highlight the importance of girl’s education for building awareness and empowerment.

Contraceptive prevalence and factors influencing utilization among women in Pakistan: a focus on gender-based violence

PurposeIn this study, the authors determined the prevalence of contraceptive use among Pakistani women and assessed factors influencing the utilization of contraception with a particular focus on the experience of gender-based violence.Design/methodology/approachThe dataset used in this study was the Pakistan Demographic Health Survey 2018, which includes married women only. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to investigate the association between contraceptive use and a number of explanatory variables including experience of gender-based violence.FindingsFrom 2006 to 2018, the contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) and the use of modern contraceptive methods increased slowly. The findings of this study demonstrated that higher educational level and wealth index increased the likelihood of contraceptive uptake and the use of modern contraception. Media exposure to family planning and spousal communication were protective factors that encouraged women to use contraception, including modern contraception, to avoid unwanted pregnancy. Women who experienced gender-based violence (GBV) were more likely to use contraception than women who did not experience GBV.Research limitations/implicationsThe use of secondary data limited the variety of important variable that should be investigated including knowledge of women on SRH, the attitude of women toward SRH and family planning, the skills of a healthcare provider on counseling family planning, and other barrier variables such as transportation and willingness to pay for contraceptive methods. 10;The sensitivity of the topic is considered as another challenge when collecting data. Women might be hesitant to share about their GBV experience. The experience to GBV is also hard to define and depends on the feeling of each person, especially emotional violence.Originality/valueThis paper is one of the very few studies to examine the association between GBV and contraceptive use, and thus is valuable in opening up debate about the links between these two factors.

Prevalence and determinants of contraception use in Pakistan: trend analysis from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys (PDHS) dataset from 1990 to 2018.

Background: In developing countries, pregnancy and childbirth are the leading causes of death among women. In this context, family planning and access to contraceptives are crucial for reducing pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality. Therefore, we aimed to look into the trends of contraception and determinants of contraceptive use in Pakistan. Methods: This study used data for women of reproductive age from four Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys datasets. Contraception was the outcome variable, whereas, women's and partner's education, occupation, wealth quintile, region, place of residence, and exposure to family planning messages were the explanatory variables. Pooled prevalence was estimated using SUMARI and regression analysis was undertaken using SPSS to produce an adjusted prevalence ratio with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Data of 40,259 ever-married women of reproductive age (EMWRA) was analysed. Of the total EMWRA, 30% were using contraception. Of these, 26% were using traditional methods and 74% were using modern methods. The most common method of contraception was condoms (30.5%). The pooled prevalence of contraception used was 29.5% (95% CI 29.1 to 30.0). Through multivariate analysis, women's age, place of residence, region, wealth index, women's education, their working status, and exposure to family planning messages were found to be significant determinants of contraception usage. Conclusions: There is a noticeable gap regarding awareness and uptake of contraception leading to low contraceptive use among women in Pakistan. In the light of our results, it is important to highlight the importance of girl's education for building awareness and empowerment.

Contraceptive Use and Its Associated Factors among Women Who Gave Birth within 12 Months in Dubti Town, Pastoral Community, of Afar Region Northeast, Ethiopia.

Introduction Substantial numbers of women are not using contraceptives in their postpartum period and die due to avoidable causes related to birth complications. Contraceptives use within 12 months of childbirth has given less attention in Ethiopia. Thus, this study is aimed to assess contraceptive use and its associated factors among women who gave birth within 12 months in Dubti town, pastoral community of Afar region, Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 342 women in the Dubti town. A systematic random sampling technique was employed to identify and enroll women. Data were collected using a pretested, structured, and interviewer-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were done, and logistic regression analysis was employed to identify the factors associated with contraceptive use. The statistical association was measured by odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval. p value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results In this study, 103 (30.1%) [95% CI: 25.4%, 35.1%] women have used contraceptives. Women who had secondary educational level (AOR = 3.53, 95% CI (1.68, 7.36), had antenatal care follow-up (AOR = 1.93, 95% CI (1.01, 3.69), and visited by health worker after delivery (AOR = 2.54, 95% CI (1.37, 4.68) were associated with increased odds of contraceptives use. Conclusions This study revealed that the prevalence of contraceptive use was low compared to the national recommended figure. Secondary educational level, having antenatal care follow-up, and being visited by health workers after delivery were predictors of contraceptive use. Thus, increase the educational status of women, antenatal care follow-up service, and visiting after delivery by health workers are important interventions to promote the use of contraceptives in the postpartum period.

When Do Nigerian Women of Reproductive Age Initiate and What Factors Influence Their Contraceptive Use? A Contextual Analysis.

BackgroundContraceptive use initiation and continuation is one of the major interventions for reducing maternal deaths worldwide. Nigeria aimed to achieve a 27% prevalence rate of modern contraceptive uptake by 2020, however, this seems to have remained unachieved. The objective of this study was to investigate when Nigerian women initiate contraceptive use and its associated factors, using nationally representative data.MethodsData on 11,382 Nigerian women (aged 15–49 years) from the 2017 Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020 (PMA2020) survey were used to determine the prevalence of lifetime contraceptive use. The Kaplan–Meier test was used to determine median time (years) to contraceptive uptake. In addition, the factors associated with contraceptive use were determined using multivariable logistic regression model. Statistical significance was determined at 5%.ResultsThe prevalence of modern contraceptive use was 14.2%. There were disparities in the timing (years) of contraceptive use initiation across several women’s characteristics. Women from urban residence, highest household wealth index, nulliparous, unmarried, and highly educated women had the minimum median time (years) to contraceptive use initiation. The multivariable logistic model showed that rural women were 26% less likely to initiate contraceptive use, when compared with the urban dwellers (OR= 0.74; 95% CI: 0.65, 0.84). Furthermore, married women were 24% less likely to initiate contraceptive use, when compared with the unmarried (OR= 0.76; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.93). In addition, geographical region, wealth, television source, ever given birth, education, age, and religion were significantly associated with contraceptive use.ConclusionThe prevalence of contraceptive use is low in Nigeria. There were differences in contraceptive use initiation among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. There is a need to adopt sustainable strategies to improve contraceptive uptake and to re-iterate the benefits of contraception, including providing enlightenment programs among key populations such as the rural dwellers and low income earners.

Prevalence and Predictors of Contraceptive Use Among Women of Premenopausal Period in Ethiopia: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Data Analysis.

BackgroundContraceptive use is internationally endorsed as a human right and an indicator of the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health life. But reports from countries including Ethiopia showed a lower and capricious rate due to wider factors. Thus, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence and the predictors of contraceptive use among women of the premenopausal period.MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional data analysis was performed from Ethiopian Demographic and Health survey 2019 in January 2021. A total of 3260 premenopausal women were included by stratified sampling, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 software. Data were initially analyzed descriptively, and tests were done for variable multicollinearity, and model goodness of fit and predictive capacity. Subsequently, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed successively for the crude and adjusted odds ratio, and finally declared variables with a p-value of <0.05 as predictors of contraceptive use.ResultsThe study included 3260 women with an average age of 41.66 (standard deviation ±3.9) years. The overall prevalence of contraceptive use was reported 17% and explained to vary by women’s age, place of residence, education level, wealth index, and current working statuses. However, only the age, education, and wealth index of women have predicted a statistical significance with contraceptive use. Accordingly, an increase in women’s age was found to increase contraceptive use more likely by 89% [AOR=0.89 (95% CI: 0.87, 0.92)]. Similarly, primary [AOR = 1.53, (95% CI: 1.20, 195)], secondary [AOR = 2.57, (95% CI: 1.70)] or higher [AOR = 2.64, (95% CI: 1.67, 4.20)] level educated women were about twice more likely to use contraceptive methods than uneducated women. Finally, women in poorer [AOR = 3.11 (95% CI: 2.17, 4.46)], middle [AOR = 3.03 (95% CI: 2.09, 4, 37)], rich [AOR = 3.70, (95% CI: 2.58, 5.31)] or richest [AOR = 3.42, (95% CI: 2.39, 4, 88)] wealth index were more than 3 times more likely use contraceptive methods when compared to women of the poorest wealth index.ConclusionThe prevalence of contraceptive use among premenopausal women in Ethiopia is low and utmost related to age, education level, and wealth index of women.

Use of Contraceptive among Postpartum Women of a Municipality: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

Contraception plays a key role in preventing unwanted births. It also decreases pregnancy and childbirth-related morbidities and mortalities, but many women don't use contraception particularly in the postpartum period. The main objective of this study was to find out the prevalence of contraception use among postpartum women in a municipality. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among married women of reproductive age in Dhulikhel municipality of Kavrepalanchok from January to September 2019. Ethical approval was obtained from Institutional Review Committee and permission was taken from Dhulikhel Municipality before the study. The sample size was 332. A convenience sampling method was used. A semi-structured questionnaire pre-tested in Panauti municipality was used. Data entry and analysis were done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated for descriptive analysis. Out of total 332 women, 146 (40%) (34.73-45.26 at 95% Confidence Interval) used postpartum contraception. Injectable/Depot was used by 61 (42%) women. Total 97 (52%) of the non-users intended to use contraception in the future. The most common reason for contraception use was women not wanting the next child soon 91 (62%) and reason for non-use was feeling contraception as unnecessary 73 (39%). The use of postpartum contraception was poor, and only half of the non-users intended to use contraception in the future. Thus, contraception use should be encouraged during all possible contact times, and counselling should be made universal to improve postpartum contraception services' uptake.

Prevalence of contraceptive use and its association with depression among women in the Jazan province of Saudi Arabia.

Background:Hormonal contraceptives (HC) are used for birth control and the treatment of premenopausal syndrome. Mood changes represent the leading reported cause of discontinuation of HC. Changes in mood vary from mild disturbances to severe clinical depression.Objectives:This study aims to estimate the prevalence of depression among HC users who visit primary health care centers in the Jazan Province of Saudi Arabia and to identify psycho-social factors that may predispose HC users to depression.Methods:A self-administered questionnaire was distributed among women who visited five primary health care centers in the Jazan Province. The survey included questions about socio-demographic information and an Arabic adaptation of the Beck Depression Inventory.Results:Among the 904 women surveyed, the prevalence of HC use was 57.3%. Mood disturbances were observed in approximately one-third of these women. There is was a significant correlation between higher depression scores and a history of depression therapy (P-value < 0.001), as moderate, severe, and extreme depression was more common in those with a history of taking depression therapy. The type of contraception used was also found to be a significant factor (P-value = 0.01) in the degree of depression.Conclusion:Approximately one-third of women using HC were shown to exhibit symptoms of mood disturbance. Working, limited social support, asked whether or not they experienced living problems in the past 2 months, and having an uncomfortable or somewhat comfortable marital relationship increased the likelihood of mood disturbances. Primary health care physicians should be aware of the relatively high prevalence of mood disturbances in women using HC, to provide support and care to patients.

A 4 Year Experience with Copper T Intrauterine Contraceptive Device at Federal Medical Centre (Fmc), Katsina

Background: The prevalence of contraceptive use is still very low in Nigeria. Use of modern contraceptive methods has been shown to reduce unwanted pregnancy, high parity and maternal mortality. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the acceptance rate of intrauterine contraceptive method, the socio-demographic characteristics of its users, side-effects, discontinuation and the reason thereof, at Federal Medical Centre, Katsina. Method: A retrospective study that reviewed records of all clients who used intrauterine contraceptive method at the family planning clinic over a 4-year period (1st January 2011 to 31st December 2014). Results: Out of the 1892 family planning clients, 111 used IUCD, with IUCD acceptance rate of 5.87%. The modal age group was 20-24 years (30.0%). Most of them (n=54) were grandmultiparous (48.6%), and of Islamic faith (98%). Almost all the clients were married (97.8%), and majority had secondary education (71%). Thirty- ive (31.5%) of the users discontinued the method, with the commonest indication being desire for pregnancy (45.7%). No contraceptive failure was recorded during the study period. Conclusion: IUCD is the fourth commonly used method. Its use is influenced by maternal age, parity and literacy level. In spite of its long duration of action, most of the reversal was due to the desire for pregnancy. Acceptability of IUCD can be improved by health education, adequate counseling and careful client selection.

Predictors of contraceptive method discontinuation among adolescent and young women in three West African countries (Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger)

BackgroundThe effective use of contraception among adolescents and young women can reduce the risk of unintended pregnancies. However, the prevalence of contraceptive use remains low in this age group. The objective of this study was to estimate the rate of contraceptive method discontinuation among adolescents and young women and to identify its associated factors in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger.MethodThis was a secondary analysis of data from Demographic and Health Surveys of Burkina Faso (2010), Mali (2012–2013), and Niger (2012). The dependent variable was the time to discontinuation of contraceptive methods. Independent variables were represented by sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and cultural characteristics. Mixed-effects survival analysis with proportional hazards was used to identify the predictors.ResultsA total of 2,264 adolescents and young women aged 15 to 24 years were included in this analysis, comprising 1,100 in Burkina Faso, 491 in Mali, and 673 in Niger. Over the last five years, the overall contraceptive discontinuation rate was 68.7% (50.1% in Burkina Faso, 59.6% in Mali, and 96.8% in Niger). At the individual level, in Burkina Faso, occupation (aHR = 0.33), number of living children (aHR = 2.17), marital status (aHR = 2.93), and region (aHR = 0.54) were associated with contraceptive discontinuation. Except for education and marital status, we found the same factors in Mali. In Niger, a women's education level (aHR = 1.47) and her partner (aHR = 0.52) were associated with discontinuation. At the community level, the region of origin was associated with discontinuation of contraceptive methods.ConclusionMost adolescents and young women experienced at least one episode of discontinuation. Discontinuation of contraceptive methods is associated with the level of education, occupation, number of children, marital status, and desire for children with the spouse. Promotion of contraceptive interventions should target adolescents, young women, and their partners, as well as those with a low education level or in a union.

Spatiotemporal Patterns of Tuberculosis in Hunan Province, China.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from a bacterial pathogen worldwide. China has the third highest TB burden in the world, with a high reported burden in Hunan Province (amongst others). This study aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of TB and identify socioeconomic, demographic, and environmental drivers in Hunan Province, China. Numbers of reported cases of TB were obtained from the Tuberculosis Control Institute of Hunan Province, China. A wide range of covariates were collected from different sources, including from the Worldclim database, and the Hunan Bureau of Statistics. These variables were summarized at the county level and linked with TB notification data. Spatial clustering of TB was explored using Moran’s I statistic and the Getis–Ord statistic. Poisson regression models were developed with a conditional autoregressive (CAR) prior structure, and with posterior parameters estimated using a Bayesian approach with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation. A total of 323,340 TB cases were reported to the Hunan TB Control Institute from 2013 to 2018. The mean age of patients was 51.7 years (SD + 17.6 years). The majority of the patients were male (72.6%, n = 234,682) and had pulmonary TB (97.5%, n = 315,350). Of 319,825 TB patients with registered treatment outcomes, 306,107 (95.7%) patients had a successful treatment outcome. The annual incidence of TB decreased over time from 85.5 per 100,000 population in 2013 to 76.9 per 100,000 population in 2018. TB case numbers have shown seasonal variation, with the highest number of cases reported during the end of spring and the beginning of summer. Spatial clustering of TB incidence was observed at the county level, with hotspot areas detected in the west part of Hunan Province. The spatial clustering of TB incidence was significantly associated with low sunshine exposure (RR: 0.86; 95% CrI: 0.74, 0.96) and a low prevalence of contraceptive use (RR: 0.88; 95% CrI: 0.79, 0.98). Substantial spatial clustering and seasonality of TB incidence were observed in Hunan Province, with spatial patterns associated with environmental and health care factors. This research suggests that interventions could be more efficiently targeted at locations and times of the year with the highest transmission risk.

The Impact of Contraceptive use on Women Health: A Study of Rural Area, Minia, Egypt

Background: Women’s health concerns are associated with the female reproductive system, breast and otherphysiological structures. Contraception was a deliberate and willful selection of contraceptive methods. InEgypt, there is an increasing trend of using contraception to regulate births due to recent awareness ofcontraception. However; having insufficient knowledge about use of contraceptives would be more riskyand its prolonged use sometimes results in various health problems. Aim was to reveal the prevalence ofcontraception use in rural area of Minia governorate and study the most common health problems amonguser as compared to non-users. Methodology: cross sectional community based study conducted among 564rural married women in reproductive age during the period from November 2018 to May 2019. Results:Nearly 69.1% of women were currently using a contraceptive method, 142 (25.2%) never previouslyuse contraception and 32 (5.7%) discontinued. There were significant increase of health problem amongcurrently contraception user a compared to currently non user, majority (90.3%) of user complain menstrualirregularities compared to 24.1% of non-user (p=0.003* RR=29.1), 64.1% had nausea compared to 28.1%among non-user with RR =6.3, hypertension (RR=5.5) Headache (RR=2.6) Heart burn (RR=3.3) hadsignificant increased relative risk. Conclusion: The present study illustrates that contraceptive methodshave important health impacts. Health states decrease the effectiveness of any method. Awareness should beenhanced by health education using mass media and counseling, male contraceptives should be introduced,medical free camps and contraceptive availability.

Yam Daabo interventions\u2019 effects on postpartum family planning use in Burkina Faso at 24\u2009months after childbirth

IntroductionAfter testing the interventions for improving the prevalence of contraceptive use, very few studies have measured the long-term effects thereafter the end of the implementation. This study aimed to measure Yam Daabo interventions’ effects on contraceptive use in Burkina Faso at twelve months after completion of the intervention.MethodsYam Daabo was a two-group, multi-intervention, single-blind, cluster randomized controlled trial. Interventions comprised refresher training for the provider, a counseling tool, supportive supervision, availability of contraceptive services 7 days a week, client appointment cards, and invitation letters for partners. We used generalized linear mixed-effects models (log Poisson) to compare the modern contraceptive prevalence at 12 months post-intervention in the two groups. We collected data between September and November 2018. We conducted an intention-to-treat analysis and adjusted the prevalence ratios on cluster effects and unbalanced baseline characteristics.ResultsTwelve months after the completion of the Yam Daabo trial, we interviewed 87.4% (485 out of 555 women with available data at 12 months, that is, 247/276 in the intervention group (89.5%) and 238/279 in the control group (85.3%). No difference was observed in the use of hormonal contraceptive methods between the intervention and control groups (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.91–1.61], p = 0.191). By contrast, women in the intervention group were more likely to use long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) than those in the control group (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.35; 95% CI = [1.08–1.69], p = 0.008).ConclusionTwelve months after completion of the intervention, we found no significant difference in hormonal contraceptive use between women in the intervention and their control group counterparts. However, women in the intervention group were significantly more likely to use long-acting reversible contraceptives than those in the control group.Trial registrationThe trial registration number at the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry is PACTR201609001784334. The date of the first registration is 27/09/2016.